Power Wireless Personal Area Networks Research Articles

Internet of things-based indoor smart hydroponics farm monitoring system

Internet of things (IoT)-enabled systems are being used to monitor, control, and optimize agricultural systems like hydroponics. Optimization of these systems requires monitoring of various growth factors for plants which will also require multiple sensors. With the number of wireless sensors needed to track the conditions of the hydroponics system, the wireless sensor network will also grow in size and complexity. In this paper, a hybrid IoT-based monitoring system, with both wired and wireless components, with a target indoor farm application is proposed. The system was implemented using controller area network for the wired component, IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) for the wireless component, and Amazon Web Services for the cloud services. Network simulations were performed to compare the network performance of the proposed hybrid system and the purely wireless system. The simulations show that incorporating a wired system results in improvements such as the reduction of packet loss from 12.23% in the purely wireless system to 5.62% in the hybrid system with burst traffic and even down to 0.0% in the hybrid system with continuous traffic.

Mechanism for IPv6 adaptation in LoRa topologies

One of the main requirements of an IoT solution is the support of end-to-end IPv6 connectivity. Most Wireless Personal Area (WPAN) physical and link layers like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ITU-T G.9959 and IEEE 802.15.4 support adaptation mechanisms that, based on the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) protocol, enable IPv6. On the other hand, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies like LoRa and SigFox are not typically designed to support access-side IPv6 and rely on gateways for translation and overall cloud connectivity. Lack of end-to-end IPv6 connectivity implies that many of these LPWAN technologies do not fully comply with the IoT paradigm preventing the direct interaction between devices of different physical technologies. In this paper we present an adaptation mechanism that enables end-to-end IPv6 support in an LPWAN scenario that relies on a LoRa physical layer. The scheme is analyzed, modeled and implemented by means of an experimental framework that serves to examine the efficiency of the proposed solution.

Design and optimisation of high‐efficient class‐F ULP‐PA using envelope tracking supply bias control for long‐range low power wireless local area network IEEE 802.11ah standard using 65 nm CMOS technology

This article presents the design and optimisation of a sub-1 GHz class-F ultra-low power (ULP) power amplifier (PA) in 65 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An envelope tracking (ET) supply biasing technique is adopted to improve the efficiency of class-F PA. The ET consist of a pre-amp right before the detector in order to enhance the efficiency and save adequate amount of dc power consumption. The PA consists of two cascode cells terminated as class-F with gate-to-drain feedback in order to enhance linearity and limit any harmonic component from the input signal. The novel design consumes a dc power of 3.75 mW, power added efficiency of 37.1%, operating at 915–925 MHz unlicensed band and total saturated output power of 22 dBm including 14 dBm power gain at PA, which qualifies under long-range low power wireless personal area network IEEE 802.11ah standard. The inductor-less design for ET supply bias reduces the chip layout size to 0.13 mm2 only.

6LoWPAN Over Optical Wireless Communications for IPv6 Transport in Internet of Things Networks

As an emerging technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) wireless connectivity, there have been a lot of research and standardization activities on Visible Light Communications (VLC) and Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights. In the meantime, the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) has been discussed to provide the IPv6-based IoT services in wireless networks. However, the study on IoT systems using 6LoWPAN over OWC networks has not been made so far. This letter proposes a new architectural model to effectively use 6LoWPAN between IoT gateway and IoT device in the OWC-based IoT networks. The proposed model is easy to implement and provides the performance enhancement in OWC-based IoT networks, compared to the general IPv6 model. From testbed experimentations, it is shown that the proposed model provides the delay gain up to 5% and the throughput gain up to 19.52%, compared to the conventional IPv6 transport model.

Data Analysis for IoT System Using 6LoWPAN and Constrained Application Protocol for Environmental Monitoring

The need to preserve the environment has become a real societal and economic challenge. There are many sources of pollution, and identifying these sources, the different polluting substances, and their effects on ecosystems is complex. They can arise from natural disasters or as a result of human activity. The need to preserve the environment has become a real societal and economic challenge. The preservation of the environment can also be done by better management of human activities. However, these solutions require several human and technological resources, and they are expensive. However, such applications are usually deployed in large areas, not accessible and without pre-existing infrastructure, or that would require substantial redevelopment costs) In addition, they have to work for months (or even years) without human intervention. Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used to implement such applications. In this context, we introduce not only the notion of IoT but also Edge/Cloud Computing for environmental monitoring. The proposed solution represents a solution that is both financially and energy-efficient. This paper also focuses on accessing issues to IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) sensors using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP).

