Power Lamps Research Articles

Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green by Nanocrystalline Chitosan-Ascorbic Acid@NiFe2O4 Spinel Ferrite

Statistics show that more than 700 thousand tons of dye are produced annually across the globe. Around 10–20% of this is used in industrial processes such as printing and dyeing, while about 50% of the dye produced is discharged into the environment without proper physicochemical treatment. Even trace amounts of dye in water can reduce oxygen solubility and have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Therefore, before dye-containing wastewater is discharged into the environment, it must be properly treated. The present study investigates the green synthesis of nickel ferrite NiFe2O4 (NIFE) spinel magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via chemical coprecipitation of a solution of Ni2+/Fe3+ in the presence of a biopolymer blend of chitosan (CT) and ascorbic acid (AS). The magnetic nanomaterial was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The material was further explored as a catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) under visible light irradiation coupled with ultrasonic waves. The combination of 90 min of visible solar light irradiation with 6.35 W·mL−1 ultrasonic power at pH 8 resulted in 99% of the photocatalytic efficiency of chitosan-ascorbic acid@NIFE (CTAS@NIFE) catalyst for 70 mg·L−1 MG. The quenching of the photocatalytic efficiency from 98% to 64% in the presence of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) suggested the involvement of hydroxy (•OH) radicals in the mineralization process of MG. The high regression coefficients (R2) of 0.99 for 35, 55, and 70 mg·L−1 MG indicated the sonophotocatalysis of MG by CTAS@NIFE was best defined by a pseudo first-order kinetic model. The mechanism involves the adsorption of MG on the catalyst surface in the first step and thereby mineralization of the MG by the generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under the influence of visible radiation coupled with 6.34 W·mL−1 ultrasonic power. In the present study the application of photodegradation process with sonochemistry results in 99% of MG mineralization without effecting the material structure unlike happens in the case adsorption process. So, the secondary pollution (generally happens in case of adsorption) can be avoided by reusing the spent material for another application instead of disposing it. Thus, the ecofriendly synthesis protocol, ease in design of experimentation like use of solar irradiation instead of electric power lamps, reusability and high efficiency of the material suggested the study to be potentially economical for industrial development at pilot scale towards wastewater remediation.

Sistem Kendali Intensitas Cahaya Lampu Penerangan Jalan Umum Menggunakan Transformator Variabel Berbasis Arduino Uno

This research discusses the Arduino Uno based public street lighting intensity control system. The street lighting technology applied so far is still conventional technology that is classified as wasteful of energy because it still uses a continuous lighting system or an On-Off system. PJU problems arise because of too much power consumption caused by the use of large power lamps and lamp operating times. This research utilizes Arduino Uno and RTC to control the value of the variable voltage output transformer based on time division. This system has been able to control the voltage of 400 watt sodium lamps. The output voltage of the transformer has been divided into three levels, namely level 1, level 2 and level 3. The division of this level is based on the operating time of the lights, namely level 1 at 1830 WIB to 2200 WIB, level 2 at 2201 WIB until 2359 WIB, level 3 at 0000 WIB until 0530 WIB. Transformer output voltage at level 1 can be 220 volts. The output voltage of the transformer at level 2 can be 210 volts. Transformer output voltage at level 3 can be 200 volts. The intensity of the 400 watt sodium lamp light at level 1 is an average of 99.9 lux. The intensity of the 400 watt sodium lamp light at level 2 is an average of 85.45 lux. The intensity of the 400 watt sodium lamp light at level 3 is an average of 78.6 lux.

PREPARATION OF NOVEL X% Li/TiO2 (x = 1%, 2% and 4%) AND THEIR ACTIVITIES UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT

Series of metal doped titanium dioxide were synthesized with the aim to enhance the photocatalytic activity under visible irradiation. x% Li doped TiO2 catalysts (x = 1%, 2% and 4%) were prepared using hydrothermal method. The samples were characterised by specific surface area SBET, X-ray diffraction XRD, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy DRS and photocatalytic activity.We succeeded to obtain high specific surface area samples. In fact, it increases to reach an optimum at 2%dopant amount. XRD analysis showed that all samples are single Anatse phase whatever dopant amount level. The photocatalytic activity was tested in methylene blue degradation under visible irradiation. Two different power lamps were used in order to investigate effect of irradiation condition. These new photocatalysts exhibited visible light activity similar to PC500 to degradated MB. The results were discussed in terms of donor electron level creation in the band gap.

