Vehicle Power Supply Research Articles

Research on Emergency Repair of Distribution Network Considering Cooperative Scheduling of Power Supply Vehicles

Research on Emergency Repair of Distribution Network Considering Cooperative Scheduling of Power Supply Vehicles

Integration of Electric Vehicle Power Supply Systems—Case Study Analysis of the Impact on a Selected Urban Network in Türkiye

Undoubtedly, the transition to electromobility with several million new, efficient charging points will have consequences for the energy industry, and in particular for network operators of the distribution infrastructure. At the same time, in the coming years the energy landscape will change into a system in which an increase in decentralized systems based on renewable energy sources will take over the leading function. This transformation process will further increase the complexity and overall pressure for change in energy systems over the next decade. In order to be able to ensure the energy supply and the reliable system operation of the grids in the future as well, communicative networking of generators, storage systems, electrical consumers and grid equipment is indispensable. This study aims to investigate the consequences of including electric vehicles in Istanbul’s power system using a unit commitment simulation model. The presented considerations analyze how uncertain and managed charging strategies affect the power system in terms of operating costs and renewable resources. The presented simulations indicate that, in economic terms, the use of a managed charging strategy saves 2.3%, reducing the total cost from USD 66.71 million to USD 65.18 million. The recipients of the presented research are both the demand and supply sides of the future energy transformation based on the idea of synergy of electromobility and renewable energy sources within the framework of the smart city idea.

Hydrogen leakage risk analysis of hydrogen emergency power supply vehicles using the AET-RM method

In recent years, research and application of hydrogen fuel emergency power supply vehicle technologies have been steadily advancing. However, due to the highly flammable and explosive nature of hydrogen gas, the safety risk of hydrogen leakage has been taken seriously. Addressing the current inadequacies in the understanding of hydrogen leakage risks, unclear sources of risk, incomplete coverage of risk scenarios, and insufficiencies in risk assessment methods associated with hydrogen fuel emergency power supply vehicles, this study firstly establishes a multi-scenario and multi-factor coupled hydrogen leakage risk event database and an accident risk system. This effort focuses on the diversity of application scenarios, types of hydrogen leakage hazards and complexity of interfering factors. Subsequently, by refining existing risk assessment methods, a more balanced subjective-objective evaluation and more granular risk ratings approach, termed AET-RM, is proposed, which ensures finer risk grading. Finally, through this method, the types of hydrogen leakage hazards and their harm boundaries are clarified, achieving a systematic and precise graded quantitative assessment of risk sources, probabilities, and consequences. The study results indicate that the established event database contains no risk events rated as I (acceptable) or V (unacceptable). There are 37 events classified as low risk (rating II), accounting for 17.54% of the total. Medium-risk events (rating III) comprise 142 incidents, making up 67.30%, while high-risk events (rating IV) include 32 cases, representing 15.17%. The highest risk score, determined by the AET-RM method, pertains to a risk event in the power generation scenario, Contingencies: metal corrosion within the battery.

Optimization of residential energy system configurations considering the bidirectional power supply of electric vehicles and electricity interchange between two residences

Electric vehicles (EVs) combined with bidirectional home chargers (vehicle-to-home (V2H) units) and electricity interchange between residences are promising options for the self-consumption of rooftop photovoltaics (PVs) in residences. Furthermore, considering that EVs have large storage capacities, one EV + V2H might support neighborhood-scale electricity storage by electricity interchange between residences, resulting in more cost-efficient self-consumption systems. Therefore, this paper investigates how permitting electricity interchange between residences affects the economically optimal design of distributed energy systems, such as PVs, EVs and V2H units. For this purpose, a mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to optimize the configurations and operation strategies of distributed energy resources (DERs) considering electricity interchange in neighborhoods. V2H units, which supply electricity from EVs to residences, are considered DER options independent of EVs. Furthermore, the optimization results are compared under two scenarios wherein electricity interchange is and is not permitted between two residences. The results indicate that permitting electricity interchange improves the self-consumption rate of PV power while reducing investment in storage facilities. The one influencing factor is sharing one EV + V2H between two residences and effectively utilizing the available storage capacity.

