Power Plant Reservoir Research Articles

Site selection of floating photovoltaic systems on hydropower reservoirs using fuzzy sine trigonometric decision-making model: Turkey as a case study

Floating photovoltaic systems are a promising option for renewable energy by mitigating the drawbacks of land-based photovoltaic systems. However, renewable energy systems are designed in a site-specific way, therefore, the performance of renewable energy alternatives substantially depends on the selected site characteristics. In this study, a comprehensive assessment was performed to identify the optimal hydroelectric power plant reservoir for floating photovoltaic system deployment in Turkey using the Geographical Information System and Multi-Criteria Decision Making method. A two-staged methodology was used to evaluate the results of questionnaires including several expert opinions. In the first stage, a nonlinear fuzzy Aczel-Alsina functions based Ordinal Priority Approach method was employed to weigh the fourteen sub-criteria based on technical, environmental, economic and social considerations. In the second stage, fuzzy sine Trigonometric based Additive Ratio Assessment method was used to rank the fifteen hydroelectric power plant reservoirs all across Turkey. Despite the global horizontal irradiation being the most important criterion, Sarıyar hydroelectric power plant reservoir, with one of the lowest global horizontal irradiation values among alternatives, was determined as the most suitable dam reservoir for floating photovoltaic installation in Turkey. Therefore, the findings of this study highlight the importance of comprehensive analysis that considers the several assessment criteria from fundamental aspects to achieve reliable site selection for floating photovoltaic systems.

Advancing towards zero emissions: Integrating floating photovoltaic systems in hydroelectric power plant reservoirs

One technological alternative to diversifying the energy matrix and reducing reliance on conventional sources involves integrating floating photovoltaics into hydropower plants. To improve the efficiency and sustainability of electricity production, this combination harnesses the benefits of solar and hydropower, thus contributing to climate change mitigation. This study proposes an assessment of the floating photovoltaics resource in water bodies associated with the 14 most important hydropower plants in Mexico. Using ERA5 reanalysis data and the assumption of a 10% coverage of the area of the water bodies, parameters such as annual energy production, avoided greenhouse gases and water savings were estimated. This was done considering two scenarios of floating photovoltaics power density, a pessimistic 30 W/m2 and an optimistic 125 W/m2. Under the conditions proposed in this work, the results of the optimistic Scenario indicate that an annual energy production of 33.12 TWh could be achieved, avoiding the emission of 14.51 MtCO2e of greenhouse gases and the evaporation of 336.78 hm3 of water.

New concept on 100.74 kWp floating solar photovoltaic plant and a real mechanical failures assessment: Case of study at Santa Clara hydroelectric power plant reservoir in southern Brazil

Structural failures and partial sinking were assessed in a 100.74 kWp floating solar photovoltaic power plant installed in southern Brazil, at the Santa Clara HPP reservoir. Their occurred during a torrential rain of 159.6 mm, accompanied by wind gusts of 72 km/h, resulting in the platform losing its linearity and causing permanent deformations in the metallic structures. Computer simulation tests calculated the instantaneous forces to be greater than 22 kN. Repairs were carried out replacing the mobile longitudinal fastening elements between modules with rigid and semi-rigid sets. To prevent direct contact between the mooring modules and the PV platform, transverse footbridge lines and a new concept of anchorage modules were introduced, incorporating semi-rigid elements to absorb energy from impacts. Since then, the anchoring systems have been functioning, even under adverse subtropical climate conditions, as occurred in July 2023, with an extratropical cyclone with wind gusts of around 150 km/h.

FIRST RECORD OF THE ASIAN CLAM Corbicula largillierti (PHILIPPI, 1844) IN THE LOWER SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

The Asian clam of the genus Corbicula is the most successful freshwater invader worldwide. In this research note, the presence of the Corbicula largillierti is recorded for the first time in the Lower São Francisco River. This record is based on the collection of living organisms from the Xingó Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir. This is the second corbiculid species recorded in the region. Further investigation is required on characteristics such as its distribution, interactions with native and other invasive species, as well as its possible environmental impact.