Error compensation in indoor positioning systems based on software defined visible light communication

Visible Light Communication (VLC) paradigm allows the reusing of existing illuminating infrastructures in order to provide data communication. VLC can be considered a promising technology also for positioning in indoor environments, due to its potentially high accuracy and low costs. However, the main obstacle to the use of VLC for localization purposes is the high level of environmental noises, mainly due to sunlight. A novel approach, for easily measuring environmental noises and compensating their effects on localization results performed by an Indoor Positioning System (IPS) based on VLC, is proposed in this work. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is adopted to divide the total bandwidth into a series of non-overlapping frequency sub-bands corresponding to each signal, while an estimation of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), obtained through real time Power Spectral Density measurements in the proper frequency ranges, is exploited to compensate the error in positioning due to sunlight and other wide-band external optical disturbing signals. The proposed approach has been validated through experimental tests, carried out using a simple deployment of low power lamps, low cost hardware and a software defined approach. In the region under test, receiver position has been experimentally detected with higher accuracy in comparison to classical FDM approach, confirming the correctness and effectiveness of our proposed technique. In order to further validate the proposed approach, an additive measurement campaign has been successfully carried out considering a scenario characterized by very low SNR levels.

A Concept of Thermographic Method for Non-Destructive Testing of Polymeric Composite Structures Using Self-Heating Effect.

Traditional techniques of active thermography require an external source of energy used for excitation, usually in the form of high power lamps or ultrasonic devices. In this paper, the author presents an alternative approach based on the self-heating effect observable in polymer-based structures during cyclic loading. The presented approach is based on, firstly, determination of bending resonance frequencies of a tested structure, and then, on excitation of a structure with a multi-harmonic signal constructed from the harmonics with frequencies of determined resonances. Following this, heating-up of a tested structure occurs in the location of stress concentration and mechanical energy dissipation due to the viscoelastic response of a structure. By applying multi-harmonic signal, one ensures coverage of the structure by such heated regions. The concept is verified experimentally on artificially damaged composite specimens. The results demonstrate the presented approach and indicate its potential, especially when traditional methods of excitation with an external structure for thermographic inspection cannot be applied.

Generalized lamp model for light flicker studies

A new generalized lamp model capable of simulating a lamp’s luminous flux in the time domain is presented. Reference is made to low power lamps (up to 25W). The generalized lamp model consists of a model of the electrical circuit of the lamp and a model of the bulb itself and is based on the use of only three input parameters. The results of a preliminary experimental analysis are first presented with the aim of justifying the hypotheses of the model. Then, the model is described and used to analyze the frequency behavior of a lamp in the presence of voltage fluctuations; the model was experimentally validated for different kind of lamps. Finally, the results of a sensitivity analysis of the model versus its main parameters are presented.

Pulse Width Modulation Based Decentralized Street LED Light Dimming System

<p>The high power consumption of conventional street lighting systems, and the consequences on environmental ecosystem due to continuous turning ON of light, have led researchers to seek solutions to this problem. LED light dimming system has been presented in many studies using computerized systems with or without wireless monitoring facility. The demerits of these systems include complexity, high cost and unfixed data transfer speed. This paper proposes to reduce power consumption of street lighting through a decentralized light dimming system that is based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This is in addition to replacing conventional high power lamps with lower power LED lamps. The dimming control circuit of this system is fixed on each pole and controlled individually resulting in faster and more reliable response. The proposed system uses the available infrastructure and is suitable for small or main streets regardless of the number of light poles. It is also flexible in its coverage distance due to the freedom of motion detector selection. The advantages of using LED lighting on the environment as compared to conventional lighting are explained. Simulations reveal the effectiveness of the proposed system on energy saving and on the environment.</p>

医療機関でのLED照明の安全な導入に向けた電磁環境面での評価

Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps have become widespread in the clinical settings. However, electromagnetic noise from LED lamps could be problematic. In hospitals, the reception level of signals from medical telemeters might decrease after replacing traditional lighting with LED lamps. To investigate the effects of noise radiated from LED lamps on medical telemeters, we measured the electric field intensity of 34 types of LED lamps. Many of them emit 400 MHz band noise, and some types of LED lamps had increased floor level noise of 30 dB. We also observed artifact noises on electrocardiogram and respiratory waveforms when an LED lamp was placed next to the patient monitor. This effect was observed only when a medical telemeterʼs transmitter and a LED lamp were placed quite close. When approximately 50 cm apart, patient monitorsʼ signals were received normally. In hospitals, AC power supply cables and lamps are often placed near transmission cables, including leaky coaxial cables (LCX), as antenna of the patient monitors. To prevent interference with medical telemeters, selecting low noise LED lamps and maintaining sufficient separation between LED lamps and receiving antennas or LCX is necessary.

