Power Loading Algorithm Research Articles

Utilization of Optical OFDM Modulation on Blue LED VLC Datacom Without Equalization for 4 m Wireless Link.

To achieve higher visible light communication (VLC) traffic capacity, using the wide bandwidth light-emitting diode (LED) and spectral efficiency modulation signal, is currently the most commonly used method. In this demonstration, we apply the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing quadrature amplitude modulation (OFDM-QAM) with bit- and power-loading algorithm on single blue LED to achieve >1 Gbit/s VLC capacity, when a 400 MHz bandwidth avalanche photodiode (APD)-based receiver (Rx) is exploited for decoding. Here, the higher sensitivity APD can be applied to compensate for the wireless VLC link length in the proposed LED VLC system, and due to the lower LED illumination (255 to 40 lux), is used for the indoor access network after passing the wireless link length of 1 to 4 m. As a result, using single blue LED can achieve 0.962 to 1.057 Gbit/s OFDM rate with available 400 MHz bandwidth APD in poorly illuminated condition indoors without applying analogy equalization.

Bit and Power Loading Algorithms for Nonlinear Optical Wireless Communication Channels

Bit and Power Loading Algorithms for Nonlinear Optical Wireless Communication Channels

Two-Level Laser Diode Color-Shift-Keying Orthogonal-Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (LD-CSK-OFDM) for Optical Wireless Communications (OWC)

Optical wireless communication (OWC) technology has attracted many attentions recently. Lighting luminaries equipped with red-green-blue (RGB) based light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) or laser-diode (LDs) can modify the perceived color of illumination. These highly directional light sources with adjustable perceived colors makes them very suitable for high speed and high security data transmissions. Here, we propose and demonstrate a two-level LD based color-shift-keying orthogonal-frequency- division-multiplexing (CSK OFDM) signal for the OWC systems. This scheme cannot only provide non-flickering effect to minimize human health concern, but also can enhance the transmission data rate of the CSK system. Here, the system model and the implementation of bit and power loading algorithm on the LD-CSK-OFDM are discussed. Experimentally results show that the demonstrated LD-CSK-OFDM signal can achieve data rate of 28.4 Gbit/s with 1.25 m free-space transmission distance satisfying the forward-error-correction (FEC) threshold.

Theoretical and experimental optimization of DMT-based visible light communication under lighting constraints

High spectral efficiency is a key element that drives research for future wireless communication systems in order to meet the increasing demand for ubiquitous connectivity despite a limited radio frequency spectrum. Visible light communications (VLC) that allow exploiting the existing infrastructure for both lighting and communications could be an effective and economic solution. Thanks to the revolution in the field of solid-state lighting and the accelerated development of light-emitting diodes (LED), VLC becomes one of the most promising new technologies for the next generation of wireless communication systems. However, the limited bandwidth of the LEDs remains a major challenge that is limiting VLC from achieving very high data rates. In this paper, we propose to adapt the discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation scheme of indoor VLC communications for data rate enhancement. With the help of bit and power-loading algorithms, a transmission bandwidth much larger than the 3-dB bandwidth of the LED could be exploited. We firstly present the typical lighting requirements for indoor applications and investigate the maximal bit-rate of DMT-based VLC. Then, with a regular luminance level for normal office work, an overall optimization of DMT configuration scheme in terms of modulated bandwidth, subcarrier number, cyclic prefix length, and clipping level is proposed. Theoretical analysis and verifications by experiments are simultaneously carried out. Based on the proposed configuration, we demonstrate a 100-Mbps VLC wireless transmission employing low-cost components under realistic lighting constraints.

Adaptive Uniform Entropy Loading for SSB-DMT Systems

In this paper, we proposed a simple uniform entropy loading (UEL) algorithm to adaptively load the same entropy for all the subcarriers according to the channel state information. Thanks to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equalization effect of precoding, only one distribution matcher is used for UEL, maximally reducing the complexity of entropy loading. The proposed algorithm is based on the relationship between the optimal information bits per symbol (IBPS) and SNR for probabilistically shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (PS QAM) under the constraint of normalized generalized mutual information (NGMI) considering the implementation of constant composition distribution matching (CCDM) and off-the-shelf forward error correction (FEC) code. Different from generalized mutual information (GMI), IBPS intuitively represents practical performance. Besides, the relationship between IBPS and SNR for conventional QAM and time domain hybrid QAM (TDHQ) are also calculated to perform the well-known bit power loading (BPL) algorithm, Levin-Campello (LC) algorithm, and TDHQ assisted adaptive loading (AL) algorithm, respectively. Based on theoretical analysis, to our best knowledge, we first found that precoding procedure adopted by TDHQ assisted AL and UEL scheme degrades Shannon capacity compared to water-filling algorithm, the upper limit of BPL algorithms. However, benefiting from shaping gain of PS QAM, the proposed UEL algorithm achieves higher net data rate (NDR) and lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than the LC algorithm, which is demonstrated by the simulations and experiments in single sideband discrete multi-tone (SSB-DMT) systems. According to the experimental results, up to 3.2% NDR improvement and 0.82 dB PAPR reduction are realized by the UEL algorithm compared to the LC algorithm. The UEL algorithm also outperforms TDHQ assisted AL algorithm by the average NDR gain of up to 8.0%. The simple and effective advantages make the proposed UEL scheme suitable for the short-to-medium reach optical fiber communication systems.