Multi-objective performance analysis of different SCO2 Brayton cycles on hypersonic vehicles

To provide the continuous and stable power supply of hypersonic vehicles, this study investigates four candidate cycles on the basis of three critical parameters. Specifically, the effects of cycle pressure ratio (PR), recompression split ratio (x), and cycle intermediate pressure ratio (RPR) on the regenerative, recompression, precompression, and partial cooling supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycles (BCs) are emphasized. The analysis is carried on by using an established thermodynamic simulation platform. Using PR as the working condition parameter, the influence laws of x and RPR on each cycle at common working conditions are given. The Non-dominated Solution Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) performs multi-objective optimization for different cycle types. The performance of these cycles is then compared under optimal conditions. The results show that the regenerative SCO2 BC could maintain relatively high output power while keep the structure simple, compared with other three cycles. The optimum power generation in the study range and the common operating conditions of regenerative SCO2 BC is 203.49 kW and 154.03 kW, respectively. Therefore, the regenerative SCO2 BC preferably satisfies the requirements of the hypersonic vehicles.

Impact of annealing on the resistance of Li3PO4 electrolyte–LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode interfaces

The operation of solid-state Li batteries, which are promising power supplies for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, is accompanied by heating. Therefore, investigating the thermal stability of battery systems is essential. In this study, we report the impact of annealing on the interface of a Li3PO4 electrolyte and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode in thin-film batteries. The batteries with the interface annealed at 200 °C show low Li3PO4–LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 interface resistance of 7.2 Ω cm2. Furthermore, the batteries exhibit stable charge–discharge characteristics with high current density up to 1170 μA cm−2, similar to those of batteries with the non-annealing interface. The batteries with the interface annealed at 450 °C show high Li3PO4–LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 interface resistance of 490 Ω cm2, resulting in low battery performance. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicates that the P in Li3PO4 is reduced by high-temperature annealing, possibly causing the performance degradation of batteries. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the interfaces of solid-state batteries and is expected to facilitate the development of thermally stable batteries.

Control of Fuel Lithium Battery Hybrid Vehicle Power Supply System and Vehicle Energy Management Strategy

<p>The main research object of this article is the increasing number of new energy vehicles, focusing on the energy management issues of new energy vehicles. Firstly, a real car model was established: an engine mathematical model, an electric motor mathematical model, and a power battery mathematical model. Then, in order to achieve optimal management of vehicle energy management, an algorithm model for vehicle energy dynamic planning was established with the goal of minimizing energy consumption. Finally, simulation experiments were conducted to verify the performance improvement of the proposed algorithm in vehicle energy management.</p> <p> </p>

Vehicle power supply management strategies

Introduction. To optimize the performance of the vehicle electrical system, it is necessary to improve the control principles and strategies. The control principles may be based on voltage constancy, ensuring battery charge, reducing fuel consumption, etc.Materials and methods. A distinctive feature of the first level control strategy is the absence of additional sensors in the power supply system. Their occurence led to the emergence of the second level control strategy aimed at ensuring the starter battery charge, which is achieved by organizing the interaction between the electronic engine control unit and the generator. In the control strategy of the third level the first place is given to the reduction of the vehicle fuel consumption. The target functions of the listed control strategies are considered.Results. The fourth level management strategy, the purpose of which is to reduce the costs of power supply system operation at all stages of the life cycle, is proposed. The structure of power supply system operation costs is considered, which includes the costs of fuel overconsumption caused by malfunctions in the operation of units, as well as the costs of maintenance, diagnostics, repair (replacement) and utilization.Discussion and conclusions. Practical application of the proposed strategy will make it possible to take into account all types of costs and minimize the cost of operating the power supply system for both vehicles with internal combustion engines and hybrid and electric vehicles, in which electricity is even more important.

