Power Management Strategy Research Articles

A comprehensive power management strategy for the effective sizing of a PV hybrid renewable energy system with battery and H2 storage

In the present work a detailed Power Management Strategy (PMS) of a Photovoltaic Hybrid Renewable Energy System (PV-HRES) with battery, H2 storage/re-electrification, and diesel generator (DG) back-up has been developed. The PV-HRES was regarded to employ commercial PV modules, battery cells, and power electronics, as well as commercial alkaline electrolyzer (EL) and PEM fuel cell (FC), both regarded to variably operate following the fluctuations of PV-power excesses/shortages. The scope was to demonstrate the operability of the PMS and to utilize the PMS for the rational sizing of the PV array, the batteries' bank and the hydrogen storage capacity, for a given load and a solar irradiation annual profile. The annual operation of the PV-HRES was simulated for 440 combinations of PV-arrays and battery/H2 storage capacities, with constant EL and FC capacity, aiming for: (i) exclusively renewable power generation, (ii) rational PV-array sizing and (iii) annually balanced H2 generation/consumption. The operation algorithm was based upon the battery's State of Energy (SOE) variation between 20 and 95 % of their nominal energy capacity (BNEC). Below 20 %, the PV-energy deficits were covered by the FC, in case of sufficient stored H2, whereas beyond 95 %, energy excesses were converted to H2, in case of H2 storage volume availability. Increased PV-arrays and batteries led to the exhaustion of H2 storage volume and to significant dumped renewable energy waste (up to 23 % of the PV generation), whereas decreased PVs and battery capacities led to H2 exhaustion, throughout the annual operation. Out of the 440 examined combinations, 40 were found to simultaneously: i) nullify the DG generation, for exclusively renewable energy generation, ii) prevent both battery and H2 storage volume exhaustion, thus eliminating excessive energy wastes and rationalizing the PV-array size, and iii) balancing the annual hydrogen generation/consumption. To fulfill the 1.48 kW average load demand, the analysis pointed out an optimum PV-HRES of 10.23 kWp nominal PV power, 120 kWh battery storage capacity, and 4 m3 H2 storage volume, at 100 bars maximum pressure; for which the annual PV generation exceeded by 25.8 % the annual load demand.

Review on endoscopic capsules

This research provided an in-depth analysis of endoscopic capsules as an innovative application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare. The study revealed the importance of these systems in advancing gastrointestinal diagnostics due to their non-invasive nature and ability to provide comprehensive internal imaging. The work systematically investigated the device’s technical design, power management strategies, communication protocols, and how it performs its secure and efficient operations. Findings from this analysis highlighted the transformative impact of these capsules despite current constraints, such as battery limitations and procedural costs. Ultimately, this wide review confirmed that endoscopic capsules redefine medical diagnostics, fusing patient comfort with innovative technology. Moreover, as developments continue, these devices have promising potential to shape the future of intelligent, interconnected healthcare solutions.

Optimization of PV benefits for electric vehicles charging station using a deterministic method and fuzzy inference system method

Utilizing renewable energy, specifically Photovoltaic (PV), for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging presents diverse technical and economic opportunities, reflecting a recent trend in innovation and research to address global transportation challenges while highlighting the value of renewable sources. In this context, this paper aims to devise an optimal power management strategy for an EV charging station powered by a PV-based microgrid (MG). The main purpose is to improve the benefits of PV production in recharging EVs to increase self-consumption, decrease dependency on the power grid, and reduce energy costs. Production data from a real-scale MG at the Catholic University in France were used as a case study. This MG comprises a heterogeneous fleet of EVs, PV sources, stationary storage, EV charging stations, and a connection to the power grid. The optimization of PV benefits relies on leveraging the knowledge of EV characteristics to modulate their charge profile. In this context, two methods are used and compared for the modulation of the EVs' charging profile: a deterministic method and a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)-based method. For each method, different scenarios emerge based on the knowledge or lack thereof of the EVs' characteristics. This methodology permits the optimal distribution of energy among multiple EVs and regulates the necessary power to achieve the desired charge level upon departure. It encourages charging through PV production, resulting in reduced energy costs. The comparison of total costs reveals notable differences between the deterministic and FIS approaches for both slow and fast charging modes. In the case of slow charging, the deterministic approach achieves savings of −863.4c€/day, whereas the FIS method delivers greater savings of −898.7c€/day. For fast charging, the deterministic approach yields savings of −524.6c€/day, while the FIS method results in even higher savings of −540.7c€/day. These results highlight that the FIS approach enables better cost management, primarily due to more efficient utilization of PV energy. Additionally, simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink confirm the effectiveness of the FIS-based method, which improves PV energy utilization to 98.20 %, compared to 81.60 % with the deterministic approach. This highlights the superior efficiency of the proposed FIS.