A Secure and Efficient Cluster-Based Authentication Scheme for Internet of Things (IoTs)

IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) provides IP connectivity to the highly constrained nodes in the Internet of Things (IoTs). 6LoWPAN allows nodes with limited battery power and storage capacity to carry IPv6 datagrams over the lossy and error-prone radio links offered by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, thus acting as an adoption layer between the IPv6 protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 network. The data link layer of IEEE 802.15.4 in 6LoWPAN is based on AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), but the 6LoWPAN standard lacks and has omitted the security and privacy requirements at higher layers. The sensor nodes in 6LoWPAN can join the network without requiring the authentication procedure. Therefore, from security perspectives, 6LoWPAN is vulnerable to many attacks such as replay attack, Man-in-the-Middle attack, Impersonation attack, and Modification attack. This paper proposes a secure and efficient cluster-based authentication scheme (CBAS) for highly constrained sensor nodes in 6LoWPAN. In this approach, sensor nodes are organized into a cluster and communicate with the central network through a dedicated sensor node. The main objective of CBAS is to provide efficient and authentic communication among the 6LoWPAN nodes. To ensure the low signaling overhead during the registration, authentication, and handover procedures, we also introduce lightweight and efficient registration, de-registration, initial authentication, and handover procedures, when a sensor node or group of sensor nodes join or leave a cluster. Our security analysis shows that the proposed CBAS approach protects against various security attacks, including Identity Confidentiality attack, Modification attack, Replay attack, Man-in-the-middle attack, and Impersonation attack. Our simulation experiments show that CBAS has reduced the registration delay by 11%, handoff authentication delay by 32%, and signaling cost by 37% compared to the SGMS (Secure Group Mobility Scheme) and LAMS (Light-Wight Authentication & Mobility Scheme).

LC-DEX: Lightweight and Efficient Compressed Authentication Based Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Multi-Hop 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Networks in HIP-Based Internet of Things.

The high level of security requirements and low capabilities of constrained devices that are connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) constitute a new challenge in terms of proposing an authentication solution that deals with the problem of energy constraints. The Host Identity Protocol Diet EXchange (HIP DEX) is primarily designed to be suitable for constrained devices and designed to be resistant to Denial of Service (DoS) and man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. In this paper, we propose an efficient saving energy solution to secure end-to-end (E2E) communications based on the compression of the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) header for HIP DEX packets. We implement our solution in an IoT based-WSN over Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in the application layer and Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) in the routing layer. We also propose a novel distribution model that minimizes the number of signaling messages. Both proposed compression and distribution models for HIP DEX combined with an original implementation of an opportunistic association establishment of the handshake, constitute an efficient security solution for IoT. We called our solution Lightweight Compressed HIP DEX in the IoT (LC-DEX).

An enhanced handover authentication solution for 6LoWPAN networks

The rapidly increasing scale of the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) and the limitation of communication range emphasized the importance of handovers. The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) was designed to manage the mobility of sensing nodes with limited resources, which has specified plenty of criteria to resolve mobility issues. However, there are still some issues regarding the security of mobility. In this paper, we proposed a more secure and efficient PMIPv6-based handover scheme compared with existing solutions. It was designed to ensure an efficient and secure roaming in 6LoWPAN networks. In this work, the initial authentication on a mobile node works based on a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof. And a session key chain established between the mobile node and the mobile access gateway is generated according to the direction of the node's movement. Therefore, when one node moves to a new domain, a full authentication on the node is not necessary so that secure and seamless handovers among different domains can be realized compared with other schemes. With this protocol, the handover of mobile devices among stations will be more seamless, efficient, and secure. The logic correctness of the proposed scheme is proved by Protocol Composition Logic (PCL). Besides that, the proposal was formally verified and evaluated in terms of performance, which shows that the proposed handover scheme in 6LoWPANs could not only enhance the security functionalities but also be computationally efficient.

Providing a CoAP-based technique to get wireless sensor data via IoT gateway

The advancement of wireless sensor networks and the possibility of using Internet protocols in devices with limited resources (such as sensors) have changed the future of the Internet. How to interact and exchange information is one of the challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). The 6LoWPAN (IP6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network) and CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) standards have been developed for using web protocols in sensor-based LLN (Low-power and Lossy Network). The 6LoWPAN/CoAP protocol stack enables access to the sensor network via web protocols. This facilitates the development of applications on the sensor network and their access to the Internet. Each of the layers of the 6LoWPAN/CoAP protocol stack imposes an overhead on the transmitted messages, and the resulting data overhead intensifies the energy consumption in multi-hop networks. In this paper, a technique is provided to reduce the burden imposed on small and medium-size packets on 6LoWPAN/CoAP multi-hop networks by scheduling and aggregating CoAP packets on sensor nodes. It classifies the CoAP requests/responses over the network (by specifying the maximum allowed delay) and manages the timing and aggregation of received messages on the sensor nodes (based on the maximum allowed delay on each one). The results of the evaluation of the provided technique indicated reducing the power consumption and network traffic for applications such as monitoring in multi-hop networks based on the 6LoWPAN/CoAP protocol stack.

