Powerful Blow Research Articles

Commotio cordis: Another cardiac arrest “sine materia”. The 1707 early report and interpretation by G.M. Lancisi

Sudden death by commotio cordis is rare. It is the consequence of a blunt trauma of the chest overlying the heart.The mechanism is a cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation in the absence of grossly or microscopically apparent myocardial injury. It has been reproduced in animals. The first historical case was reported by Giovanni Maria Lancisi in his book "De Subitaneis Mortibus'' published in 1707. Sudden death occurred in a man receiving a powerful blow under the xiphoid cartilage. Lancisi advanced the hypothesis of acute heart failure by a diastolic stand still ("death in diastole'').

Scientific Justification of the Nature of Ultramudflow Disaster

Based on the research and analysis of numerous publications about the Genaldon disaster, the authors propose an ingenious, scientifically grounded approach to understanding the nature of the process. It is shown that the mechanism of displacement of large ice-waterrock (moraine-ice) masses has a complicated pattern and represents an ultramudflow displacement. Initially, several mechanisms were implemented in the process: 1) impact; 2) vibration and 3) water hammer. At the beginning, this led to the breakaway of the glacier, its movement, disintegration, and then the gliding mechanism turned on and caused stretching of the moving mass, its rocking and powerful blows against the sides of the valley in the Karmadon Gorge, then its compaction, squeezing and stopping at the Karmadon Gate. Below is the zone of low-power water-soil mass accumulation.

Comparative analysis of power single punches of qualified boxers of different types of fighting styles

The purpose of the article was to conduct a comparative analysis of the power of single punches by qualified boxers of different types of fighting styles. The research was carried out in 2 youth sports schools in the city of Kharkiv, sports school No. 9 and Poltava sports school No. 2. 25 qualified athletes engaged in boxing at the age of 17-19 years of various types of fighting styles participated in it. For the distribution of athletes according to the types of fighting manners, namely: (Player; Pacemaker; Powerworker) tests of physical qualities and special physical fitness were used according to the program developed for the Junior High School. Thus, after conducting studies of various series of powerful single punches by qualified boxers of different types of fighting styles, we can state that the punching bag power indicators are different in all groups. The first group of Igrovyk boxers had quite powerful blows, but compared to the group of Powermen, they had weaker indicators, in turn, compared to the Tempoviks, the results were more pronounced and had reliability in indicators (p<0.05). The following indicators were analyzed and revealed that when performing a direct blow (jab) with the right and left hand, the results in the groups of Igrovyk and Silovyk with the right hand (t=4.21; p<0.001) and the left, respectively (t=3.95; p< 0.001). So it can be argued that each type has its own character of blows, but they need to be constantly improved using different training methods of training other types of fighting manners of skilled boxers.

Evaluation of quinoxaline derivatives as potential ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors: design, synthesis, ADMET, molecular docking studies, and antifungal activities

Because of the increased infection incidence and the advent of medication resistance, fungi have become a severe medical problem. Ergosterol is a structural component of the fungal cell membrane, and its synthetases (14α-demethylase (CYP51)) are thought to be the key to inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. Based on the active site (CYP51) analysis, we created a series of quinoxaline derivatives in this study. Following that, these target compounds were produced and tested for antifungal efficacy. The majority of the compounds show significant antifungal activity against a variety of Candida species. Compounds 9, 11, 17, 20, and 21 have antifungal properties that are similar to the positive control medicines and have considerable inhibitory effects, with MIC50 values ranging from 0.78 to 3.12 μg/mL. Compound 9 has the strongest antifungal activity against all Candida species, outperforming Ketoconazole and Fluconazole, and was thought to be the series' most active compound. As a result, the action mechanism for the most powerful blows was investigated further. They can alter ergosterol synthesis by blocking the activity of the 14α-demethylase (CYP51) target, according to preliminary mechanisms. According to this study, compounds 9, 11, 17, 20, and 21 have an efficient effect on the ergosterol production pathway. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the most promising compounds was investigated, revealing the importance of 9, 11, 17, 20, and 21 hits as prospective anticandidal therapeutics. Furthermore, the ADMET characteristics, as well as the created binding models, will be valuable for further lead optimization.