EV Smart-Charging Strategy for Power Management in Distribution Grid with High Penetration of Distributed Generation

Accelerated environmental impacts are a growing concern in the modern world. Electric mobility and the transition to a cleaner energy matrix have become increasingly discussed topics. In this context, this work presents a framework for controlling an electric vehicle (EV)-charging station integrated into a microgrid application as a basis for creating the infrastructure integrated into a smart grid concept. Considering the electrification of the transportation sector future perspectives, a brief review is conducted on the impacts of EV fleet growth in different countries and how smart-charging technologies are identified as solutions for mitigating the negative effects of energy and power consumption associated with EV-charging stations. An analysis of the technical characteristics and the tools that enable the deployment of a fleet-charging operator are examined, specifically focusing on the communication protocol for EVs, such as the OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) parameterization/configuration. A new EV-charging station control method is proposed to manage the impacts of distributed solar photovoltaic generation and mitigate the effects of the duck curve. Finally, an integration architecture via IEC 61850 for these elements is proposed, in a practical implementation for variable power control, considering different strategies to deal with distributed generation impact using EV-fleet-charging power demand dynamic management.

Power management for the compensation of unbalanced grids using interphase power controller 240 and hybrid renewable energy sources

Ensuring an uninterrupted power supply is essential for industrial, commercial, and residential users. One effective method to achieve this is by implementing asymmetrical operation on transmission lines. This study introduces a power compensation strategy designed to maintain a continuous power supply, even during permanent single-phase faults on the transmission line. The proposed method leverages the compensating properties of the IPC 240 and the hybrid wind-photovoltaic technologies. The study focused on a 3 MW, 30 kV transmission line equipped with dual three-branch Interphase Power Controllers 240, which experienced a 33 % power loss due to a permanent single-phase fault. A hybrid wind-photovoltaic system, supplemented with battery storage, was modeled and sized to compensate for the power loss and integrated into the line. The power management strategy operates in two main modes. In mode 1, the line operates without faults. In mode 2, when a permanent single-phase fault occurred, the transmitted power dropped to 2 MW, necessitating the integration of the hybrid energy source to compensate for the reduced power. Weather fluctuations are factored in the management strategy, guaranteeing a stable power supply from the hybrid energy source. Simulations conducted using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrated the system's capability to maintain an uninterrupted power supply to the load. Even under permanent single-phase fault conditions and adverse weather, the system restored power to nearly 2.96 MW, achieving a 99 % compensation rate, which is the highest compared to previous studies.

Innovative hybrid energy storage systems with sustainable integration of green hydrogen and energy management solutions for standalone PV microgrids based on reduced fractional gradient descent algorithm

This paper investigates innovative solutions to enhance the performance and lifespan of standalone photovoltaic (PV)-based microgrids, with a particular emphasis on off-grid communities. A major challenge in these systems is the limited lifespan of batteries. To overcome this issue, researchers have created hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) along with advanced power management strategies. This study introduces innovative multi-level HESS approaches and a related energy management strategy designed to alleviate the charge/discharge stress on batteries. Comprehensive Matlab Simulink models of various HESS topologies within standalone PV microgrids are utilized to evaluate system performance under diverse weather conditions and load profiles for rural site. The findings reveal that the proposed HESS significantly extends battery life expectancy compared to existing solutions. Furthermore, the paper presents a novel energy management strategy based on the Reduced Fractional Gradient Descent (RFGD) algorithm optimization, tailored for hybrid systems that include photovoltaic, fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor components. This strategy aims to minimize hydrogen consumption of Fuel Cells (FCs), thereby supporting the production of green ammonia for local industrial use. The RFGD algorithm is selected for its minimal user-defined parameters and high convergence efficiency. The proposed method is compared with other algorithms, such as the Lyrebird Optimization Algorithm (LOA) and Osprey Optimization Algorithm (OOA). The RFGD algorithm exhibits superior accuracy in optimizing energy management, achieving a 15 % reduction in hydrogen consumption. Its efficiency is evident from the reduced computational time compared to conventional algorithms. Although minor losses in computational resources were observed, they were substantially lower than those associated with traditional optimization techniques. Overall, the RFGD algorithm offers a robust and efficient solution for enhancing the performance of hybrid energy systems.