Defragmenting the 6LoWPAN Fragmentation Landscape: A Performance Evaluation.

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has made wireless connectivity ubiquitous and necessary. Extending the IoT to the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) places significant demands in terms of reliability on wireless connectivity. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Std 802.15.4-2015 standard was designed in response to these demands, and the IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) adaptation layer was introduced to address (among other issues) its payload size limitations by performing packet compression and fragmentation. However, the standardised method does not cope well with low link-quality situations and, thus, we present the state-of-the-art Forward Error Correction (FEC) methods and introduce our own contribution, Network Coding FEC (NCFEC), to improve performance in these situations. We present and analyse the existing methods as well as our own theoretically, and we then implement them and perform an experimental evaluation using the 6TiSCH simulator. The simulation results demonstrate that when high reliability is required and only low quality links are available, NCFEC performs best, with a trade-off between additional network and computational overhead. In situations where the link quality can be guaranteed to be higher, simpler solutions also start to be feasible, but with reduced adaptation flexibility.

Self-Powered 6LoWPAN Sensor Node for Green IoT Edge Devices

In this paper, a simulation model and practical testbed for green Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices are proposed based on solar harvester with constant voltage-maximum power point tracking (CV-MPPT) technique. Billions of connected edge devices represent the essential part of the IoT through the IP-enabled sensor networks based on IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). In traditional IoT edge devices, the stored energy in the non-rechargeable battery determines the node lifetime while it is being depleted with time. Therefore, purchasing billions of such batteries is costly and must be disposed of efficiently. This paper is aimed at simulating and implementing a new class of green IoT edge devices that can report data wirelessly and powered perpetually using clean energy. The developed edge device utilizes solar energy harvesting mechanism through photovoltaic (PV) module, this approach will avoid periodical battery replacement and hence, the energy supplied to the sensor mode is not limited anymore. The implemented testbed is based on open-source hardware and software platforms while the simulation environment is based on MATLAB/SIMULINK 2019a. The effects of temperature and solar irradiance on the performance of the developed approach are examined in order to confirm the leverage of the proposed methodology scheme. The lifetime of the developed green IoT device is predicted based on the device’s activities, current consumption, and energy storage capacity. The obtained results showed that the battery lifetime is extended by 38-49% when the edge device runs on an independent power source.

PMCAR: proactive mobility and congestion aware route prediction mechanism in IoMT for delay sensitive medical applications to ensure reliability in COVID-19 pandemic situation

PurposeInclusion of mobile nodes (MNs) in Internet of Things (IoT) further increases the challenges such as frequent network disconnection and intermittent connectivity because of high mobility rate of nodes. This paper aims to propose a proactive mobility and congestion aware route prediction mechanism (PMCAR) to find the congestion free route from leaf to destination oriented directed acyclic graph root (DODAG-ROOT) which considers number of MNs connected to a static node. This paper compares the proposed technique (PMCAR) with RPL (OF0) which considers the HOP-COUNT to determine the path from leaf to DODAG-ROOT. The authors performed a simulation with the proposed technique in MATLAB to present the benefits in terms of packet loss and energy consumption.Design/methodology/approachIn this pandemic situation, mobile and IoT play major role in predicting and preventing the CoronaVirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Huge amount of computations is happening with the data generated in this pandemic with the help of mobile devices. To route the data to remote locations through the network, it is necessary to have proper routing mechanism without congestion. In this paper, PMCAR mechanism is introduced to achieve the same. Internet of mobile Things (IoMT) is an extension of IoT that consists of static embedded devices and sensors. IoMT includes MNs which sense data and transfer it to the DODAG-ROOT. The nodes in the IoMT are characterised by low power, low memory, low computing power and low bandwidth support. Several challenges are encountered by routing protocols defined for IPV6 over low power wireless personal area networks to ensure reduced packet loss, less delay, less energy consumption and guaranteed quality of service.FindingsThe results obtained shows a significant improvement compared to the existing approach such as RPL (OF0). The proposed route prediction mechanism can be applied largely to medical applications which are delay sensitive, particularly in pandemic situations where the number of patients involved and the data gathered from them flows towards a central root for analysis. Support of data transmission from the patients to the doctors without much delay and packet loss will make the response or decisions available more quickly which is a vital part of medical applications.Originality/valueThe computational technologies in this COVID-19 pandemic situation needs timely data for computation without delay. IoMT is enabled with various devices such as mobile, sensors and wearable devices. These devices are dedicated for collecting the data from the patients or any objects from different geographical location based on the predetermined time intervals. Timely delivery of data is essential for accurate computation. So, it is necessary to have a routing mechanism without delay and congestion to handle this pandemic situation. The proposed PMCAR mechanism ensures the reliable delivery of data for immediate computation which can be used to make decisions in preventing and prediction.