Handling System Complexity in Zonal E/E Architectures

As conventional electric/electronic (E/E) architectures reach their limits, new architecture concepts are being researched to make the complexity of the vehicle and its components manageable. Zonal architectures are a promising option, but there is a lack of methodology for developing them. This paper shows a method to design zonal E/E architectures, in particular their power supply. At first, the zonal vehicle power supply system (PSS) of the UNICARagil vehicle platform is presented. The UNICARagil project is a collaboration of 15 German research institutes and companies with the goal to develop disruptive modular architectures for agile automated vehicle concepts. To design a zonal, in regards of the vehicle functional architecture optimized PSS, it is necessary to cover the crucial aspects of both, the vehicle and the PSS, as well as their interfaces. A method is presented that optimizes the design of the PSS in zonal E/E architectures. The optimization is achieved by clustering the electric load positions to identify suitable positions for the zone control units (ZCU), wire harness routing by Dijkstra algorithm and integration of the entire PSS in vehicle packaging concepts. The aim is to reduce component cost, packaging restrictions and system complexity, which will result in a cut of development effort and a gain in user experience. The system complexity is therefor evaluated by metrics as well as in combination with other criteria by a simulation study.

Enhancing the Electrochemical Properties of Nickel-Rich Cathode by Surface Coating with Defect-Rich Strontium Titanate.

Ni-rich layered ternary cathodes (i.e., LiNixCoyMzO2, M = Mn or Al, x + y + z = 1 and x ≥ 0.8) are promising candidates for the power supply of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, the relatively high content of Ni4+ in the charged state shortens their lifespan due to inevitable capacity and voltage deteriorations during cycling. Therefore, the dilemma between high output energy and long cycle life needs to be addressed to facilitate more widespread commercialization of Ni-rich cathodes in modern lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This work presents a facile surface modification approach with defect-rich strontium titanate (SrTiO3-x) coating on a typical Ni-rich cathode: LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). The defect-rich SrTiO3-x-modified NCA exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance compared to its pristine counterpart. In particular, the optimized sample delivers a high discharge capacity of ∼170 mA h/g after 200 cycles under 1C with capacity retention over 81.1%. The postmortem analysis provides new insight into the improved electrochemical properties which are ascribed to the SrTiO3-x coating layer. This layer appears to not only alleviate the internal resistance growth, from uncontrollable cathode-electrolyte interface evolution, but also acts as a lithium diffusion channel during prolonged cycling. Therefore, this work offers a feasible strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of layered cathodes with high nickel content for next-generation LIBs.

Design of Lithium Battery Management System of Hydrogen Emergency Vehicle

The hydrogen emergency power supply vehicle is mainly powered by a pure lithium battery power supply. Therefore, the reliable operation of the power supply and the analysis of charging characteristics play an important role. A battery management system for emergency vehicle power supply is designed in this paper. Through the battery management system, battery information collection, battery information analysis, and control management are carried out to realize the reliable operation of the power supply. The battery management system adopts the active equalization method for balance management, which improves the balance efficiency, improves the health status of the power supply, and extends the life of the power battery pack.

Design and implementation of an intelligent energy management system for smart home utilizing a multi-agent system

Green Hydrogen Microgrid System has been selected as a source of clean and renewable alternative energy because it is undergoing a global revolution and has been identified as a source of clean energy that may aid the country in achieving net-zero emissions in the coming years. The study proposes an innovative Microgrid Renewable hybrid system to achieve these targets. The proposed hybrid renewable energy system combines a photovoltaic generator (PVG), a fuel cell (FC), a supercapacitor (SC) and a home vehicle power supply (V2H) to provide energy for a predefined demand. The proposed architecture is connected to the grid and is highly dependent on solar energy during peak periods. During the night or shading period, it uses FC as a backup power source. The SC assists the FC with high charge power. SC performs this way during load transients or quick load changes. A multi-agent system (MAS) was used to build a real energy management system (RT-HEMS) for intelligent coordination between components (MAS). The scheduling algorithm reduces energy consumption by managing the required automation devices without the need for additional network power. It will meet household energy requirements regardless of weather conditions, including bright, cloudy or rainy conditions. Implementation and discussion of the RT-HEMS ensures that the GHS is functioning properly and that the charge request is satisfied.