Energy Maximisation and Power Management for a Wave-to-Wire Model of a Vibro-Impact Wave Energy Converter Array

This paper develops a wave-to-wire model of a vibro-impact wave energy converter array for stand-alone offshore applications. Nonlinear model predictive control is proposed for maximising the wave power capture of the array, and implemented by AC/DC converters and the space vector pulse width modulation technique. A hybrid energy storage system, consisting of batteries and supercapacitors, is placed parallel to the DC bus via buck-boost DC/DC converters to smooth the array power output, and a Lyapunov-based power management strategy is utilised to control the DC/DC converters for stabilising the DC bus voltage. Intensive numerical simulations are conducted; the results show that the proposed wave-to-wire model is capable to evaluate the performance of the vibro-impact wave energy converter array in various scenarios, and the proposed energy maximisation control and power management strategy can enhance wave power capture and stabilise the power output simultaneously.

Distributed Secondary Control of DC Microgrid with Power Management Based on Time-of-Use Pricing and Internal Price Rate

This paper presents a novel approach to manage distributed DC microgrids (DCMG) by integrating a time-of-use (ToU) electricity pricing scheme and an internal price rate calculation mechanism. The proposed power-management system is designed to effectively handle uncertainties such as utility grid (UG) availability, fluctuating electricity prices, battery state of charge (SOC) levels, and frequent plug-ins and plug-outs of electric vehicles (EVs). Uncertainties in DCMG systems often lead to inefficiencies, power imbalances, and inexact voltage regulation issues within DCMGs. In addition, to maintain the power balance and constant voltage regulation under various operational states, the proposed scheme also incorporates secondary control into the DCMG power-management system. Unlike the existing approaches that often fail to adapt dynamically to changing conditions, the proposed method is the first approach to consider the concept of internal price rate in designing the DCMG power management. To address this challenge, this approach proposes a more resilient power-management strategy to enhance the efficiency and adaptability of DCMG systems. Extensive simulations and experimental validations demonstrate the practicality and adaptability of the proposed control strategy under diverse test conditions, including operation transitions between grid-connected mode (GCM) and islanded mode (IM), low battery SOC condition, operation transition from the current control mode (CCM) to distributed secondary control mode (DSCM), and EV plug-in scenarios. The test results confirm that the proposed method enhances the reliability, efficiency, and economic viability of DCMG systems, making it a promising solution for future smart grid and renewable energy integrations.

Efficient power management strategies for AC/DC microgrids with multiple voltage buses for sustainable renewable energy integration

This study proposes a distinct coordination control and power management approach for hybrid residential microgrids (MGs). The method enhances the feasibility of hybrid MGs by reducing power loss on ILBCs. The MG has been modeled with solar and wind generators. The MG comprises multiple direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) sub-microgrids (SMGs) with varying voltage levels. The coordination control and power management strategies for autonomous hybrid MGs with primary and secondary control levels. A novel technique is proposed to ensure seamless and precise power transfer among SMGs while minimizing the constant operation of ILBCs in islanded mode, with a focus on the secondary control level. The study uses MATLAB/Simulink to analyze on-grid, off-grid, and transient mode power transfer among MG. The MG has been operative during transient/faulty conditions. The results indicate that the proposed method demonstrates excellent adaptability in managing power flow.