An Efficient Secure Authentication and Key Establishment Scheme for M2M Communication in 6LoWPAN in Unattended Scenarios

Machine-to-machine (M2M) is an important part of Internet of Things (IoT), and is used to describe those technologies applied in wireless communication automatically between mechanics or electronics instruments. With the rapid development and wide application of the Internet of Things, IETF is assigned to design IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN). The address of IPv6 is indefinite, which means it can satisfy addressing requirements for M2M. The 6LoWPAN standard has clarified important issues in M2M, but communication security has not been effectively resolved. In this article, we analyzed the existing security protocol for M2M communication in 6LoWPAN. The analysis result shows that the protocol has the defect of data leakage after the node is captured. In addition, the EAKES6Lo protocol is also vulnerable to sinkhole attacks and plaintext-chosen attacks. Based on the above analysis, an M2M communication mutual authentication protocol based on 6LoWPAN in unattended operation is proposed. The protocol establishes a reasonable secret key distribution mechanism and designs an anti-capture attack detection method for unattended nodes to resist attacks, such as replay attacks, sinkhole attacks, plaintext-chosen attacks, and physical capture attacks. Finally, the security of the protocol is proved by BAN.

Optimizing network lifetime and QoS in 6LoWPANs using deep neural networks

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over low power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPANs) forms a majority of traffic share in Internet of things (IoT) where quality of service (QoS) becomes obligatory for multitude of sensor inputs. 6LoWPANs are interference prone due to the fact that the data link and physical layers utilize the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for communication. Interference in 6LoWPANs results in poor QoS in terms of packet reception ratios and packet loss rates and also in poor network stability and reduced network lifetime. A deep neural network based routing algorithm is proposed which offers multiple solutions to the interference problem and selects the best solution in order to reduce interference. The proposed routing algorithm improves the network lifetime, delay and jitter on an average by 50%, 40%, and 25% respectively compared to the standard 6LoWPAN routing protocol. The signal to interference and noise ratio is also improved on an average by 18 decibel.

6RLR-ABC: 6LOWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony

In recent years, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has successfully enabled the development of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). This network is equipped with lowcost, low-power, lightweight and varied functions devices. These devices are capable of amassing, storing, processing environmental information and conversing with neighbouring sensors. These requisites pose a new and interesting challenge for the development of IEEE 802.15.4 together with routing protocol. In this work, 6LoWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (6RLRABC) has been introduced. This protocol supports connection establishment between nodes in an energy-efficient manner while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizing average end-to-end delay. This protocol has been evaluated based on increasing generated traffic. The performance of the designed 6RLR-ABC routing protocol has been evaluated compared to 6LoWPAN Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) routing protocol. LOAD protocol has been chosen since it is the most relevant existed 6LoWPANrouting protocol. The simulation results show that the introduced 6RLR-ABC protocol achieves lower packet average end-to-end delay and lower energy consumption compared to LOAD protocol.Additionally,the packet delivery ratio of the designed protocol is much higher than LOAD protocol. The proposed 6RLR-ABC achieved about 39% higher packet delivery ratio and about 54.8% higher throughput while simultaneously offering lower average end-to-end delay and lower average energy consumption than LOAD protocol.

6RLR-ABC: 6LOWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony

In recent years, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has successfully enabled the development of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). This network is equipped with low-cost, low-power, lightweight and varied functions devices. These devices are capable of amassing, storing, processing environmental information and conversing with neighbouring sensors. These requisites pose a new and interesting challenge for the development of IEEE 802.15.4 together with routing protocol. In this work, 6LoWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (6RLR-ABC) has been introduced. This protocol supports connection establishment between nodes in an energy-efficient manner while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizing average end-to-end delay. This protocol has been evaluated based on increasing generated traffic. The performance of the designed 6RLR-ABC routing protocol has been evaluated compared to 6LoWPAN Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) routing protocol. LOAD protocol has been chosen since it is the most relevant existed 6LoWPANrouting protocol. The simulation results show that the introduced 6RLR-ABC protocol achieves lower packet average end-to-end delay and lower energy consumption compared to LOAD protocol.Additionally,the packet delivery ratio of the designed protocol is much higher than LOAD protocol. The proposed 6RLR-ABC achieved about 39% higher packet delivery ratio and about 54.8% higher throughput while simultaneously offering lower average end-to-end delay and lower average energy consumption than LOAD protocol.