Form and Function in Tort Theory

Abstract Contemporary tort theory is a contest between instrumentalism and formalism. The prominence of instrumentalism is no surprise. American tort theory was born in the work of Oliver Wendell Holmes and his views were resolutely, if elusively, instrumentalist. Until very recently, economic views have dominated contemporary discussions of tort law in the American Legal Academy, and the economic analysis of torts is uncompromisingly instrumentalist. The rise of formalism, by contrast, is surprising. Legal realism swept over American legal thought long ago. Ever since, formalism has been treated more as epithet than as credible position by American legal scholars. In contemporary tort theory, though, formalism has roared back to life and struck some powerful blows against instrumentalism. Tort, these neo-formalists argue, is not an instrument for the pursuit of independently valuable ends. It is an institution whose norms are constitutive of just relations among persons. The bipolar, backward-looking form of the ordinary tort lawsuit has been the fulcrum that critics of economic analysis have used to pivot tort theory away from economic instrumentalism. That form, prominent tort theorists have persuasively argued, instantiates a backward-looking morality of responsibility, not a forward-looking morality of regulation. But the formalist enterprise has its own weaknesses. For one thing, formalist tort theory has tended to reshape tort law in ways that beg the questions that the theory purports to answer. For another, just relations among persons are a matter of substance as well as form. In the case of tort law, just relations require that tort law identify and safeguard those interests urgent enough to justify imposing reciprocal responsibilities of care and repair. We cannot, therefore, pull the rabbit of a convincing conception of tort law out of the hat of the field’s formal structure. What tort theory needs is two-pronged theory—theory that can both make sense of form and—by attending to tort law’s role in safeguarding our urgent interests from impairment and interference at each other’s hands—also illuminate tort law’s independently significant substance.

«ЛОЖА УЧРЕДИТЕЛЬНОГОСОБРАНИЯ»: «ХОЗЯИН ЗЕМЛИ РУССКОЙ» И БЫВШИЕ ИМПЕРАТОРСКИЕ ТЕАТРЫ

The image of the Constituent Assembly played in 1917 and early 1918 an important role in the life of theaters, which had the magnificent title “Imperial” before the fall of the monarchy. Between February and October 1917, both the artists and the administration of the State theaters considered the “master of the Russian land” as the only authorized institution for the “final” and radical theatrical reform. After the Bolsheviks came to power and until Jan-uary 1918,the Constituent Assembly became a symbol of the coming liberation from the power of the Bolsheviks, whose power the State (former Imperial) theaters did not officially recognizeat thattime. Loyalty to the “master of the Russian land” was repeatedly emphasized by both artists and theater management: on the originally intended day of the Constituent Assembly’s convocation, November 28, a solemn performance was held at the Mikhailovsky thea-ter in Petrograd; a month later, at the Mariinsky theater, government boxes were declared boxes of the Constituent Assembly (and not of the Council of People’s Commissars). In early January 1918, the Bolsheviks conducted a forceful operation to establish control over the State stage, which included the removal of the Chief Commissioner for State theaters, Fyodor Batyushkov, from its management and the arrest of the Manager of the Opera company, AlexanderSiloti. Coinciding with the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, these events dealt a powerful blow to the “saboteurs” in the Theater department, depriving them, after the liquidation of the “master of the Russian land”, of the hope for apeaceful deliverance from the Leninist government.