Offset-Based Beamforming: A New Approach to Robust Downlink Transmission

The design of beamformers for the multi-user multiple-input single-output downlink that provide prespecified levels of quality-of-service can be quite challenging when the channel state information is not perfectly known at the base station. The constraint of having the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) satisfy a given threshold with high probability is intractable in general, which results in problems that are fundamentally hard to solve. We develop a high-quality approximation of the SINR outage constraint that, along with a semidefinite relaxation, enables us to formulate the robust beamformer design problem for Gaussian channel estimation errors as a convex optimization problem that can be efficiently solved. For systems with small uncertainties, further approximations yield design algorithms based on iterative evaluations of closed-form expressions that have substantially lower computational cost. Since finding the beamforming directions incurs most of that cost, analogous power loading algorithms for predefined beamforming directions are developed and their performance is shown to be close to optimal. When the system contains a large number of antennas, the proposed power loading can be obtained at a computational cost that grows only linearly in the number of antennas. The proposed power loading algorithm provides an explicit relationship between the outage probability required and the power consumed, which allows us to precisely control the power consumption, and automatically identifies users who are consuming most of the power resources. The flexibility of the proposed approach is illustrated by developing a power loading technique that minimizes an average notion of outage.

Programmable Adaptive BVT for Future Optical Metro Networks Adopting SOA-Based Switching Nodes

Adaptive Sliceable-Bandwidth Variable Transceivers (S-BVTs) are key enablers for future optical networks. In particular, those based on Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation and Direct Detection (DD) can be considered a flexible solution suitable to address the cost efficiency requirement of optical metro networks. In this paper, we propose to use a cost-effective S-BVT option/implementation in optical metro networks adopting switching nodes based on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) technology. Bit loading (BL) and power loading (PL) algorithms are applied to the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) modules, to maximize the performance and/or the capacity as well as enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the system. Our analysis considers switching nodes based on SOAs with and without filtering elements and fiber spans of 25 km. We present the results up to 100 km, with and without SOA-based nodes. Firstly, we analyze the adaptive BVT transmission using the Margin Adaptive (MA) BL/PL algorithm at a fixed bit rate of 28 Gb/s. The possibility of controlling the SOAs current is a key factor to face the transmission impairments due to the fiber and the filtering elements. We also analyze the system considering Rate Adaptive (RA) transmission at a fixed target Bit Error Rate (BER) of 3.8 × 10−3, showing that a maximum capacity above 34 Gb/s can be achieved for a single span of 25 km. Although the cascading of filtering elements still constitutes a limiting factor, we show that an improvement of the net bit rate performance can be obtained thanks to the combined use of BVT and SOA technology at the switching nodes, resulting in a promising approach for designing future optical metro networks.

Diversity Evaluation for Enhanced Detection in Multiple Input Multiple Output Vehicle - to - Vehicle Communication

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication holds a promise to revolutionize road transport operations proposed in vehicular communications as an element of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). However, the vehicular communication channel suffers from low SNR arising from shadowing, multi-path fading and Doppler shift which degrade detection performance by increasing BER. MIMO techniques improvising diversity gain have been proposed as a mitigation factor to enhance detection. In this paper it is empirically determined that for given processing algorithm BER performance is linearly related to diversity order of the system. Simulations results indicate that detection performance increases with diversity order for a given processing algorithm dependent on the power loading algorithm.

A 51.6 Mb/s Experimental VLC System Using a Monochromic Organic LED

An organic light emitting diode (OLED) shows characteristics different from a traditional semiconductor LED when both are applied to visible light communication (VLC). This paper first experimentally characterizes its static and dynamic communication properties with varying input signals. This band-limited and power-limited light source leads to unique communication channel and noise models. Accordingly, the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing in conjunction with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OFDM-OQAM) is applied, and its performance is compared against the traditional dc-biased optical OFDM. To further enhance the communication performance, a bit and power loading algorithm and a proper equalization algorithm are jointly implemented to combat the channel frequency selectivity and increase the data rate. A bit-rate of 51.6 Mb/s based on a monochromic OLED is experimentally achieved through the proposed design. The rate is comparable to the multicolor OLEDs-based VLC link in the literature.