Notice of Retraction: Electrical Power Generation with Himalayan Mud Soil using Microbial Fuel Cell

Topsoil microbial community primarily consists of bacteria species that can generate electricity if a microbial fuel cell is incorporated with it. Since such electron producing bacteria are abundant in nature, microbial fuel cells can be considered as clean source of electricity generation and a prospect for renewable energy growth. Here, the authors have shown experiments with a real microbial fuel cell, investigating electrical power production from it using the Himalayan top soil of Dehradun in Uttarakhand, India. At the smallest level it can help remote rural areas to power lamps or other less energy intensive devices. Using a setup that includes anode, cathode, and related electrical fittings this work has utilized these bacteria over time and observe the power they produce; also the addition of nutrients to the soil which increases the rate of power production has also been experimented. The setup brings together the concept of energy, electronics and microbiology under one framework and is in line with issues relating to climate change, energy security and sustainability. An attempt has been made to explore the spectrum of scenarios and speculating the possibility of generating renewable power using the Himalayan top soil.

Design of a Smart Green Energy Management System Based on DMX512 Protocol

In this paper, a smart green energy management system based on DMX512 protocol that is established by United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) is proposed. The end user can monitor and control the LED lamps and electric powers according to the information received from the sensors by means of the channels of DMX512. In addition, the different color lights including red, green, and blue lights can be achieved by means of the color-mixing methods of red, green, and blue LEDs based on photometry theory. As a matter of fact, there have been attracted much attention on the mobile devices in recent years. In the study, a mobile device with an Android platform is used to control the electric power and LED lamps according to the information received from the ZigBee module immediately. However, the smart green energy management system based on DMX512 protocol has some merits, such as in real-time control, easy operation, low cost, etc.

TiO2/WO3 hybrid structures produced through a sacrificial polymer layer technique for pollutant photo- and photoelectrooxidation under ultraviolet and visible light illumination

TiO2/WO3 hybrid structures were produced on graphite substrates following a three step procedure: (i) electrochemical deposition of WO3 under potentiostatic conditions, (ii) electrochemical deposition of TiO2–polyaniline (PANI) composite layers by potentiostatic polymerization of aniline in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, (iii) high temperature (450 °C) treatment for decomposition of the PANI structure. Experiments on the photoelectrochemical response of the composite layers were carried out by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperommetry in the dark and under illumination by using low power lamps emitting in the visible and UV spectrum ranges. The oxidation of three pollutants—oxalate ions, methanol and malachite green was used to evaluate the photoelectrocatalytic activity of the TiO2/WO3 structures. The photocurrents registered for the photooxidation of oxalate were higher than photocurrents measured at hybrid TiO2/WO3 electrodes obtained in conventional two-step electrodeposition of WO3 and subsequently TiO2 from corresponding salt solutions. The efficiency of the malachite green photodegradation in our experiments was also about two orders of magnitude higher than that obtained in TiO2/WO3 structures synthesized in a conventional way. These results are (very probably) due to the proposed synthetic approach involving PANI polymer layer as an immobilizing matrix and the opportunity to disperse homogeneously TiO2 nanoparticles on the WO3 surface provided.

A Simple Method for Comparative Study on the Thermal Performance of LEDs and Fluorescent Lamps

A simple method is proposed to measure the heat dissipation of LEDs and fluorescent lamps in an open system that allows light energy to escape. Based on this method, a comparative study on the thermal and luminous performance of high-brightness LEDs and fluorescent lamps is presented. At rated power, T5 and T8 fluorescent lamps generate about 73%-77% of their total power as heat, while three types of high-brightness LEDs dissipate about 87%-90% of input power as heat. Heat dissipation is an important factor particularly for air-conditioned buildings when overall energy efficiency is considered. T5 fluorescent lamps perform better than some existing LEDs in terms of luminous efficacy and heat generation in this study.