Hydrology, water quality and trophic state of Pergau Reservoir, Kelantan, Malaysia

ABSTRACT To acquire baseline data for a remote Pergau Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir, a hydrological and water quality examination of feeder rivers and reservoir water was conducted in 2013. The water balance of the reservoir was determined, and gauging and sampling were carried out in dry and wet periods. Dilution gauging was used to estimate the feeder river discharge. The total water flow into the reservoir increases nearly fivefold between the dry and wet seasons, while river discharge increases two to fivefold. All of the river intakes had Class 1 NWQS water quality. The lake’s water quality was Class 1 up to the top 3 meters, but below that, at some places, the water quality deteriorated to Class II. In the dry season, the trophic status of Pergau Reservoir is eutrophic as measured by TP (59.21) and chlorophyll-a (52.36) and the TSI (SD) was 53.93 Eutrophication occurrences will cause serious limitations in water use applicability. This research contributes to the biogeographical and limnological understanding of the Pergau catchment, as well as laying the groundwork for more sophisticated hydro-ecological investigations. Anthropogenic activities, together with run-off from agricultural operations and the presence of algae, are some of the sources of contamination noted in the study. Stricter legislation, stricter enforcement of current standards, matching of non-technical and techno-social remedial actions, and education are among the recommendations made for the Pergau Reservoir’s protection.

Analysis of hourly price granularity implementation in the Brazilian deregulated electricity contracting environment

Brazil’s electricity market is the largest in Latin America and the ninth largest in the world. It has been implemented as a mixed market in which regulated and deregulated contracting environments coexist. The volume of transactions in the deregulated market has experienced steep growth over the last few years and is expected to surpass the regulated market. Different programs to diversify the country’s energy matrix have been devised, especially by integrating intermittent renewable sources to address the deregulated market expansion. Consequently, such an energy policy path has prompted the need to increase the granularity of the Brazilian deregulated market’s spot price, namely the Difference Settlement Price (DSP). The DSP had been weekly defined accounting for three loading levels and four submarkets, and, as of 2021, it has been hourly defined accounting for four submarkets; the weekly DSP is inefficient in actually signaling prices based on ex-ante marginal cost of operation of the interconnected Brazilian power system. Besides such granularity alteration, Brazil has also undergone a severe hydrological crisis in 2021 that led to significantly lower water inflows into major hydrographic watersheds and, as a result, most hydroelectric power plant reservoirs hit a 91-year low. The described scenario is relevant in utility policies and energy economics since it depicts a significant paradigm shift experience in such a large electricity market. This study presents the first hourly DSP behavior analysis since its implementation in the Brazilian electricity market and explores its statistical characteristics and relationships with exogenous variables throughout 2021. Additionally, we discuss the hourly DSP’s volatility observed in the year 2021 and how it has resulted in price spikes. At last, we compare the behavior of the Brazilian hourly DSP with the energy prices of five other countries’ electricity markets. Despite being a significant market improvement, the DSP granularity increase per se could not accurately represent the actual marginal cost of operation over the year 2021 since, besides instabilities observed in the hourly DSP, market intervention mechanisms had to be applied by Brazilian regulatory agencies to minimize the hydrological crisis’ impacts.

Floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) potential in Zambia: Case studies on six hydropower power plant reservoirs

This study assesses the technical resource potential for floating solar photovoltaic systems on Zambia's existing hydro-based power plants. The research uses System Advisor Model (SAM) and has made some input changes to adapt the standard photovoltaic performance model to Floating Solar Photovoltaics. The input changes are the tilt angle and the losses. Tilt has been taken as 5o, while the soiling losses have been taken as zero (0). Zambia's theoretical maximum floating solar photovoltaic potential (100% coverage) was found to be 254.083 GWp. The floating solar photovoltaic potential in Zambia at 10% coverage is the best option. It was found to be 25.408 GWp, while the energy generated was 43,448.1212 GWh. Compared to the total installed electricity (3.011) GW, this power is 8 times more than the current installed capacity. Kariba dam shows the highest potential of 24.461 GWp, followed by Itezhi Tezhi (0.506 GWp), Kafue Gorge Upper (0.393 GWp), Mita Hills (0.0314) GWp, Mulungushi Dam (0.0131) GWp, and Kafue Gorge Lower (0.0043 GWp). The country has an average photovoltaics electricity daily output ranging from 4.54 to 4.85 kWh/kWp, which equates to 1658 to 1772 kWh/kWp totals. The findings of this study will increase public awareness of floating solar photovoltaic systems and It will allow the government and investors to consider investing in the technology. This shall ultimately increase power generation in Zambia, helping to alleviate the country's 0.81 GWp power deficit. The National Energy Policy facilitates the development and deployment of renewable and alternative energy sources like hydropower and solar photovoltaic power. Through this policy, an assessment of the resource potential for ground-mounted Solar photovoltaics has been conducted. The policy does not mention the new technology of floating solar photovoltaic systems, which benefits from an increased energy yield due to the cooling effect of water since it is located on the water's surface. Lower shading, decreased civil works, lower grid interconnection costs, reduced water evaporation, enhanced water quality, lowered algae blooming, and valuable land are released for other uses, such as agricultural land or residential developments, when existing water reservoirs are used. Some potential benefits come with the new technology, although it is still nascent.