Індустрія гостинності півдня України в умовах пандемії – виклики та шляхи вирішення

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused crushing damage to the economies of countries and the hospitality industry, as a branch of the world economy, experienced almost the greatest shocks and destruction. In view of this, Ukraine is no exception: the pandemic has dealt a powerful blow to the entire hospitality industry – hotel and restaurant business, tourism, recreational economy, etc. Thus, according to the results of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 alone, the number of collective accommodation facilities in Ukraine decreased by 15.2%, the number of places in collective accommodation facilities decreased by 15.8%. The same negative trend is observed with the dynamics of the indicator of the number of people who used collective means of accommodation this year – a decrease of 51.5% compared to the previous , «precovid» year. Even more radically – by 73.5% – in 2020, the number of foreigners who used Ukrainian collective means of accommodation decreased. Quarantine restrictions imposed by the government, a decrease in the purchasing power of the population and a general pessimistic mood of potential tourists encourage in these unfavorable conditions to find and quickly introduce new directions and contemporary concepts of development and maintenance of all branches of the domestic hospitality industry in the condition, able to function: clustering of tourism and related industries, including hotel and restaurant economy, development of domestic tourism, etc. In particular, the promotion and development of promising types of domestic tourism – wine, green, agricultural, historical and cultural – can be considered a powerful factor in the development of the hospitality industry of Ukraine, in particular its southern region, in the current unfavorable and changing conditions of the pandemic.

ЎЗБЕК ХОТИН-ҚИЗЛАРИНИ “ОЗОД ҚИЛИШ” ЁҲУД“ҲУЖУМ” ҲАРАҚАТИ ТАРИХИДАН

The article reveals the essence of the policy of emancipation of Uzbek women pursued by the Soviet government, that is, emancipation (from the Latin emancipatio -freedom from dependence and subordination), measures taken to widely disseminate the ideas of Bolshevism. The policy of women's liberation, historically known as the Khujum movement, dealt a powerful blow not only to women's veils, but also to their national, religious traditions and spiritual values.Index Terms: Soviet power, Khudjum movement, Uzbek women, emancipation, socialism, burqa, Khudjum company

The Turkish army at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s: from left-wing conspiracy to right-wing coup

This is the first paper in Russian historiography dedicated to the struggle of left and right groups in the Turkish army on the eve of a military coup on March 12, 1971. By 1970, an alliance of leftist intellectuals and officers was formed, led by the editor of the Devrim newspaper, Dogan Avjioglu and one of the organizers of the 1960 coup, a retired lieutenant general Jemal Madanoglu, received the conditional name of the organization of national revolutionaries. The members of the organization sought to approve the socialist system of the bassist type in the country and outlined the number of military coups March 9, 1971. However, the death of one and the opportunist position of two other leaders of the military wing led to the failure of the attempt of a leftist coup. On the contrary, on March 12, 1971, a right-wing military coup took place in Turkey. In the course of subsequent repressions, a powerful blow was dealt to the left groups in the army and in Turkish society as a whole. In an effort to end the repression and achieve consensus in society, moderately leftist forces led by B. Ejevit entered into a coalition with their opponents religious conservatives led by N. Erbakan.

Osage Women and Empire: Gender and Power by Tai S. Edwards

Reviewed by: Osage Women and Empire: Gender and Power by Tai S. Edwards Jean Dennison Osage Women and Empire: Gender and Power. By Tai S. Edwards. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2018. vii + 199 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, index. $24.95, paper. Tai S. Edwards's Osage Women and Empire is a strong example of reading against the archival grain to challenge common narratives. Her book weaves together core texts in Osage Nation history, including Francis La Flesche, James Dorsey, Willard Rollings, mission registers, expedition reports, and historical journals, to construct a picture of the contributions Osage women made to building and maintaining an empire during the nineteenth century. She argues that Osage women's contributions as creators, that is, through childbirth, farming, and preparing animal hides for clothing, offered them equal status, despite being part of a "warrior" society. She describes this gender complementarity, "where men and women performed typically separate but equally valued tasks" (3), as existing throughout Osage society, including in the "priesthood," as well as spanning hundreds of years and extensive colonial impositions. In addition to her discussions of historical gender roles, Edwards's book also challenges some common stereotypes about Indigenous peoples. Her depiction of an Osage empire as relying on territorial occupation, diplomacy, land cultivation, and trade powerfully challenges [End Page 111] narratives of terra nullius, which continue to prevail in American popular culture and are enshrined in US constitutional law. Furthermore, her discussion of Osages' ability to continuously adapt yet maintain both a core sense of themselves as a people, and a core set of values, is a powerful blow to colonial narratives of erasure and assimilation. While Edwards's book is a compelling read in its narrative cohesion, such a singular account creates an overly simplified narrative of who the Osage were during this period. The work does glean a great deal from the archives, but it relies too much on refuted secondary sources and includes material that needs far more context and analysis. Furthermore, it does not appear to include any oral history with living Osages. Oral histories could have provided Edwards with additional insight not only into a broader set of historical practices and values, but also into contemporary Osage women's dances, which have taken place in the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Edwards's book does ultimately contribute to Osage survivance, as she fundamentally demonstrates how colonially imposed "changes did not indicate the elimination of Osage identity or nationhood" (130). Jean Dennison American Indian Studies University of Washington Copyright © 2020 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Социально-экономическое положение Среднего Урала в первом послекризисном 1999 году (по данным региональной и муниципальной статистики)

