Power Transfer For Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles: A Survey and Comprehensive Guide

This study compiles, reviews, and discusses the relevant history, present status, and growing trends in wireless electric vehicle charging. Various reported concepts, technologies, and available literature are discussed in this paper. The literature can be divided into two main groups: those that discuss the technical aspects and those that discuss the operations and systems involved in wireless electric vehicle charging systems. There may be an overlap of discussion in some studies. However, there is no single study that combines all the relevant topics into a guide for researchers, policymakers, and government entities. With the growing interest in wireless charging in the electric vehicle industry, this study aims to promote efforts to realize wireless power transfer in electric vehicles.

Optimization of Circular Coils with Ferrite Boxes for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

This study responds to global climate concerns by addressing the shift towards sustainable transportation, particularly electric vehicles. Focusing on wireless power transfer to overcome charging infrastructure challenges, the research optimizes circular coils for inductive power transfer in electric cars. Utilizing ferrite cores to enhance performance, the study employs ANSYS Electronics Suite R2-202 and the finite element method to analyze circular coils, exploring variations in turns, inner radius, air gap, and misalignment's impact on the coupling coefficient. Introducing ferrite plan cores and boxes, the research finds that ferrite boxes improve coupling efficiency by 50% and electromagnetic field strength by 300%, concentrating the field toward the center. An inequivalent design, enlarging the primary coil, demonstrates significant enhancements, achieving a coupling coefficient increase of 0.183447 and an electromagnetic field rise of 0.00040 Tesla. Equivalent coils with ferrite boxes meet a 95% efficiency goal with a strong, narrowed field at a lower cost, while inequivalent coils excel in strengthening and centralizing the field, enhancing misalignment tolerance in distinctive ways.

Modelling, simulation and hardware analysis of misalignment and compensation topologies of wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging application

Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the most effective means for reducing pollution and promoting sustainable transportation in developing nations. Researchers have been paying close attention to the rapid advancement of Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology because it offers a workable solution to the challenges preventing the development of EVs. EV charging uses WPT technology that transmits electricity from the source to the load (battery) using mutual induction and does not require cables or other physical connections. Power pads, misalignment, and compensation topology are technical obstacles to EV wireless charging. In this manuscript, mathematical calculations, simulations, and experimental implementation have been done for the wireless charging of EVs. Ansys Maxwell®3D and MATLAB®/Simulink software are used to simulate various parts of the system. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Ansys Maxwell is used to design an existing rectangular power pad. Ansys Maxwell calculates multiple parameters such as self-inductance, mutual inductance, coupling coefficient, and magnetic flux of the transmitting and receiving coils at different misalignment positions. MATLAB®/Simulink has been used to develop a series-series compensation WPT model through which the output power and efficiency of the rectangular power pad at different misalignment positions are estimated. The experimental setup uses a DC power supply, high-frequency (HF) inverter, driver circuits, compensation circuit, MSO, power pad setup, rectifier, and resistive load to verify the simulation results.

A Hybrid Optimization-Based Artificial Neural Network Model for Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are powered by a battery mounted in the vehicle, which powers the motor and drives the wheels. Most commercial EVs can be charged by plugging them into a charging station. Such conductive recharging has various drawbacks, including physical plugging of the cable, safety concerns, and charging time. Manually charging EVs might be dangerous due to the chance of an electric spark or disaster. Advances in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) demonstrate the capacity to transfer significant amounts of electricity over short and medium-range distances. The ultimate purpose of this paper is to improve the efficacy of electric car wireless charging systems. Here, a hybrid optimization-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is applied to improve the efficacy of the WPT model in EVs. To optimize the weights of the ANN classifier, a hybrid approach termed as Grasshopper-Assisted Elephant Herd Optimization (GA-EHO) method is proposed. The GA-EHO is derived through the hybridization of Elephant Herd Optimization (EHO) Algorithm and the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) techniques. Finally, the experimental study reveals that at 70% learning rate, the proposed ANN system achieves a minimal MSE value of 0.0528, which is lower than other current classifiers, such as SVM, LSTM, and CNN.