Land cover/use influence on the hydrodynamics of the Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir, Santa Catarina

RESUMO A influência da cobertura/do uso do solo da bacia hidrográfica sobre o reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Barra Grande (lago artificial alongado, profundo em ambiente de cânion) foi analisada por meio de modelagem matemática utilizando o modelo de grandes bacias (MGB-IPH) para estimativa de vazões, o HEC-RAS para qualidade da água e o IPH-ECO na simulação do reservatório. A modelagem da simulação da alteração da cobertura do solo mostrou que a substituição de florestas por outros usos causou aumento nas vazões e nas cargas de nitrogênio total e fósforo total, e a substituição de outros usos por florestas resultou em redução nas vazões e nas cargas de nitrogênio total e fósforo total. A magnitude da anomalia da carga de nutrientes está associada ao grau de alteração causado no processo de transformação da precipitação em escoamento superficial, à declividade do terreno, aos tipos de solo e às práticas de uso do solo. A bacia hidrográfica apresenta solos rasos em 86% de sua área, com declividades do terreno acentuadas nas cabeceiras, o que facilita o escoamento para o reservatório. Anomalias positivas foram estimadas quando agricultura substitui outros usos e anomalias negativas quando áreas de agricultura são substituídas. A carga de nutrientes que chega ao reservatório está relacionada ao grau de alteração no processo de transformação da precipitação em escoamento superficial, à declividade do terreno, aos tipos de solo e às práticas de uso do solo adotadas. Há estratificação térmica na porção mais profunda, com mistura no inverno, quando a operação da usina pode influenciar a mistura na coluna d’água, com efeito oposto entre a região próxima à barragem e as demais regiões mais distantes da barragem, dependendo das condições de temperatura, vazão e tempo de residência. Esse conhecimento é importante para a gestão do reservatório.

Influence of river flow regulation in the Angara-Yenisei region on the hydrochemical regime of the cascade of hydroelectric power plant reservoirs and their downstream sections

The paper gives an analysis of the influence of river regulation on the chemical composition of surface waters in cascades of HPP reservoirs and downstream sections on the example of the largest rivers of Eastern Siberia. After regulation changes in the temperature regime of watercourses occur, which leads to a change in the timing of the onset of the main ice formations and the emergence of non-freezing sections of rivers. There is a local oxygen deficiency in the summer in the bays and the near-bottom horizon. According to the ionic composition surface waters belong to the hydrocarbonate class of the calcium group. A change in the morphometric parameters of water bodies causes a chain of subsequent hydrochemical reactions. In surface waters, there is a violation of fishery standards for the content of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Al, Cu, phenols and oil products. The integral assessment of water quality by the value of the specific value of the combinatorial index of water pollution shows a high fluctuation along the rivers. The risk of negative impact on the watercourse increases with increasing concentrations of pollutants relative to natural conditions.

VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DA GERAÇÃO E CONECTIVIDADE DE SEDIMENTOS EM BACIAS DE UHES

The knowledge of the spatial variability of the generation and transport of sediments allows the identification with considerable precision critical areas regarding the generation and flow of detrital materials in atersheds. This paper aims to relate the spatial variability of soil loss and sediment connectivity in a contribution basin of the Batalha Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir in the municipality of Cristalina (GO). The methodology comprised the bivariate spatial correlation between production estimates (MUSLE) and the Connectivity Index (CI) applied at a slope scale in the basin's contribution area. The results indicate the configuration of four spatial patterns: low production and low connectivity index in most of the area, comprising the higher and flatter portions; low production and high connectivity index in the vicinity of springs and drainage channels; high production and low connectivity index in the higher, steeper and more distant portions; and high production and high connectivity, predominating in the steepest portions and closest to the channels or even in those portions that are more distant but are connected to the channel, in the latter situation via more intense surface runoff flow lines. In this sense, the importance of this methodology is highlighted in the identification of critical areas, which are priority areas for the implementation of mitigating measures of the impacts resulting from hydric erosive processes. Keywords: Water Erosion, Sediment Contribution, Critical Areas, Water Reservoirs.

Analysis of the rigid-body fluid–structure interaction on a log boom

Log booms are modular and floating structures that partially cross the hydroelectric power plant reservoir to retain and deflect floating objects in the river that can damage and clog the turbine and reduce energy availability. In rivers with a high volume of logs or vegetation, the correct design of these structures is essential to ensure the operability of the hydroelectric power plant. In order to aid in the design of log booms, this paper proposes a method to predict the hydrodynamics forces and movement of log boom lines using CFD tools. Due to the high computational cost of simulating the entire line, simulations are conducted only on a single log boom module using boundary conditions that simulate the interference effects from its adjacent ones, considering different velocity magnitudes and direction combinations. The individual module results are composed to obtain the expected forces on the log boom line. A towing tank experiment with a model-scale model of a segment of the log boom line is conducted to verify the reliability of the numerical model results, comparing the module movement (heave and pitch) and line extremity tension forces. The agreement between numerical and experimental approaches shows that the proposed method can be used to predict the tension in the log boom line and evaluate other conditions, log boom geometries, or line shapes.

Siltation processes and metal sediment profiles in a hydroelectric power plant reservoir in the Paraíba do Sul river Basin, Southeastern Brazil

Siltation processes and metal sediment profiles in a hydroelectric power plant reservoir in the Paraíba do Sul river Basin, Southeastern Brazil

Next-Generation High-Throughput Sequencing to Evaluate Bacterial Communities in Freshwater Ecosystem in Hydroelectric Reservoirs.

The quality of aquatic ecosystems is a major public health concern. The assessment and management of a freshwater system and the ecological monitoring of microorganisms that are present in it can provide indicators of the environment and water quality to protect human and animal health. with bacteria is. It is a major challenge to monitor the microbiological bacterial contamination status of surface water associated with anthropogenic activities within rivers and freshwater reservoirs. Understanding the composition of aquatic microbial communities can be beneficial for the early detection of pathogens, improving our knowledge of their ecological niches, and characterizing the assemblages of microbiota responsible for the degradation of contaminants and microbial substrates. The present study aimed to characterize the bacterial microbiota of water samples collected alongside the Madeira River and its small tributaries in rural areas near the Santo Antonio Energia hydroelectric power plant (SAE) reservoir in the municipality of Porto Velho, Rondonia state, Western Brazil. An Illumina 16s rRNA metagenomic approach was employed and the physicochemical characteristics of the water sample were assessed. We hypothesized that both water metagenomics and physicochemical parameters would vary across sampling sites. The most abundant genera found in the study were Acinetobacter, Deinococcus, and Pseudomonas. PERMANOVA and ANCOM analysis revealed that collection points sampled at the G4 location presented a significantly different microbiome compared to any other group, with the Chlamidomonadaceae family and Enhydrobacter genus being significantly more abundant. Our findings support the use of metagenomics to assess water quality standards for the protection of human and animal health in this microgeographic region.

Population growth of the golden mussel (L. fortunei) in hydroelectric power plants: a study via mathematical and computational modeling

ABSTRACT Golden mussel is an invasive species in Brazil which impacts local environments, dislocating native species and altering microecological conditions as well as affecting hydroelectric power plants and water treatment systems. The objective of this research is to establish a method that is both effective and efficient to quantify the population of the Golden mussel in hydroelectric power plant reservoirs, with a focus on population control measures. A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed combining hydrodynamics and populational dynamics to simulate the distribution of mussels in a reservoir. The results showed that dam’s region was progressively infested, and after 18 months of simulation it has reached around 80% of its carrying capacity. The method proved to be satisfactory and the generated map of cluster locations for the golden mussel corresponds to field observations. Furthermore, the result of the algae density simulation matched chlorophyll-a density map obtained from satellite images. The methodology can be further applied to new areas and could be expanded to predict population variations in order to guide environmental measures for preservation and recovery of impacted reservoirs, presenting another tool for hydroelectric operators who can use information together with field inspections to plan maintenance intervals before infestation damages equipment.