Analysis of Exchange Power in the Power System of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with a BlDC Engine

The purpose of this work is the analysis of the power supply system of unmanned aerial vehicle. One of the most important tasks of this system is to ensure the smallest possible losses in order to achieve greater endurance of the aircraft, which means – the ability to complete the mission. The presence of an inactive component of consumed power obviously reduces the efficiency of the entire unmanned aerial vehicle. Considering also that due to the influence of wind, speed changes and other factors, the power system spends a significant amount of time in the transition mode, the impact of this phenomenon becomes even more significant. Thus, the phenomenon of the occurrence of exchange power in the power supply system of an unmanned aerial vehicle is analyzed. One of the most common solutions for unmanned aerial vehicles is the use of a BLDC motor, which is a further development of DC motors and was created with the aim of improving their basic characteristics. This type of engine has gained its popularity due to numerous advantages: high reliability, efficiency, speed and others. The principles of control of the BLDС engine are given. The unmanned aerial vehicle power supply system, built on the basis of a buck converter and a bridge inverter, was analyzed. An equivalent circuit of the converter is built, taking into account the losses in the electric circuit. On its basis the relations for determining the value of exchange power in the power supply system are derived. With the help of these expressions, it is possible to determine the value of the exchange energy at an arbitrary time interval in the real power supply system of the aircraft. A model of the power supply system of an unmanned aerial vehicle with a BLDC engine was built in the Matlab Simulink software environment. A time diagram is obtained, on the basis of which it is possible to draw a conclusion about the content of exchange power in the converter circuit. To minimize this phenomenon, it is necessary to develop a compensation system or an intelligent control system.

A Review on Interoperability of Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles

Wireless charging technology has become an important development trend in future electric vehicle (EV) power supply technology due to its safety, flexibility, and convenience. With its industrialized development, interoperability has become an essential technical link. The interoperability of wireless charging systems refers to the ability of output performance to meet specified indicators when different transmitter and receiver devices are matched. This study reviews the research status of the interoperability of EV wireless charging technology. First, the definition and composition of the interoperability of wireless charging systems are briefly given. Then, the article provides a review of standards about interoperability so far. The interoperability of various magnetic couplers and compensation topologies is also analyzed and summarized. After that, the paper reviews the existing interoperability evaluation methods. Finally, this work highlights the existing problems and challenges in current research of interoperability. We hope that this work will contribute to the further development of EV wireless charging technology.

The Suppression of Modular Multi-Level Converter Circulation Based on the PIR Virtual Impedance Strategy

In recent years, with the rise of the electric vehicle industry, there has been significant research on charging and power supply vehicle technologies for electric vehicles. In terms of the corresponding converter usage, modular multi-level converters (MMCs) are also increasingly used in the field of electric vehicle power supply research because of their unique advantages. However, the circulating current problem of MMCs has not been effectively addressed in existing domestic and international studies. In this paper, we propose a proportional-integral resonant (PIR) control method combined with virtual impedance for the optimal suppression of the MMC internal circulating current problem based on the comparison and generalization of the existing methods. Based on the analysis of the working principle of MMCs, this paper proposes and adopts the control strategy of combining virtual impedance and proportional-integral resonance to suppress the circulating current and builds a simulation model in MATLAB to verify that the control strategy proposed in this paper is feasible.

Reducing CO2 emissions in transportation systems: technologies for electric vehicles powering

This paper illustrates innovative transport systems for the power supply of electric vehicles as a replacement for the plug-in system. Different technologies for energy transfer are being developed worldwide: three of them are more mature, but other may come. Nowadays, the mainly three systems under development are the following: overhead cable power supply system, ground contact power supply system and the contactless wireless charging methodology using the Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer system.In particular, the last-mentioned methodology will be described in detail, the materials research experience involved the 'Laboratory of Applied Research for Innovation and Technology Transfer' at the University of Parma.Among the main differences are that recharging technology by aerial contact and the scientific application of ground contact for vehicle recharging has been developed and applied particularly to heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses. On the other hand, the wireless recharging system is tested and applied not only for heavy transport vehicles but also for small transport vehicles such as cars.