The base of the study was a set of statistical data, both stored in the personal archives of the authors and published in the form of statistical collections, as well as scientific literature. The analysis of the socio-economic situation of the Sverdlovsk Region (Middle Urals) in the first year after the systemic economic crisis of August 1998 is carried out. The scientific novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the reconstruction of the socio-economic state of the region was carried out in one of the turning years of its history. New previously unpublished materials are being introduced into scientific circulation. It is noted that the financial crisis of 1998 dealt a powerful blow to the socio-economic life of the Russian Federation. It is stated that it was only the ultimate aggravation of the extreme socio-economic situation already at that time. It is stated that 1999 was a year of turning point in general and gradual transition to the systematic development of market relations. It is declared that during this year there were significant positive changes in the industry and the budgetary sphere of the region. It is claimed that there was a deep stagnation in agriculture. The conclusion is made about the ambiguity of the crisis consequences for different categories of the population.

Reduction of technological risks in subway and rail transport

The aim of research is ensuring the guaranteed safety of passengers traveling on subway trains. The object of the researches carried out by the authors is process of interaction of the subway arriving at high speed to the subway station with the passenger, motionlessly waiting, or, which moves to the edge of the platform as a result of the braking of a close mass of passengers. It is shown that a significant friction of the heel surface of the passenger's shoes and the friction of the upper body in the side surface of the car limits the possibility of human movement in space. Thus, in the simplest case, the upper part and extremities of the legs will form a fixed axis of rotation. But, a powerful blow deforms this axis and directs in such way that it will move over the surface, which is a collection of instantly rotational movements. And, thus, the instantaneous axis of rotation describes a conical surface with a vertex that coincides with the heels of the shoe. It is revealed that by rigidly tying the coordinate system xyz to a person it is possible to determine three Euler rotation angles relative to the instantaneous axis and to construct a table of directing cosines that allow determining the kinematic characteristics of the human forced body relative to the axes associated with it – ω x ω y ω z . The results of the model studies confirm the opinion about the expediency of replacing the translational motion of the side surface of the car with a complex movement, additionally equipped on the side surface of the car with a warning stripe. This stripe moves in the opposite direction to the car side, but with the same speed. Synthesis of these two movements gives the effect of the appearance of a fixed part of the warning stripe with respect to the passenger standing on the platform and, therefore, maximizes the confidence and reliability of the passengers' transportation by electric trains of the subway. The laboratory model completely confirms the predicted effect of the danger absence of injury to passengers and the degree of technological risk presence in operating conditions.

Bosnia’s Paralyzed Peace

This study offers a powerful blow by blow analysis of the attempts to create peace in BiH since the Dayton Agreement. According to Christopher Bennett, Dayton provided a “balance of terror,” was full of unrealistic deadlines, and aimed at providing internationals with an exit strategy (81) and international involvement constantly suffered from an “enforcement gap” (110) derived from the contradiction between trusteeship and democracy as well as limited resources (114). It has even reinforced existing power structures (the ethnos rather than the demos (116, 182), connected to para-states, and undermined democracy. A “new ethno-national reality now exists” even extending to the education system (244). Bennett expertly lays bare the oddity and inconsistencies of the post-Dayton BiH framework for politics. There is much to agree with, and to learn from the analysis as it proceeds chronologically. Even if one does not agree with the final argument and conclusions presented to the reader, it is a very well written and extremely insightful, detailed volume (though more thorough references would have been useful to the sources it uses).