Assessment of Riverbed Clogging in Reservoirs by Analysis of Periodic Oscillation of Reservoir Level and Groundwater Level

In the area of the the Krško alluvial field, the Brežice hydroelectric power plant (BHPP), with its surface water reservoir, was completed in 2017. The new BHPP reservoir dam is located approximately 7 km air distance downstream of the old Krško nuclear power plant (NEK) reservoir dam. The NEK dam was built in the 1970s. The primary purpose of the NEK reservoir is to provide fresh water for cooling the NEK nuclear reactor. To assess the impact of the newly built surface water reservoir on groundwater, we performed a series of data analyses prior to its construction. One part of the analysis relating to data from the monitoring facility of the NEK showed an interesting correspondence between the water level oscillation in the NEK reservoir and the groundwater oscillation in the nearby observation well. Based on measurements taken in 2000, we sought to estimate the clogging of the Sava riverbed sediments in the area of the old NEK surface water reservoir. To determine the permeability of the riverbed sediments, we applied geometry similar to that chosen by Hantush for his pumping test method. Using Fourier analysis, we determined the dominant frequencies from the hydrograph records of the NEK surface water reservoir and from the pressure probe in the nearby observation well. Based on the determination of the dominant frequency, we used the wave equation to compare the influence of different values of the hydraulic transmissivity of the clogged part of the NEK surface water reservoir on the transfer of its water oscillations to the groundwater in the observation well. For the hydraulic values of the non-clogged part of the aquifer (T, S), we assumed the values from the pumping experiments performed in the alluvial aquifer of Krško polje. We also assumed that the aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic, as Hantush had assumed in his method for the determination of semipervious river beds. The results obtained indicated the potential for estimation of the thickness of the clogging layer which, by analogy from applied geophysics, can be called the apparent thickness. This meant that the thickness could be determined on the basis of the default conceptual model rather than on real measurements. The presented method shows the potential for using the analysis of periodic oscillations in river reservoir level and nearby piezometers, as a method of monitoring riverbed clogging, in cases where periodical oscillations in reservoir level occur and observation wells are near enough to detect the oscillations.

Unit gamma mixed regression models for continuous bounded data

We propose the unit gamma mixed regression model to deal with continuous bounded variables in the context of repeated measures and clustered data. The proposed model is based on the class of generalized linear mixed models and parameter estimates are obtained based on the maximum likelihood method. The computational implementation combines automatic differentiation and the Laplace approximation (via Template Model Builder/C++) to compute the derivatives of the log-likelihood function with respect to fixed and random effects parameters. We carry out extensive simulations to check the computational implementation and to verify the properties of the maximum likelihood estimators. Our results suggest that the proposed maximum likelihood approach provides unbiased and consistent estimators for all model parameters. The proposed model was motivated by two data sets. The first concerns the body fat percentage, where the goal was to investigate the effect of covariates which were taken in the same subject. The second data set refers to a water quality index data, where the main interest was to evaluate the effect of dams on the water quality measured on power plant reservoirs. The data sets and R code are provided as supplementary material.

Genetic Structure of Perch Perca Fluviatilis (L.) Populations in Latvian Rivers that are Fragmented (Daugava) and Non-Fragmented (Lielupe) By Hydroelectric Dams

Abstract Water ecosystems have an important role in maintenance of biological diversity and environmental quality in Latvia. Fish resources are one of the most valuable biological resources in Latvia. To evaluate the influence of economic activity (anthropogenic influence of cities, hydroelectric power stations) on freshwater ecosystems, the genetic structure of perch Perca fluviatilis (L.) populations in Daugava River and Lielupe River was studied. The genetic structure of the perch populations from Daugava River and Lielupe River was investigated using 9 DNA microsatellites (Pfla L4, Pfla L10, Pfla L2, Pfla L6, YP111, YP78, YP60, Svi L10, Svi L7), and by genetic diversity, the level of polymorphism, means of alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosity, and population structuring. It was shown that the perch population in the Daugava River in the territory of Riga was significantly different from the other populations and there was a lower level of heterozygosity in this population. In the Daugava River, genetic differentiation was significant for fish populations between Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) and Riga HPP reservoirs due to the fragmentation of population by HPP dams.

