Transmission System Power Research Articles

Mitigation of Ethiopian industry sector power quality problems using ultra-capacitor based dynamic voltage restorer

Nowadays, power quality issues; specifically, voltage sag, swell, harmonics, and interruptions have become significant challenges for customers in Ethiopia. These problems can lead to equipment damage, production losses, reduced trust, and increased unsold energy for utility providers. To address these issues, the implementation of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Custom Power Devices (CPD) is crucial. In this study, we focus on Desta Garment PLC, an Ethiopian garment industry. Due to faults in a nearby substation, the factory's feeder line frequently experiences voltage sag, swell, and interruptions. As a result, the factory faces partial shutdowns and occasional hours-long interruptions. To mitigate these voltage quality problems, we propose the use of an Ultra Capacitor-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The DVR has been carefully selected and implemented with advanced control strategy which is adaptive fuzzy proportional integral controller. We collected one year of data from the factory and conducted simulations using MATLAB, comparing scenarios with and without the DVR. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mitigation technique significantly enhances voltage sag and swell conditions. Importantly, the performance aligns with both IEEE 1250–1995 and IEEE 519–1992 standards. This study highlights the effectiveness of the Ultra Capacitor-based DVR in improving power quality and ensuring stable operations for Desta Garment PLC. By addressing voltage fluctuations, the factory can maintain productivity and minimize disruptions.

The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm

Abstract Meta-heuristic approaches evaluate the optimum size and position of flexible alternative current transmission systems power systems. The seeker optimization algorithm (SOA) technique was used to solve power engineering optimization problems with better performance than traditional approaches. This article shows the application of SOA for optimal setting and allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSCs) in a transmission line. TCSC devices are used to improve transmission systems’ capacity and voltage profile by controlling the transmission line reactance. The IEEE 30 bus system, as well as the Iraqi Super Grid 400 kV system, is used as a test system to illustrate the technique used. Results showed that the installation of TCSC unites the aims to reduce the voltage deviation, reduce the losses of active/reactive power, and increase transmission line reserves over thermal limits. TCSC devices are very effective for the better use of existing installations without sacrificing the stability margin. SOA is intended to identify the best location and size of TCSC devices that resolve the technological difficulties of reducing the TCSC devices’ costs.

Widespread Use of High-Voltage DC Transmission System and Future Inter-Regional Power Grids

Widespread Use of High-Voltage DC Transmission System and Future Inter-Regional Power Grids

Load Profile and Load Flow Analysis for a Grid System with Electric Vehicles Using a Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

As they become more widespread, electric vehicles (EVs) will require more electricity to charge. It is expected that a range of grid transportation solutions that complement one another and considerable transmission infrastructure changes will be needed to achieve this goal. Strategic planning and control, including economic models and strategies to engage and reward users, can reduce energy loss on the power network. This would eliminate grid upgrades. Bidirectional charging of EVs can help transmission systems cope with EV allocation. Power loss and voltage instability are the transmission network’s biggest issues. Adding EV units to the transmission network usually solves these problems. Therefore, EVs need the right layout and proportions. This study determined where and how many radial transmission network EVs there should be before and after the adjustment. To discover the best EV position and size before and after the dial network modification, a hybrid genetic algorithm for particle swarm optimization (HGAIPSO) was utilized. Electric vehicles coordinated in an active transmission network reduce power losses, raise voltage profiles, and improve system stability. Electric vehicles are responsible for these benefits. The simulation showed that adding EVs to the testing system reduced power waste. The system’s minimum bus voltage likewise increased. The proposed technology reduced transmission system voltage fluctuations and power losses, according to the comparison analysis. The IEEE-30 bus test system reduced real power loss by 40.70%, 36.24%, and 42.94% for the type A, type B, and type C EV allocations, respectively. The IEEE-30 bus voltage reached 1.01 pu.

LSTM Recurrent Neural Network-Based Frequency Control Enhancement of the Power System with Electric Vehicles and Demand Management

Due to the unpredictable and stochastic nature of renewables, current power networks confront operational issues as renewable energy sources are more widely used. Frequency stability of modern power systems has been considerably harmed by fast and unpredictable power variations generated by intermittent power generation sources and flexible loads. The main objective of the power system frequency control is to ensure the generation demand balance at all times. In reality, obtaining precise estimates of the imbalance of power in both transmission and distribution systems is challenging, especially when renewable energy penetration is high. Electric vehicles have become a viable tool to reduce the occasional impact of renewable energy sources engaged in frequency regulation mainly because of vehicle-to-grid technologies and the quick output power management of EV batteries. The rapid response of EVs enhances the effectiveness of the LFC system significantly. This research work investigates a deep learning strategy based on a long short-term memory recurrent neural network to identify active power fluctuations in real-time. The new approach assesses power fluctuations from a real-time observed frequency signal precisely and quickly. The observed power fluctuations can be used as a control reference, allowing automatic generation control to maintain better system frequency and ensure optimum generation cost with the use of demand management techniques. To validate the suggested method and compare it with several classical methods, a realistic model of the Indian power system integrated with distributed generation technology is used. The simulation results clearly indicate the importance of power fluctuation identification as well as the benefits of the proposed strategy. The results clearly show a considerable improvement in response performance indices, as the maximum peak overshoot was decreased by 21.25% to 51.2%, and settling time was lowered by about 23.34% to 65.40% for the suggested control technique compared to other controllers.