Optimization of Charging/Battery-Swap Station Location of Electric Vehicles with an Improved Genetic Algorithm-Based Model

The joint location planning of charging/battery-swap facilities for electric vehicles is a complex problem. Considering the differences between these two modes of power replenishment, we constructed a joint location-planning model to minimize construction and operation costs, user costs, and user satisfaction-related penalty costs. We designed an improved genetic algorithm that changes the crossover rate using the fitness value, memorizes, and transfers excellent genes. In addition, the present model addresses the problem of “premature convergence” in conventional genetic algorithms. A simulated example revealed that our proposed model could provide a basis for optimized location planning of charging/battery-swapping facilities at different levels under different charging modes with an improved computing efficiency. The example also proved that meeting more demand for power supply of electric vehicles does not necessarily mean increasing the sites of charging/battery-swap stations. Instead, optimizing the level and location planning of charging/battery-swap stations can maximize the investment profit. The proposed model can provide a reference for the government and enterprises to better plan the location of charging/battery-swap facilities. Hence, it is of both theoretical and practical value.

Оценка влияния автомобильного генератора на расход топлива автомобиля

The car generator provides electricity to the on-board network by converting the energy of the car engine. The analysis of publications made it possible to establish that reducing fuel consumption for driving a car generator is an urgent task. On a number of vehicles, the task is implemented using intelligent voltage regulators, as well as electronic control units for a car generator or power supply system. Malfunctions of the power supply system that occur during operation (short circuit of the battery, short circuits in the wiring or windings of the generator) can reduce the efficiency of electronic device control algorithms and significantly affect the amount of fuel consumption. Most modern cars are not equipped with devices for monitoring the operation of the power supply system, which can lead to the operation of a vehicle with increased fuel consumption. The solution to this problem can be an on-board monitoring system for the power supply system, which makes it possible to prevent the operation of vehicles with increased fuel consumption and reduce environmental and economic damage. The aim of the work is to establish the relationship between the mode of operation of the car generator (including its deactivation) and fuel consumption when the vehicle is moving. The experimental technique involves determining the hourly fuel consumption using an electronic engine control unit, the generator current and the voltage of the on-board network while the car is moving along a flat straight road at a uniform speed. The value of fuel consumption during the operation of the minimum required number of consumers has been experimentally established. A load cycle has been developed that determines the sequence and duration of switching on the regular consumers of the car. It was determined that the average value of fuel consumption, while maintaining the driving conditions of the vehicle and applying the load mode, increased by 9%, however, the inclusion of powerful consumers caused an increase in fuel consumption by 44%. Forced deactivation of the automobile generator allowed to reduce fuel consumption by an average of 9%. The results of determining the fuel consumption during the movement of a vehicle, the load on the generator of which corresponds to the developed load cycle, have a scientific novelty. Further research will be devoted to determining fuel consumption in emergency situations in the vehicle power supply system. Key words: car, car generator, fuel consumption, load cycle, electricity consumers, on-board network voltage, voltage threshold.

Forming structure and testing loading cycle of automobile power supply system

The paper considers the formation of the structure of the test cycle of the vehicle power supply system, which makes it possible to simulate typical load modes. A roundabout route has been developed, which makes it possible to carry out road tests in operating conditions as close to real ones as possible. The test cycle includes seven loading stages, different in duration and power of the consumers involved. The character of changes in the on-board network voltage, generator and battery currents has been established, a comparative assessment of which can be used to determine the current technical state of the power supply system. Further research will focus on the influence of characteristic faults on the parameters of the power supply system. Keywords: vehicle power supply system, road tests, automotive generator, battery, load cycle

Влияние частоты передачи напряжения по кабель-тросу на потери и массогабаритные параметры системы электропитания подводного аппарата

Влияние частоты передачи напряжения по кабель-тросу на потери и массогабаритные параметры системы электропитания подводного аппарата