Using a Single VCSEL Source Employing OFDM Downstream Signal and Remodulated OOK Upstream Signal for Bi-directional Visible Light Communications

In this work, we propose and demonstrate for the first time up to our knowledge, using a 682 nm visible vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) applied in a bi-directional wavelength remodulated VLC system with a free space transmission distance of 3 m. To achieve a high VLC downstream traffic, spectral efficient orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing quadrature-amplitude-modulation (OFDM-QAM) with bit and power loading algorithms are applied on the VCSEL in the central office (CO). The OFDM downstream wavelength is remodulated by an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) with OOK modulation to produce the upstream traffic in the client side. Hence, only a single VCSEL laser is needed for the proposed bi-directional VLC system, achieving 10.6 Gbit/s OFDM downstream and 2 Mbit/s remodulated OOK upstream simultaneously. For the proposed system, as a single laser source with wavelength remodulation is used, the laser wavelength and temperature managements at the client side are not needed; and the whole system could be cost effective and energy efficient.

Adaptively loaded IM/DD optical OFDM based on set-partitioned QAM formats.

We investigate the constellation design and symbol error rate (SER) of set-partitioned (SP) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats. Based on the SER analysis, we derive the adaptive bit and power loading algorithm for SP QAM based intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM/DD) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We experimentally show that the proposed system significantly outperforms the conventional adaptively-loaded IM/DD OFDM and can increase the data rate from 36 Gbit/s to 42 Gbit/s in the presence of severe dispersion-induced spectral nulls after 40-km single-mode fiber. It is also shown that the adaptive algorithm greatly enhances the tolerance to fiber nonlinearity and allows for more power budget.

Coordinate Update Algorithms for Robust Power Loading for the MU-MISO Downlink With Outage Constraints

We consider the problem of power allocation for the single-cell multi-user (MU) multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink with quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. The base station acquires an estimate of the channels and, for a given beamforming structure, designs the power allocation so as to minimize the total transmission power required to ensure that target signal-to-interference-and-noise ratios at the receivers are met, subject to a specified outage probability. We consider scenarios in which the errors in the base station's channel estimates can be modelled as being zero-mean and Gaussian. Such a model is particularly suitable for time division duplex (TDD) systems with quasi-static channels, in which the base station estimates the channel during the uplink phase. Under that model, we employ a precise deterministic characterization of the outage probability to transform the chance-constrained formulation to a deterministic one. Although that deterministic formulation is not convex, we develop a coordinate descent algorithm that can be shown to converge to a globally optimal solution when the starting point is feasible. Insight into the structure of the deterministic formulation yields approximations that result in coordinate update algorithms with good performance and significantly lower computational cost. The proposed algorithms provide better performance than existing robust power loading algorithms that are based on tractable conservative approximations, and can even provide better performance than robust precoding algorithms based on such approximations.

Second Order Suboptimal Power Allocation for MIMO-OFDM Based Cognitive Radio Systems

This paper proposes an efficient and low complexity power-loading algorithm for MIMO-OFDM downlink based cognitive radio system that maximizes the sum rate of single secondary user (SU) under constraints on the tolerable interference thresholds between secondary user and primary user’s frequency bands and the total transmission power. Our suboptimal algorithm is based on the 2 nd order interference tracking and nulling mechanism to allocate transmission power of the subcarriers among SU’s scheme. The performance of our proposed suboptimal scheme is compared with the performance of the classical power loading algorithms, e.g., water filling, 1 st order interference tracking, nulling, and other suboptimal schemes. Numerical results show that our algorithm has low complexity but obtains a higher channel capacity than that of some previous suboptimal algorithms in some scenarios. We dedicate also that for a given interference threshold, the 2 nd order interference tracking mechanism has dynamic number of nulling position instead fixed number of nulling position.

Optimal Energy Efficient Bit and Power Loading for Multicarrier Systems

The energy efficient bit and power loading problem is studied for the multicarrier communication systems aiming to maximize the system energy efficiency (EE) under the total transmit power constraint, the per subcarrier bit error rate (BER) constraint and the minimum transmission rate constraint. To solve the non-convex combinatorial EE optimization problem, an equivalent one-dimensional problem is constructed and an optimal greedy bit and power loading algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, a simplified version of the bit and power loading algorithm is proposed as well to achieve the same optimal solution but with significant lower complexity.