The Kicking Process in Tae Kwon Do: A Biomechanical Analysis; Running title: Biomechanical Analysis of Taekwondo

Objectives: There is a dearth of studies examining the kicks used in Tae Kwon Do (TKD). This study sought to compare the biomechanics of various TKD kicking techniques. Methods: A motion analysis video-camera based system was used to study the biomechanics of three different types of kicks performed by five Black Belt level athletes. The velocity of the kicking foot, the velocity of the pelvis, and the lower body linear momentum were estimated to compare the kicking techniques. Results: Similar patterns of ankle, knee, and hip movement were found for different kicks. The greatest peak foot velocity was observed for the front kick. The peak linear momentum of the lower body was highest for the side kick. Subjects who were able to simultaneously reach peak pelvis velocity and peak lower body linear momentum displayed the best performance. Techniques performed with a step forward after the kicks delivered a more powerful blow than techniques performed by returning to the initial position. Conclusion: This study shows that the fastest kick is the front kick and the most powerful kick is the side kick. The effectiveness of the technique is associated with the coordination of movement of the pelvis and lower body.

In Peace and Freedom: My Journey in Selma by Bernard LaFayette Jr, Kathryn Lee Johnson

Reviewed by: In Peace and Freedom: My Journey in Selma by Bernard LaFayette Jr, Kathryn Lee Johnson Laura Caldwell Anderson In Peace and Freedom: My Journey in Selma. By Bernard LaFayette Jr. and Kathryn Lee Johnson. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013. ix, 195 pp. $19.95. ISBN 978-0-8131-6592-9. Bernard LaFayette’s focused, powerful memoir, co-authored with Kathryn Johnson, his colleague in the University of Rhode Island’s Center for Nonviolence and Peace Studies, is part of the University Press of Kentucky’s “Civil Rights and the Struggle for Black Equality in the Twentieth Century” series. Edited by Steven F. Lawson and Cynthia G. Fleming, the series encourages publication of monographs that deal with overlooked aspects of black civil rights. LaFayette’s In Peace and Freedom contributes to nuanced understanding of the movement for civil and human rights in Alabama in the twentieth century and especially of the Selma Movement. It accounts for LaFayette’s contributions to the struggle as much as for those of persons who risked much without becoming household names—some of whom live in Selma today. Much has been conveyed to popular audiences about work by Martin Luther King Jr. and members of the staffs of both his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma and Dallas County by the time of the Voting Rights March in 1965. LaFayette’s book makes plain that the ability of movement leaders to turn the spotlight on Selma in 1965 was due to groundwork laid by local activists after World War II. Featuring their photographs in the center of his book, LaFayette calls out the “Courageous Eight” long associated with the struggle for equity and justice in Selma: Ernest Doyle, Frederick Reese, Henry Shannon, Ulysses Blackmon, James Gildersleeve, Marie Foster, J. D. Hunter, and Amelia Boynton. The book deftly places the roles of these and other Alabamians ahead of LaFayette’s own just as he apparently did in 1963 aiming to strengthen their longstanding efforts in a time and place nearly impervious to change. At the same time, he makes a strong case for the necessity of his work as SNCC’s first director of the Alabama Voter Registration Campaign—an idea SNCC thought to abort until LaFayette insisted on the challenge. [End Page 256] Noteworthy are references to street gangs and the characteristics of gang members that LaFayette has long considered transferrable to community organizing and nonviolence. LaFayette not only reveals his experience as a boyhood gang member in Philadelphia but also applies childhood memories to the movement, to explain how and why he trained gang members to lead the Chicago Freedom Movement and took them to Selma to learn about strategy. On a somewhat related note, living under the specter of violence must have taken its toll on LaFayette and locals with whom he sought partnership in a national voter registration effort. LaFayette was one of three persons targeted for death in what the FBI later referred to as the “tri-state conspiracy” resulting in Mississippi NAACP leader Medgar Evers’s murder in the driveway of his Jackson home on June 12, 1963 (71). LaFayette received a powerful blow to the head in his own Selma driveway that day. After being pounded in the head by the butt of a man’s pistol, LaFayette remembers, weaving memory with instruction, that “looking directly at an attacker…reinforces the idea that you are a human being and that he or she is, too…. You can disarm someone…by a nonviolent response, because it is unexpected behavior” (75). LaFayette gave people the benefit of the doubt. “I can’t know for sure,” he writes, “but I was told that five deputies resigned from the sheriff’s department during my time in Selma…I wonder whether… they could no longer carry out Sheriff Clark’s orders to attack innocent people who simply wanted basic human rights” (71). His giving others the benefit of the doubt results in terrific stories for a memoir. When his car was involved in a wreck (at the fault of a person to whom LaFayette lent his car), the white owners of the other...