The Internet of Things through Internet Access Using an Electrical Power Transmission System (Power Line Communication) to Improve Digital Competencies and Quality of Life of Selected Social Groups in Poland’s Rural Areas

In the 21st century, society has been undergoing a technology-driven transformation which heralds a new revolution that has potential to strengthen the position of an individual and community but may also lead to the marginalization of certain groups. The Internet of Things takes advantage of the technology’s potential to improve digital competencies and the quality of life in society. The purpose of this paper is to obtain information about the digital competencies and needs of contemporary seniors and pre-senior age people, as well as socially sensitive groups from Poland’s rural areas. To strength the level of internet infrastructure in rural areas, power line communication (PLC) systems that utilize high-voltage line(s) between transformer substations are presented as a cost-effective communication tool. PowerLink IP has made PLC systems today more attractive and efficient than ever before. Based on nation-wide representative surveys conducted in deliberately selected groups, we collected information on digital competencies and formulated recommendations pertaining to the structure and contents of an innovative internet portal as regards offering, sharing, and the availability of commercial and social services targeted at seniors and other dependent groups. The recommended portal combines the needs of target groups with interests of entrepreneurs, self-government authorities, and NGOs.

IoT Based Transmission Line Monitoring System

Electrical power is transmitted from the generation plants to end-users at distant locations through the transmission lines. These lines are exposed to various environmental conditions and faults may occur causing power interruption to end users, damage to the power system. The fault detection has been a main objective of power system engineers, in transmission and distribution systems. Identification of fault source is tedious task; fast fault detection can help to protect the equipment before any significant damage of the equipment. The exact fault dictation can help service man to remove persistent of the faults and type the faults occur regularly, thus reducing the occurrence of fault and minimize the time of power outages. The paper is intended to detect the of fault in transmission line using an NodeMCU and the same is transmitted to control center using IoT device.

Techno-economic strategy for reactive power planning using Series-shunt compensation in power transmission network

This research article proposes an optimization oriented planning strategy of reactive power (VAR) in power transmission system. Basically it is a qualitative effort to understand the mathematical principles, technical facets and economic aspects with their utility in reactive power planning (RPP) prior to execute the proposed strategy through a unique solution model. Initially, the objective is formulated by measuring different cost components such as VAR generation cost, line charging cost, FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) device operation cost and cost due to real power loss. The vulnerable positions in the system are defined for the placement of FACTS devices after computing a set of mathematical methods. The installation bottlenecks of these devices are wiped out depending upon some technical considerations and performances. Thereafter, differential evolutionary algorithm is hybridized with crow search algorithm to determine an optimal set of controlling variables. The code profiling of the proposed approach has been rendered on two inter-regional practical power networks (India’s 62 and 191 bus power network). Finally, the responses of the bench-mark functions and statistical outcomes are analyzed extensively to justify the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed solution model.

Research on Three-Coils Magnetic Coupling Resonant Wireless Power Transmission with Power Amplifier

The power of a three-coils magnetic coupling resonant Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) system driven by the signal generator is generally too small to be used directly. Adding a power amplifier before the transmitting coil of the three-coils magnetic coupling resonant WPT system is a promising solution to enhance the received power on the load, namely, the load power. The theoretical analysis of the three-coils magnetic coupling resonant WPT system is carried out, while the functional expressions of the load power and transmission efficiency are deduced. The position of the relay coil with maximum load power or transmission efficiency is analyzed for three different situations. The power amplifier parameters are designed by using the Advanced Design System (ADS) radio frequency simulation platform and then the prototype of the three-coils magnetic coupling resonant WPT system with a power amplifier is built and verified. The final results show that the load power can significantly increase from mill watt level to watt level by adding a power amplifier.

Hybrid intelligence approach for multi-load level reactive power planning using VAR compensator in power transmission network

This paper formulates and solves a techno-economic planning problem of reactive power (VAR) in power transmission systems under loadings. The objective of the proposed research work is to minimize the combination of installation cost of reactive power sources, power losses and operational cost while satisfying technical constraints. Initially, the positions for the placement of reactive power sources are determined technically. Different cost components such as VAR generation cost, line charging cost etc. are then added in the total operating cost in a most economical way. Finally, the optimal parameter setting subjected to reactive power planning (RPP) is obtained by taking advantages of hybrid soft computing techniques. For the justification of the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed approach the entire work is simulated on two inter-regional transmission networks. To validate the robustness and ease of the soft computing techniques in RPP the responses of benchmark functions and statistical proof are provided simultaneously.