Power pre-emphasis for suppression of FWM in coherent optical OFDM transmission

Four-wave-mixing (FWM) due to the fiber nonlinearity is a major limiting factor in coherent optical OFDM transmission. We propose to apply power pre-emphasis, i.e. to allocate the transmitted power non-uniformly among subcarriers in order to suppress the FWM impairment. The proposed technique was numerically investigated for both single channel 15.6 Gbs CO-OFDM transmissions and 7-channel WDM transmissions, showing that up to 1 dB improvement in the system's Q-factor can be achieved without considering sophisticated power loading algorithms developed for wireless communications.

Joint Optimization of Bit and Power Loading for Multicarrier Systems

In this letter, a novel low complexity bit and power loading algorithm is formulated for multicarrier communication systems. The proposed algorithm jointly maximizes the throughput and minimizes the transmit power through a weighting coefficient α, while meeting constraints on the target bit error rate (BER) per subcarrier and on the total transmit power. The optimization problem is solved by the Lagrangian multiplier method if the initial α causes the transmit power not to violate the power constraint; otherwise, a bisection search is used to find the appropriate α. Closed-form expressions are derived for the close-to-optimal bit and power allocations per subcarrier, average throughput, and average transmit power. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate its superiority with respect to existing allocation algorithms. Furthermore, the results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm approaches that of the exhaustive search for the discrete optimal allocations.

Power Loading Algorithms for OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Systems with Imperfect Sensing

In this letter, we investigate power allocation schemes for OFDM-based cognitive radio (CR) systems while taking errors due to imperfect sensing of primary user (PU) into account. The interference is introduced into PU band by CR user not only because of co-existence in side-by-side bands but also by missed detection due to imperfect sensing. We propose an optimal scheme such that the transmission capacity of CR users is maximized while keeping the total interference within a prescribed threshold and keeping the total power within a budget. As the optimal scheme can have a high complexity, low complexity suboptimal schemes have also been proposed. The performance of the proposed schemes is compared to the schemes that do not take sensing errors into consideration. Presented numerical results demonstrate the strength of our proposed schemes.

1-Gb/s Transmission Over a Phosphorescent White LED by Using Rate-Adaptive Discrete Multitone Modulation

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which will be increasingly used in lighting technology, will also allow for distribution of broadband optical wireless signals. Visible-light communication (VLC) using white LEDs offers several advantages over the RF-based wireless systems, i.e., license-free spectrum, low power consumption, and higher privacy. Mostly, optical wireless can provide much higher data rates. In this paper, we demonstrate a VLC system based on a white LED for indoor broadband wireless access. After investigating the nonlinear effects of the LED and the power amplifier, a data rate of 1 Gb/s has been achieved at the standard illuminance level, by using an optimized discrete multitone modulation technique and adaptive bit- and power-loading algorithms. The bit-error ratio of the received data was $1.5\cdot 10^{-3}$ , which is within the limit of common forward error correction (FEC) coding. These results twice the highest capacity that had been previously obtained.

Extensive Comparisons of Optical Fast-OFDM and Conventional Optical OFDM for Local and Access Networks

A performance comparison between a recently proposed novel technique known as fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (FOFDM) and conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is undertaken over unamplified, intensity-modulated, and direct-detected directly modulated laser-based optical signals. Key transceiver parameters, such as the maximum achievable transmission capacity and the digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital converter (DAC/ADC) effects are explored thoroughly. It is shown that, similarly to conventional OFDM, the least complex and bandwidth efficient FOFDM can support up to ~20 Gb/s over 500 m worst-case multimode fiber (MMF) links having 3 dB effective bandwidths of ~200 MHz × km. For compensation of the DAC/ADC roll-off, a power-loading (PL) algorithm is adopted, leading to an FOFDM system improvement of ~4 dB. FOFDM and conventional OFDM give similar optimum DAC/ADC parameters over 500 m worst-case MMF, while over 50 km single-mode fiber a maximum deviation of only ~1 dB in clipping ratio is observed due to the imperfect chromatic dispersion compensation caused by one-tap equalizers.

Joint source and relay optimization for parallel MIMO relay networks

Abstract In this article, we study the optimal structure of the source precoding matrix and the relay amplifying matrices for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay communication systems with parallel relay nodes. Two types of receivers are considered at the destination node: (1) The linear minimal mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver; (2) The nonlinear decision feedback equalizer based on the minimal MSE criterion. We show that for both receiver schemes, the optimal source precoding matrix and the optimal relay amplifying matrices have a beamforming structure. Using such optimal structure, joint source and relay power loading algorithms are developed to minimize the MSE of the signal waveform estimation at the destination. Compared with existing algorithms for parallel MIMO relay networks, the proposed joint source and relay beamforming algorithms have significant improvement in the system bit-error-rate performance.