S6AE: Securing 6LoWPAN Using Authenticated Encryption Scheme.

IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) has an ample share in the Internet of Things. Sensor nodes in 6LoWPAN collect vital information from the environment and transmit to a central server through the public Internet. Therefore, it is inevitable to secure communications and allow legitimate sensor nodes to access network resources. This paper presents a lightweight Authentication and Key Exchange (AKE) scheme for 6LoWPAN using an authenticated encryption algorithm and hash function. Upon successful authentication, sensor nodes and the central server can establish the secret key for secure communications. The proposed scheme ensures header verification during the AKE process without using IP security protocol and, thus, has low communication and computational overheads. The logical correctness of the proposed scheme is validated through Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic. Furthermore, automatic security analyses by using AVISPA illustrate that the proposed scheme is resistant to various malicious attacks in 6LoWPANs.

6LoWPAN fragmentation in the context of IoT based media real time communication

Many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, like presence detection, rely on wireless sensors transmitting Real Time Communication (RTC) media that is processed at remote servers. The use of IEEE 802.15.4 physical and data‐link layers is pretty widespread as they provide enough throughput to transmit compressed media. In this context, however, the most important issue is that IEEE 802.15.4 limits the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size to 127 bytes. The Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) IPv6 adaptation protocol provides a mechanism that adds fragmentation capabilities to traditional IPv6 and allows the transmission of typically large media frames. Because it is not always possible to configure codec based fragmentation, alternatively relying on 6LoWPAN fragmentation can severely affect Quality of Service (QoS) when the wireless channel exhibits high packet loss. In this paper we focus on analyzing this problem including its implications and proposing possible solutions.

Energy optimization of sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) systems using an energy harvesting medium access protocol

The process of modelling the energy expenditure for IoT systems is distinct when compared to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), due to a number of factors and metrics. Few of such factors to mention are the IoT layers being different from the Open System Interconnection (OSI) with communication protocols like IPv6 Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN), Routing for Low Power and Lossy networks (RPL) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). This leads to the demand for designing efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols to serve the purpose of balance between the performance of the system and minimum energy consumption. The challenge of compatibility of MAC protocols for IoT deployment needs to be addressed. The proposed work is aimed at developing energy efficient framework for optimal balance between energy consumed by connected devices (sensor networks) in a complex and time-critical IoT system through performance monitoring of underlying communication technologies. It also focuses to address the trade-off between energy expenditure and performance of the network for the communicating nodes. An Energy Harvesting MAC protocol is designed and developed after modelling of the nodes using Reinforcement Learning (RL) for time critical IoT systems. The results have shown that the energy expenditure of the IoT devices is considerably minimized and the performance is increased by nearly 80% when compared to the state-of-art energy harvesting solutions for sustainable IoT systems. This research also plays a significant role in matching the energy predictions and the experimentations that validate the IoT systems in a real-world scenario.

End-to-End Delay Enhancement in 6LoWPAN Testbed Using Programmable Network Concepts

This paper introduces a proof-of-concept IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) testbed to study the integration of programmable network technologies in relaxed throughput and low-power Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Open source software and hardware platforms are used in the implemented testbed to increase the possibility of future network extension. The proposed architecture offers end-to-end connectivity via the 6LoWPAN gateway to integrate IPv6 hosts and the low data rate devices directly. Nowadays, software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) are the most promising technologies for dealing with the massive increase in machine-to-machine devices and achieving agile traffic. The developed approach in this paper is entitled tailored software defined-NFV (SD-NFV), which is aimed at reducing the end-to-end delay and improving the energy depletion in sensor nodes. Experimental scenarios of the implemented testbed are conducted using a simple sensing application and the obtained results indicate that the introduced approach is appropriate for constrained IoT devices. By utilizing SD-NFV scheme in 6LoWPAN network, the data delivery ratio increased by 5%–14%, the node operational time prolonged by 70%, the end-to-end latency for gathering sensor data minimized by $\approx 160$ %, and the latency for transmitting control messages to a specified node diminished by $\approx 63$ % when compared to a traditional (non SDN-enabled) 6LoWPAN network.