Water quality index and spatio-temporal perspective of a large Brazilian water reservoir

Abstract The water spatio-temporal variability of the Irapé Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir and its main tributaries was evaluated by analysing the temporal trend of the main parameters and applying the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), using data from 2008 to 2018. This reservoir is in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and covers an area of approximately 143 km2 across seven municipalities. The dissolved iron (DFe) presented the highest percentage of standards violations (31.7% to 80.5%), most frequently in the reservoir tributaries. The Mann–Kendall tests indicated that the monitoring stations showed an increasing trend of 78.5% N–NH4+ and 64.1% DFe. During the evaluated period, the reservoir waters were classified as excellent (1.2%), good (61.3%), acceptable (29.5%), and poor (8.0%) according to the WQI for the proposed use. The poorest quality classes were more frequent in the tributaries, especially in the year 2009. The WQI seasonal assessment indicated a worsening during the rainy season in 57% of the stations, as a result of external material transport to the water bodies. The CCME WQI, in conjunction with temporal statistical analysis, contributed to the interpretation of the monitoring data, generating important information for reservoir water quality management.

EVOLVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHEBOKSARY HPP: TO THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ISSUE

The article presents an overview of research and social-political literature on evolvement and development of Cheboksary hydroelectric power plant. The authors carried out the analysis of scientific papers and publications using such scientific methods as system analysis, logical and structural research. The content of the article considers two periods in the historiography of the topic, each of which has its own peculiarities. The first period is mainly characterized by social-political literature. Publications are devoted to the grandeur of Cheboksary HPP construction. Particular attention is paid to the works, which were published by immediate participants of construction of the hydro-engineering complex. Historiography of this period mainly notes positive aspects of construction, negative aspects are either disregarded or considered insignificantly. The second period is characterized mainly by publications in periodicals. They are observed to contain more critical statements about the state of the hydroelectric power plant and Cheboksary reservoir. Articles about the difficulties in development of the hydro-engineering complex are analyzed. At this time studies of representatives of natural and technical sciences start to be published. They are devoted mainly to problems related to the rise of the water level in Cheboksary reservoir to the design mark. The analysis of publications on the ecological state of the flooding zone and hydrogeological survey of the hydro-engineering complex is also presented.
 
 The study makes it possible to state that the historical aspect of Cheboksary HPP evolvement and development in historiography has been studied extremely insufficiently. Most sources are marked by a departmental focus, journalistic character and a weak documentary base. The results of the review showed that there are no complex studies on the history of implementing the hydroelectric power plant construction in domestic historiography. The materials of the article can be used for further research of this topic, as well as when writing regional natural history works.

High connectivity and migration potentiate the invasion of Limnoperna fortunei (Mollusca: Mytilidae) in South America

Even after almost 30 years of Limnoperna fortunei introduction into South America, it is still unclear how the source and propagules are connected. Here, we present genetic evidence of population connectivity and gene flow of L. fortunei propagules from Asia into South America, proposing the main invasion routes into South America. To achieve that we expanded the sampling effort to cover all occurrence points of L. fortunei in South America. We sequenced the mtDNA COI gene and genotyped eight microsatellite loci (ML), and we evaluated the genetic source of the recently introduced population in Sobradinho hydroelectric power plant reservoir in Northeast Brazil. Our results revealed that China is the main genetic source of propagules for the Sobradinho population. We also found COI haplotypes and ML genotypes unique to South American populations, demonstrating a bridgehead effect likely caused by local mutation, adaptation, and admixture patterns that are maintained by high levels of gene flow among them. However, two genetic barriers were also detected. We concluded that L. fortunei is a well-established invader and is still rapidly expanding in Brazil, and the Amazon hydrographic basin is under an alarming threat of invasion.