Поражение и деструкция и их исследование в зарубежной психологии. Сообщение 2

We presented a brief review of studies identifying mechanisms associated with selfdefeating (or self-destruction) patterns. The latter patterns are defined as any deliberate or intentional beliefs and behaviors that have negative effects on the self or on the self’s projects. It is reviewed studies examining self-esteem, threatened egotism, deservingness, and social exclusion entailing self-defeating patterns. A recent literature witnesses that a low level of selfesteem can lead to self-defeating patterns. Second source is threatened egotism. Self-defeating responses are especially common when people feel that others may perceive them less favorably than the people desire. Two variables related to self-esteem may mostly tap vulnerability to ego threats. One is narcissism as inflated or exaggerated favorable views of self. Another is unstable self-esteem. Third source of self-defeat is deservingness. Much theorizing and research of it is originating with Just World Theory. It indicates that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. The general idea is that, to the extent people might adopt various self-defeating beliefs and behaviors following the experience of misfortune because people feel compelled to view misfortune. Fourth source of self-defeat is social exclusion. It relies on the assumption that the need to belong is one of the most basic human motivations. Then so being excluded from social relationships would be a potentially powerful blow. The social exclusion leads to anxiety, depression, jealousy, loneliness, low self-esteem, fear of social rejection and exclusion. In conclusion, it is worth noting that self-esteem, threatened egotism, deservingness, and social exclusion appear along the interpersonal axis Self – Others relationships yet in various biases. Thus, our claim is that mechanisms associated with selfdefeating patterns would be heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. Besides, our assumption is that self-defeating patterns would be based on a common resource. It would combine selfesteem, threatened egotism, deservingness, and social exclusion as some portions of commonality. Then, some perspective can be delineated to move from one-dimensional questionnaires to multidimensional ones to measure self-defeating patterns and to construct a new theory of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors.