Supervisory control strategy for dual battery assisted solar water pumping using a 3-stage interleaved boost converter

This article proposes effective power management and battery protection strategies for a solar photovoltaic (SPV) powered dual-battery supported standalone water pumping approach propelled by a permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC) motor. A drift-avoidance perturb and observe MPPT algorithm is employed in conjunction with a 3-stage interleaved boost converter (TSIBC) and proposes a switching control scheme to enable double-stage solar photovoltaic generation system (SPGS) to operate at its maximum accessible power point (MPP) irrespective of any variation in climatic condition. The proposed dual battery control scheme (DBCS), which integrates a primary battery with an auxiliary battery, is connected to the 310 V DC link. This dual battery setup utilizes a parallel-active configuration facilitated by two bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDCs). The core idea behind dualization aims to maintain the state of charge (SoC) of the primary battery within upper and lower limits with the help of an auxiliary battery unit and regulate the DC link voltage at 310 V during fluctuations generated in the protection period. This scheme significantly extends the battery's lifespan, achieving an estimated 800 to 1000 cycles by maintaining its depth of discharge (DoD) at a level of 70 %. A centralized power handling unit (CPHU) is integrated for both the BDCs to facilitate the operating mode selection and regulate DC link voltage by alternatively charging/discharging both batteries. This approach enhances overall system efficiency by eliminating the need to oversize the solar array by up to 46 %, which would have been necessary to fully charge both batteries simultaneously. Previously, the DC link voltage regulation relied solely on MPPT control, resulting in significant deviations (up to ±38.43 %) during battery overcharging/deep-discharging (SoC ≥ 90 %/SoC ≤ 20 %). This work proposes a solution using an auxiliary battery controller within the DBCS, achieving near-zero (±0.5 %) DC link voltage deviation under all operating conditions. The effectiveness of the suggested DBCS controller is validated through a time-domain simulation conducted in MATLAB/Simulink, alongside real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) digital simulator using the OPAL-RT platform. The acquired results corroborate enhanced performance for the standalone water pumping system (WPS) and demonstrate a seamless shift from the normal operational mode to battery protection mode, while ensuring steady regulation of the DC link voltage.

Optimal power management of a stand-alone hybrid energy management system: Hydro-photovoltaic-fuel cell

The field of electrical engineering with renewable energy systems has witnessed a remarkable improvement due to an increase in the world's growing population as available resources become limited. This study proposes an optimal and efficient hybrid energy management system that combines photovoltaic, hydro, and fuel cell renewable energy resources that can solve the drawbacks of current energy setups and offer a dependable power source for stand-alone purposes. This novel AC-linked hybrid energy system features a comprehensive power management strategy with actual weather data and a realistic load demand profile. The HOMER Pro technique is employed for calculating the emission of toxic gases, system economic benefits, sensitivity analysis and cost minimization of the system while providing sustainability. The numerical outcomes show optimal results as compared to the existing systems in the literature. The system consists of 55 kW of PV modules, a 30 kW FC generator, and 40 kW of hydropower, suggesting optimal and excellent economic and environmental sustainability. This system appeared to be an especially cost-effective solution, with a net present cost (NPC) of $248,773 and a cost of energy (COE) of $0.0546/kWh. The results show that the system can meet energy needs while utilising the available resources efficiently in different weather conditions. The proposed system has the potential to increase the sustainability and dependability of power generation in a variety of applications and aid in the design and implementation of alternative energy systems, particularly in off-grid or remote areas. The proposed system can be extended to other such locations that will provide a scalable and flexible solution for electricity generation, making it suitable for a variety of applications, from small rural power plants to large industrial power supplies. Overall, the proposed study provides an important resource for development in hybrid energy system design and operation, with far-reaching implications for the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon future.

Distributed optimization control strategy for distribution network based on the cooperation of distributed generations

AbstractAiming to improve the voltage distribution and realize the proportional sharing of active and reactive power in the distribution network (DN), this article proposes a distributed optimal control strategy based on the grouping cooperation mechanism of the distributed generation (DG). The proposed strategy integrates the local information of the DG and the global information of the DN. Considering the high resistance/reactance ratio of DN, distributed optimization control strategies for node voltage control and active power management are developed with the consensus variable of active utilization rate. And distributed strategy for reactive power management is proposed with a consensus variable of reactive utilization rate. The convergence of the distributed control system for each group is proved. The validity and robustness of the proposed strategy are verified by several simulations in the IEEE 33‐bus system.