Quantitative risk assessment of sunbeds: impact of new high power lamps

A survey of all sunbeds in a local authority area was carried out in 1998. Since then, there have been technological developments leading to new 'fast-tan' sunlamps which have become increasingly popular, along with unmanned sun parlours. In addition, new British and European sunbed standards have been set. To discover the commercial uptake of new high power sunlamps and to determine the impact on carcinogenic risk from sunbeds. Onsite spectral measurements, traceable to national standards, were conducted at all commercial sunbed premises within two local authorities and a quantitative risk assessment applied to the findings using a skin cancer model. Sunbed users were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their reasons for using a sunbed and the risk associated with its use. We found a 30% increase in the number of privately operated sunbeds since our 1998 survey. The median cancer-weighted exposure of all 133 sunbeds was comparable to that of Mediterranean sunlight. This was a significant increase compared to 1998. Moreover, 83% of sunbeds produced ultraviolet (UV) B radiation levels that exceeded the European standard. Fifteen per cent of respondents thought that there were no risks from use of sunbeds. Sunbeds in current use carry a cancer risk comparable to Mediterranean sunlight. This is due to the use of new high power lamps. New British and European standards are being largely ignored with more than four out of five sunbeds exceeding the limit specified in the standard. There is a strong case for regulation of sunbed operators coupled to improved public education.

Phase-Controlled Quadruple ${LC}_{p}$ Resonant Inverter to Drive 600-W HPS Lamps

This paper presents the analysis and design method of a new configuration of resonant inverter suitable for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp ballast applications. The proposed inverter results from the parallel connection of four class D LC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> resonant inverters, sharing the total load current. In this way, the conduction losses are reduced and high frequency operation is achieved for high power lamps. The power control is implemented at constant frequency, modifying the phase displacement among the output voltages of each inverter section. Considering that the deviation of the operation point caused by the control action deteriorates the converter efficiency, this design guarantees minimum control action to correct the lamp power deviation caused by the lamp aging. A 600-W prototype has been built to validate the design proposal

Porous tungsten with controlled porosity by low temperature sintering

Porous tungsten as a high current density cathode is one of the important applications of the metal, which is mostly used in high temperature conditions due to its exceptional resistance to melting (Tm = 3410±20°C). Its porous form has been a crucial component of dispenser cathodes used in electronic valves and high power lamps. Porous tungsten skeleton forms the matrix, which is then impregnated with an electron emissive compound. Upon every emission from the surface, new material has to be fed into the surface pores via the open pore channels. Hence it may be proposed that a uniform porosity is needed for a better performance. However, a controlled porosity has not been achieved yet. Moreover, sintering of tungsten has always been difficult due to the extreme process conditions. A high sintering temperature (Ts≥2000°C) and a strong reductive atmosphere (hydrogen) have been the absolute necessity in making these parts. This study further explores an alternative sintering technique being developed. The idea is based on the reactive sintering concept. The energy output from the exothermic reactive system of tungsten oxide and aluminium has been the heat source for sintering porous tungsten. As a result, sintering temperature and time have been reduced considerably. Higher homogeneity, thus more uniform pore distribution, was observed. A better control of porosity related to the pressing and sintering conditions was achieved by the characterisation method previously developed. Microhardness has been a useful monitor of the scatter in porosity of the parts. Throughout the study, SEM was used to observe the porous structures and powder morphologies. DSC and XRD were useful to follow the microstructural evolution in the reactive system.

Prospective of application of laser, electron-beam and incoherent light processing to semiconductor technology

Cw-laser annealing of ion implanted silicon is potentially important for VLSI technology, where small geometries must be preserved. Beam recrystallized polysilicon is probably the most important application of beam processing. The use of electron-beams instead of lasers offers certain advantages, but high power lamps are likely to become the most widely used energy sources for beam processing.

Experimental approach to high-pressure sodium lamp design

The paper describes a concise experimental procedure for the rapid design of any new rating of lamp, with particular emphasis on low power lamps. Information, in some cases obtained from 400 W lamps, has been used to reduce the number of free variables associated with the design of a lamp from 11 to three. Experiments in which the amalgam temperature is altered in an indium bath are carried out to optimize the lamp and ballast simultaneously. Nine such experiments give six possible designs for any new rating of lamp, and fix the ballast impedance needed for correct operation. From these six designs, one lamp may be chosen to satisfy best the main criteria of good colour, long life, high efficacy, ease of manufacture and commercial considerations.

Electricity applied to ship auxiliaries

Since the first installations of electric plants on the steamship Columbia in 1879, consisting of two Edison bipolar dynamos with capacity of sixty 10-candle power lamps each, and the first installation in the Navy on the U. S. S. Trenton in 1883 consisting of one Edison bipolar generator at a rated capacity of 115 60-candle power lamps and belt driven from an Armington and Sims engine; there has been great progress during these forty years in the use of electricity aboard ship. This is particularly true when we consider naval vessels where practically every moving element now receives its motion from an electric motor, but in the adoption of this motive power on vessels of the merchant marine, progress has been exceedingly slow as measured by land standards.