Violence against Women

Protesters in Kolkata, India, decry violence against women following the death of a twenty-three-year-old woman who was gang-raped and beaten on a bus in New Delhi. Activists in India later criticized U.S. feminists for reproducing colonial discourse in their responses to the attack. When gender-based violence occurs in the Global South, how should feminists in the Global North respond? Sometimes feminists in Europe and the United States say nothing, fearful that their attempts to speak out about gender violence in South Asia, Africa, Latin America, or other formerly colonized regions will reproduce colonial dynamics. At other times they do speak, and their language echoes imperial narratives about needing to "rescue" downtrodden women from "backward" cultural traditions. To move to a more constructive place, we need to foster a transnational analytic of care: one that is not defensive, reactionary, or silencing. We need an analytic of care that is cognizant of the local and global processes that create conditions of vulnerability for women and form the asymmetrical planes in which cross-cultural alliances and solidarity practices must happen. The urgency of our need for more constructive forms of transnational feminist solidarity became particularly apparent in December 2012, when feminists across the globe took to the pen and the streets in response to the gruesome gang rape of a young woman in New Delhi, the capital of India. The twenty-three-year-old woman was returning home after watching the film The Life of Pi with a male friend in a shopping mall in South Delhi. She and her companion that night tried to hail public buses and auto-rickshaws to no avail. Eventually, a private chartered bus stopped to picked them up. There were six men on the bus, including the driver, his younger brother (who posed as the conductor), and four others who worked in various low-skilled jobs in the city and were economic migrants from neighboring states. The bus did not have a permit to be on the roads after-hours; investigations later revealed that the traffic police had been bribed in order for it to pass through security checkpoints. The men on the bus, apparently on a "joyride," beat the young woman and her friend. When the woman and her friend resisted, they dragged her to the back of the bus and took turns raping her. The assault lasted several hours as the bus plowed through the city streets, and involved the insertion of a metal rod into the woman's body, which caused her intestines to spill out. Afterward, the couple was stripped naked and thrown off the bus. The driver tried to run over the woman, but her friend managed to pull her out of the way. Click for larger view A narrow focus on sexual assault can obscure how the structural violence of the global economy is also a central source of women's suffering in the Global South. This photo, Death of Thousand Dreams by Taslima Akhter, captures the final embrace of two workers killed by the April 2013 factory collapse in Bangladesh. The young woman's ordeal did not stop there: for nearly half an hour, passersby ignored the pair's cries for help. When the police finally arrived, instead of transporting the woman and her friend immediately to the nearest hospital, they argued over jurisdiction. The woman fought for her life for two weeks and finally succumbed to her injuries in a hospital in Singapore. Even though the government ostensibly flew her to Singapore for better care, many in India were critical of the move as her condition was too fragile--they saw the move as a gesture by the government to dampen the public outrage and massive protests in Delhi and all over India. The men accused of this brutal crime are currently standing trial in a fast-track court. In the face of mounting civil protests, the government set up a committee that brought representatives from diverse constituencies in India to put forth a set of legal and social recommendations to deal with violence and discrimination against women. Even though feminist groups found these recommendations inadequate, indeed a "mockery... Language: en

The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs.

The importance of the centre of percussion (CP) of some hand-held sporting equipment (such as tennis rackets and baseball bats) for athletic performance is well known. In order to avoid injuries it is important that powerful blows are located close to the CP. Several species of glyptodont (giant armoured mammals) had tail clubs that can be modelled as rigid beams (like baseball bats) and it is generally assumed that these were useful for agonistic behaviour. However, the variation in tail club morphology among known genera suggests that a biomechanical and functional analysis of these structures could be useful. Here, we outline a novel method to determine the CP of the glyptodont tail clubs. We find that the largest species had the CP very close to the possible location of horny spikes. This is consistent with the inference that they were adapted to delivering powerful blows at that point. Our new analysis reinforces the case for agonistic use of tail clubs in several glyptodont species.

Let the Dead Teach the Living: The Rise of Body Bequeathal in 20th-Century America

America's medical schools have long used human cadavers to teach anatomy, but acquiring adequate numbers of bodies for dissection has always been a challenge. Physicians and medical students of the 18th and 19th centuries often resorted to robbing graves, and this history has been extensively examined. Less studied, however, is the history of body acquisition in the 20th century, and this article evaluates the factors that coalesced to transition American society from body theft to body donation. First, it describes the legislation that released the unclaimed bodies of those dying in public institutions to medical schools for dissection, thereby effectively ending grave robbery. Then it discusses midcentury journalistic exposés of excesses in the funeral industry-works that were instrumental in bringing alternatives, including the previously unpopular option of body donation, to public consciousness. Finally, it examines the rise of body transplantation, the Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act of 1968, and the subsequent state of willed-body programs at the turn of the 21st century. Body-donation programs have gradually stabilized since and currently provide most of the bodies used for dissection in American medical schools. Relying as they do on public trust, however, these programs remain potentially precarious and threatened by public scandals. Whether American medical schools will receive enough bodies to properly educate students in the future remains to be seen.

Personal accounts: am I blue?

Personal accounts: am I blue?