Power Generation Optimization for Next-Generation Cruise Ships with MVDC Architecture: A Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Approach

The cruise industry is obliged by economic and environmental initiatives to pursue fuel-efficient solutions and lower ship exhaust emissions. The medium voltage DC (MVDC) distribution with intelligent power management has become a concept for next-generation onboard power systems as its energy-saving feature is to eliminate the frequency constraint and simultaneously optimize engine loads and speed in response to load variations. The incentive for this transition lies on one hand in the fuel efficiency consideration and the reduction of power losses from serial conversion stages. On the other hand, the DC-based technology has been conceived as high-power density design, thus significantly increasing the payload. This study investigates such potential benefits focusing exclusively on large cruise vessels. A highly representative model of the integrated power platform that incorporates all dynamic interactions from the ship hull and essential machinery typically installed on board cruise ships is proposed. The power management strategy also takes account of actual sea conditions and real-time operation requirements. The simulation results demonstrate that the optimization-based MVDC system is able to maximize the opportunity of search agents in finding optimum fuel efficiency areas throughout the scenario time. An analysis of the system structure weight and space reduction of the MVDC architecture is also performed through the utilization of more compact electrical distribution devices and very high power-dense combustion turbines.

Robust hybrid control strategy for active power management in Kabertene wind farm within Algeria’s PIAT grid

The paper introduces a hybrid control strategy for optimised active power management in Algeria's Kabertene wind farm, crucial for the pole insalah-adrar-timimoune (PIAT) grid's stability. This strategy merges simultaneous interconnection and damping assignment (SIDA) passivity theory, passivity-based control (PBC), and multivariable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. This combined approach ensures frequency and voltage stability within the PIAT grid, which encompasses various elements like wind farms, solar plants, gas turbines, and dynamic impedance (Z), current (I), and active power (P) (D-ZIP), load model. By tailoring controllers for doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) using SIDA-PBC principles and optimising internal parameters, the strategy achieves precise control of active power output. Additionally, particle swarm optimisation (PSO) refines power scheduling, which is especially beneficial for intermittent renewable sources like DFIGs. This comprehensive strategy offers numerous advantages: improved network stability, minimized voltage deviations, reduced frequency fluctuations, and enhanced integration of renewable energy sources. The paper emphasises practical implementation considerations, providing valuable guidance for efficient Kabertene wind farm operation and integration. This research contributes significantly to fostering cleaner and more reliable energy systems, facilitating the PIAT grid's transition towards sustainable energy generation.

Enhanced hybrid energy storage system combining battery and supercapacitor to extend nanosatellite lifespan

The power limitations of nanosatellites, particularly during peak demand periods such as data transmission and maneuvering, hinder their operational capabilities. Traditional Electrical Power Subsystems relying solely on batteries face challenges in delivering the necessary power density and maintaining battery life, especially during eclipses. This study proposes an innovative Hybrid Energy Storage System for a 3U nanosatellite, integrating high-energy-density batteries with high-power-density supercapacitors, using an active parallel hybrid topology with two bidirectional converters and an optimal power management strategy. Using MATLAB and Simulink models, the study optimizes the Hybrid Energy Storage System by focusing on minimizing the capacity rate and depth of discharge to extend battery life. Simulation results show a 53.42% reduction in depth of discharge compared to a battery-only system, indicating a significant extension of battery life. Additionally, the proposed system allows for a minimal 2.08% increase in overall mass while maintaining enhanced performance. This research fills a critical gap in the literature by exploring active Hybrid Energy Storage System topologies for spacecraft applications, beyond the traditional passive and semi-active configurations. The innovative power management strategy ensures efficient energy utilization, significantly enhancing the reliability and efficiency of nanosatellite missions. The findings offer a practical solution to improve mission performance and extend the operational lifespan of nanosatellites, paving the way for more robust and capable small satellite deployments.

Ethereum blockchain-based hierarchical cooperative power sharing in a group of microgrids

ABSTRACT Cooperative power-sharing (CPS) is one of the cutting-edge power management strategies the power system planners contemplate transforming from its traditional structure to a more decentralized framework as the globe prepares for a future with low carbon emissions. Cooperative microgrids are considered one of the future power system configurations where individual microgrids (MGs) can support each other through CPS. This paper introduces a decentralized energy market (DEM) to operate CPS hierarchically between MGs, groups of MGs, and the utility grid. The security of power-sharing transactions and the privacy of MGs pose challenges in terms of confidentiality and data integrity. To deal with these issues, a DEM framework based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) is proposed to ensure power transactions between cooperative MGs with a guarantee. A scheme is built on the Ethereum testnet to estimate the performance and validation of the proposed smart contracts. A case study with actual data for a group of four MGs is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The proposed blockchain approach results in money transactions resulting in MG1 receiving $485; while MG2 gets $525, MG3 and MG4 generates a revenue of $435 and $362.5 respectively. The numerical results demonstrate that MGs can actively share power with peers and achieve economic benefits.