Inductive Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles: Past and Future Trends

Inductive Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles: Past and Future Trends

Ferrite shielding thickness and its effect on electromagnetic parameters in wireless power transfer for electric vehicles (EVs)

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has become an increasingly popular technology for charging electronic devices wirelessly. One of the key challenges in WPT is increasing efficiency and reducing different losses in coils caused by the higher air gap and coil coupling between the primary and secondary coils. Ferrite shielding is a common technique used to reduce losses and increase the coupling in WPT systems. In this paper, we present an analysis and comparison study of the effect of ferrite shielding thickness (F_T) on the electromagnetic parameters of WPT systems. We investigate the impact of varying the ferrite shielding thickness on parameters such as power transfer efficiency, coupling coefficient (k), and magnetic field strength (B). Our results show that increasing the ferrite shielding thickness can significantly reduce losses and improve the performance of WPT systems. Also, analyze the trade-off between ferrite shielding thickness and power transfer efficiency and provide guidelines for selecting an optimal thickness for a given application. This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization with weight vs. coupling comparison for WPT systems using ferrite shielding. It can help inform the development of future WPT technologies. The result obtained through simulation, i.e., coil-to-coil efficiency, is 98.88 to 99.7360% at 6.78MHz frequency for a 5-mm- to 50-mm-thick ferrite rectangular coupler using ANSYS Maxwell and ANSYS simplorer software.

A Review of Wireless Pavement System Based on the Inductive Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles

The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) hinges upon the availability of robust and efficient charging infrastructure, notably encompassing swift and convenient solutions. Among these, dynamic wireless charging systems have garnered substantial attention for their potential to revolutionize EV charging experiences. Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, in particular, exhibit a promising avenue, enabling seamless wireless charging through integrated pavements for EVs. This review engages in an in-depth exploration of pertinent parameters that influence the inductivity and conductivity performance of pavements, alongside the assessment of potential damage inflicted by IPT pads. Moreover, the study delves into the realm of additive materials as a strategic approach to augment conductivity and pavement performance. In essence, the review consolidates a diverse array of studies that scrutinize IPT pad materials, coil dimensions, pavement characteristics (both static and dynamic), and adhesive properties. These studies collectively illuminate the intricate dynamics of power transfer to EVs while considering potential repercussions on pavement integrity. Furthermore, the review sheds light on the efficacy of various additive materials, including metal and nanocomposite additives with an SBS base, in amplifying both conductivity and pavement performance. The culmination of these findings underscores the pivotal role of geometry optimization for IPT pads and the strategic adaptation of aggregate and bitumen characteristics to unlock enhanced performance within wireless pavements.

Benchmarking of cutting-edge wireless power transfer for electric vehicles

Wireless power transfer (WPT), which can transfer energy though magnetic field, electronic field, laser beam, microwave and other methods without wire, provide electric vehicles (EVs) a better prospect. Compared to cars with internal combustion engines, Electric vehicles are more environmental-friendly, and do not need any fossil fuel, which is a ideal transportation in the future, however, for electric vehicles, battery technology is the major barrier: high cost, low energy density and large weight, which make electric vehicles very expensive and difficult to improve the endurance mileage, by applying wireless power transfer technology, using dynamic wireless charging can solve these problems perfectly. This paper reviews basic information of wireless power transfer technologies: four basic classification of WPT, basic compensation networks for inductive wireless power transfer, coil designs to improve the transferring efficiency, and wireless power transfer applications on EV charging, additionally, challenges and potential solutions for wireless power transfer of EV are presented.

Photovoltaic Class‐E Inverter for Resonance Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications with Optimization Algorithms

A wireless power transfer (WPT) station supplied by an array of solar panels is presented, where solar energy comes from an array of panels with 120 V voltage and 3 A current. It is subjected to maximum power point tracking algorithm optimization on a boost converter, where the duty cycle of the converter is adjusted with an interval chosen between [0.2, 0.8], which is used to iteratively compare between the input and output signals in order to have a maximum power at the output. After regulating the panel array signal through the boost converter, the signal is transferred to an additional middle stage whose role is to raise the frequency until it reaches the resonance frequency of the WPT charger. The device responsible for this task is an inverter based on a class‐E inverter architecture and a GaN transistor technology. The inverter is controlled by a DSP card in a hard‐switch mode and delivers the output signal with a frequency of 10 Mhz, which is the resonance frequency of spiral coils of wireless chargers. Herein, the signal nature can be seen at the terminal of a fixed load with signal optimization through the MPPT algorithm and the HF inverter control mode.