An Adaptive Multi-Functional Control Strategy for Power Management and Voltage-Frequency Regulation of PV, BESS, and Hybrid Units in a Microgrid

An Adaptive Multi-Functional Control Strategy for Power Management and Voltage-Frequency Regulation of PV, BESS, and Hybrid Units in a Microgrid

Inertial Energy Storage Integration with Wind Power Generation Using Transgenerator–Flywheel Technology

A new type of generator, a transgenerator, is introduced, which integrates the wind turbine and flywheel into one system, aiming to make flywheel-distributed energy storage (FDES) more modular and scalable than the conventional FDES. The transgenerator is a three-member dual-mechanical-port (DMP) machine with two rotating members (inner and outer rotors) and one stationary member (stator). The transgenerator–flywheel system is introduced with its configuration, transgenerator overview, flywheel operation principle and power management strategies, and control system. Simulations are performed in MATLAB 2023b/Simulink to verify the system viability, including control system verification and flywheel storage performance evaluation. The results show that the inner and outer rotors can be controlled independently with an accurate and fast control response, and the grid-side control works properly. The flywheel performs well, with considerable charging power and storage capacity.

Estimating the Impact of a Recuperative Approach on the Efficiency of Thermoelectric Cooling

Thermoelectric cooling is a prospective technology that has a lot of advantages; however, its main drawback is its low efficiency compared to other technologies. A lot of scientific research is aimed at the improvement of the efficiency of thermoelectric cooling, including the development of new thermoelectric materials, innovative structures, and better power management strategies. The present work further explores a self-developed recuperative power management approach, which takes advantage of the thermoelectric element’s ability to work as an electrical generator. This study relied on the thermal–electrical analogy method to develop a model that is capable of describing the impact of recuperation on the cooling performance while preserving the simplest configuration possible. The influence of different variables was estimated by three suggested quantities for evaluating the gains, losses, and rationality of the recuperative approach. A recovery of up to 10% of the electrical energy supplied to the thermoelectric element was observed experimentally. The ratio between the recovered energy and induced heat losses did not exceed a factor of 0.9. It is concluded that the recuperation process is reasonable only in the case of unavoidable interruption of the cooling process when average-performance thermoelectric elements are used.

A novel strategy to enhance power management in AC/DC hybrid microgrid using virtual synchronous generator based interlinking converters integrated with energy storage system

Hybrid microgrids (HMGs) have a flexible structure, higher reliability, and both AC and DC MG merits. However, in this type of MGs, there are challenges such as accurate power sharing, the voltage control of the DC link, the AC side voltage and frequency stability, the negative impact of telecommunication delay, and so on. Therefore, a power management scheme is presented here that can perform proper and precise power sharing in a hybrid AC/DC MG. This HMG consists of one energy storage system (ESS) along with two interlinking converters (ILC) based on a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). Besides, the physical inertia of a MG is less than that of a power grid, hence, changing the output power of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) arrays might make system unstable. To overcome this challenge, virtual inertia is used. As the virtual inertia can be embedded with the VSG method, in this scheme, the VSG strategy is implemented to enhance the system dynamic behavior by imitating the synchronous generator kinetic inertia. The VSG-based ILC1 converter is used to establish interlinking and energy exchange between AC and DC sub-grids and share power. Also, other interlink devices including a bidirectional half-wave DC/DC converter integrated with the ILC2 are considered, which aim to control the voltage of the DC link and exchange part of the power between the AC and DC sub-grids. An ESS is placed between the bidirectional DC/DC converters and the DC link of the ILC2. Such a structure is referred to as a two stage interlinking converter with an ESS (TSILC-ESS). The power management system employed in AC/DC HMG according to the ILC controller is utilized to form the DCMG along with controlling the TSILC-ESS, providing additional and auxiliary services to the power grid. To assess the introduced scheme of both AC and DCMG to investigate VSG-based ILC1 and ILC2 in grid-connected and islanded operational mods, various resource and load profiles are assumed. The simulation study is performed in MATLAB/ Simulink environment to confirm the proposed method.