AlGaN as an electron transport layer for wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells are expected to be applied as photoreceivers for high-efficiency optical wireless power transfer for electric vehicles. The use of aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) as an electron transport layer (ETL) for wide-gap perovskite solar cells is hereby proposed in this paper. The electrical properties and energy-band alignment of AlGaN deposited by either hydride vapor phase epitaxy or metal-organic CVD are investigated. AlGaN shows a higher conduction band level than conventional ETL materials. Simulation of the performance of a perovskite solar cell with CH3NH3PbBr3 as the absorbing layer and AlGaN as the ETL was performed using a solar-cell capacitance simulator. The results suggest that AlGaN increases the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell by improving the conduction band offset between the perovskite layer and the ETL.

Experimental review of an improving system on wireless power transfer via auto tuning of frequency

<span lang="EN-US">Wireless power transfer for electric vehicles is focused because these vehicles cannot run long distance without frequently charging. If these vehicles are charged from outside wirelessly, for example an alternating current (AC) power supply is embed under road, the problem is going to be solved. However, efficiency of wireless power transfer depends on various factors, therefore many contrivances should be considered to realize optimal transfer. In this paper, we focused on frequency of inverter, and created auto tuning system of it in response to the distance of inductors. On this system, frequency was modified automatically by a microcontroller and sensor at the same time position of a load changed. Finally, we confirmed that voltage of light emitting diode (LED) was improved by utilizing our system compared with non-tuning frequency.</span>

Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles: A Review on Compensation Topologies, Coil Structures, and Safety Aspects

The scarce availability of non-renewable sources and the staggering amount of pollution have inevitably provoked many countries to opt for renewable sources. Thence, invariably, more renewable energy-based applications are hoarded by market stakeholders. Compared to all spheres of renewable energy applications, a considerable part of the energy is pulled into transportation. Wireless power transfer techniques play a significant role in charging infrastructure, considering the current development and advancement in the automotive industry. It will promise to overcome the widely known drawbacks of wired charging in electric vehicles. The effectiveness of wireless charging depends on coil design, compensation techniques, and the airgap between the coils. However, coil misalignment, improper compensation topologies, and magnetic materials reduce the efficacy. We can improve efficacy by overcoming the problems mentioned above and optimizing charging distance, time, and battery size. This paper comprehensively discussed the various electric vehicle charging technologies in conjunction with common charging standards, a list of factors affecting the charging environment, and the significance of misalignment problems. Furthermore, this review paper has explored the suitable coil design structure and different compensation techniques for an efficient wireless charging network.

Coupler Loss Analysis of Magnetically Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System

The demand for electric vehicles has increased over the past few years. Wireless power transfer for electric vehicles provides more flexibility than traditional plug-in charging technology. Charging couplers are critical components in wireless power transfer systems. The thermal effect produced by the magnetic coupler in work will cause the temperature of the device to rise rapidly, affecting the work efficiency, transfer power, operation reliability, and service life. This paper modeled and analyzed each component's temperature distribution characteristics and thermal behavior. Firstly, the magnetic coupler's mutual inductance and magnetic circuit model are established, and the thermal model of the magnetic coupler analyzes the heat generation process. The thermal models of the coupler under three different magnetic core distributions are established, and the temperature rise of each component is obtained. The temperature rise of different parts of the coupler is verified by the temperature rise test structure of the experiment.

Novel Coil Detection Method for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

Novel Coil Detection Method for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

Dynamic Optical Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

This research proposes and analyzes a dynamic optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) system for wireless charging of aerial and ground electric vehicles (EVs). In this system, an overhead facility is proposed to locate laser transmitters, renewable energy resources, and energy storage devices. There are laser transmitters on the facility’s roof pointing upward to wirelessly charge aerial EVs, while the other laser transmitters on the facility’s ceiling pointing downward to wirelessly charge ground EVs. All laser transmitters are able to rotate around the normal direction to track and continuously charge aerial and ground EVs while they are moving, due to the equipped tracking cameras. Analytical mathematical formulas are then derived for the wirelessly transmitted power and energy. Based on those formulas, the unique existence of maximum power and energy points are proved. Furthermore, those maximum points are shown to be inversely linearly dependent on the environment attenuation coefficient, i.e. on weather conditions. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate and illustrate the obtained theoretical results. Finally, implications of those results on the design of ground EVs are introduced, based on which a comparison with another wireless power transfer technology reveals that the proposed dynamic OWPT system is more effective.

Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Nowadays, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is receiving more attention in the automotive sector, introducing a safe, flexible and promising alternative to the standard battery chargers. Considering these advantages, charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries using the WPT method can be an important alternative to plug-in charging systems. This paper focuses on the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) method, which is based on the magnetic coupling of coils exchanging power from a stationary primary unit to a secondary system onboard the EV. A comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging. In particular, the coil design, operating frequency selection, efficiency values and the preferred compensation topologies in the literature have been discussed. The published guidelines and reports that have studied the effects of WPT systems on human health are also given. In addition, suggested methods in the literature for protection from exposure are discussed. The control section gives the common charging control techniques and focuses on the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, which is usually used for EV battery chargers.

Development of Multi-Coiled Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle

A Multi-Coiled Full-Bridge (MCFB) resonant inverter has been proposed for a dynamic wireless charging application, with the design concept and the theoretical analysis discussed. The newly designed dynamic wireless charging system uses Switch-Branched Sharing (SBS), so that the number of power semiconductor devices is reduced. The closed-loop control strategy for MCFB resonant inverter is presented without any communication between the transmitting and receiving side. The study of the optimal conditions to achieve maximum efficiency transfer with respect to resistive load has been investigated. Then, applying the optimal resistive value improves the total efficiency. A 100 W scaled-down prototype MCFB resonant inverter consisting of four transmitting coupler modules and two receiving coupler modules have been implemented. Moreover, the dynamic power transferring has been measured at various speeds. Finally, various experimental tests have been undertaken to confirm the proposed system’s feasibility.

Wireless Power Transfer For Electric Vehicle

In this technical era some of the reasons which made the researchers to look out for the replacement of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) are shortage of fossil-fuels, global warming due to emission of green house gases caused by petroleum, gasoline technologies. Electric Vehicles-EVs are substantial alternative for ICE. Electric vehicle on the road can save about an average of 1.5 million of grams of carbon monoxide. Thus, EVs become an enticing solution as it improves the health of the residents, quality of life and air. EVs driven by electric energy depends on the energy stored in the battery. The infrastructure for battery charging may be wired or wireless power transmission. EV is limited by the distance it can travel. In order to overcome the range anxiety, it is necessary to propose a Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)-a technology capable of making the charging mechanism automated This, wireless charging process is more convenient because of absence of wires and is more flexible and reduces the human intervention. This paper discusses about the WPT mechanisms integrated with IoT- Internet of Things to make aware of the user whether the charging carried out by the receiver coil or not, charging level of the battery and the distance it can travel with the available charging level. The converter topology for boosting the rectified voltage during power transmission for EVs is also discussed.

Transfer-Power Measurement Using a Non-Contact Method for Fair and Accurate Metering of Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is emerging as the preeminent way to charge electric vehicles, but there appears to be no fair way to measure the power transfer. In this article, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Faraday coil transfer-power measurement</i> (FC-TPM) is presented. FC-TPM employs non-contact, open-circuited sense coils to measure the electromagnetic field from WPT and calculates the real power propagating through the air gap between the transmitter and receiver coils. What is measured is the real electromagnetic power, representing the pure dispensation of energy that unambiguously demarcates the losses on either side. FC-TPM was demonstrated to be 0.1% accurate in hardware over an Rx coil misalignment of up to 10 cm using a 1-kW WPT system. Fair metering incentivizes businesses and individuals to make choices that conserve energy and advance technology by providing more information and by properly assigning the financial loss. This article is accompanied by a video highlighting the essential contributions of this article.

A study on transmission coil parameters of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular as people become more concerned about global issues, such as fossil fuel depletion and global warming, which cause severe climate change. Wired charging infrastructure is inefficient because it requires the construction of one charging station for each electric vehicle. As a result, wireless power transfer via magnetic coupling, which is small, compact, and may be placed underground, is a promising technology for the future of charging electric vehicles. One of the disadvantages of wireless power transfer is that efficiency drops rapidly as air gaps grow larger, and it is particularly sensitive to other electrical characteristics such receiver unit capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the coil parameter, more specifically the outer diameter of wireless power transfer coil effects on the wireless power transfer efficiency at various air gaps and receiver capacitance values for EV applications. The simulations show that a larger outer diameter coil has a better power transfer efficiency at larger air gaps and a more stable range.