Research on Tradeoff between Power and Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer via Magnetic Resonance Coupling

Focusing on the tradeoff problem between the output power and transmission efficiency of magnetic coupling resonance wireless power transmission (MCRWPT) system, this paper firstly analyzes the series–series topology system by using the mutual inductance theory of concentrated parameters, and proposes the concept of power-efficiency composite function by using the method of normalization of output power and then the WPT system is assigned a weight factor. Based on that, the calculation expression of the optimal resonant frequency is obtained. The correctness of theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and experimental platform, which provides a useful reference for further improvement of power-efficiency synchronization and energy saving.

Adaptive coordinated control strategy for multi-terminal flexible DC transmission systems with deviation control

Due to the advantages of multiple power supply points and multiple power receiving points, the multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) technology has gradually become the main trend in the future development of DC power grids. The coordinated control of a MTDC system is one of the key technologies to realize the stable operation of power systems. Droop control is an effective coordinated control method to maintain the power and voltage balance of a DC transmission system. However, improper selection of the droop coefficient leads to an imbalance of the power and voltage distribution. An improved coordinated control strategy based on an adaptive droop coefficient is proposed to realize a faster dynamic response and a more reasonable power distribution, which is applicable to all of the topologies of MTDC systems. The power and voltage deviation controls are added to prevent the output power and voltage from exceeding the range that a converter can bear. In addition, a lagging link is added in the current loop to compensate for the delay caused by the current loop and to improve the response speed of the system. Taking the MMC topology as an example, the dynamic characteristics of the proposed control strategy are analyzed, and a four-terminal MTDC simulation model based on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform has been established to verify the superiority of the proposed strategy under different disturbances.

Optimal reactive power planning in power transmission system considering FACTS devices and implementing hybrid optimisation approach

This study introduces a techno-economic planning strategy of reactive power (VAr) in power transmission systems. This planning strategy primarily has been focused on reactive power planning (RPP) through operating cost minimisation ensuring cost-oriented system security. The objective function (operating cost) is blended with four different components viz. cost due to real power loss, VAr generation cost, additional VAr compensation devices cost and line charging cost. FACTS (flexible AC transmission system) devices are installed at weak positions through different echelons to improve the system voltage stability. The authors also implemented the probabilistic hybridisation of crow search algorithm and JAYA to find out the optimal set of controlling parameters related to VAr. Finally, a sharp and minute analysis of the results has been done to validate the proposed strategy under multi-loading conditions. To understand the efficiency and efficacy the code profiling and simulation has been rendered on IEEE 30 bus and UPSEB 75 bus test system.

Realization of wireless charging in intelligent greenhouse with orthogonal coil system uniform magnetic field

The improvement of the sensor power supply system in intelligent greenhouse is a research hotspot at present. In intelligent greenhouse environment monitoring demand is high, the traditional cable power supply volume is big, poor security and inconvenient to the characteristics of the paper by using the principle of the wireless power supply, design a kind of orthogonal magnetic field, the Transmitting coil and Repeating coil to receive the mutual inductance coil superposition to satisfy the sensors in the power supply requirements of different spatial location, and greatly reduces the power supply equipment covers an area of. The theoretical circuit diagram is given and the theoretical analysis and formula derivation of uniform magnetic field are performed. Mathcad was employed to simulation analysis of Receiving coils in different states, and Maxwell was used for comparison of hypnotic field cloud images. At the same time, the influence of different relative positions on the receiving power of wireless power transmission system is tested and discussed, and the method to improve the wireless power supply transmission efficiency of smart greenhouse sensor is explored. Finally, the feasibility of the system is verified by simulation and experiment.

Power Trading in South Asia: Some Aspects of Benefits

Of having immense regional capacity of 395,096 MW as of mid-2018, South Asia is gradually emerging as a fulcrum of electricity exchange and powers trading so, bilateral exchanges are occurring, as evident in the noteworthy Bhutan-India power flow of 1,410MW. India and Bangladesh have four historic power trading practices in place and the Power Purchase Agreement of 2014 between Nepal and India, these two countries exchange up to 350 MW of electricity. All these have triggered immense possibilities opening the scope for multilateral power flows. A huge jump from the present total cross-border trading of hardly 2500 MW is very possible. Nepal could potentially be the biggest beneficiary in this game. If harnessed steadily, its power could be sold across South and South East Asia, with wheeling facilities provided by Indian national grids. A Bangladesh–Bhutan–India trilateral hydroelectric power-generation agreement is likely to be signed soon. Energy secretaries of Bangladesh and Nepal have decided to develop hydropower projects in Nepal through government-to-government investment and then export the electricity thus produced to Bangladesh through the Indian transmission system Power trade would change the composition of the export baskets of power exporting countries and help them address their adverse balance of trade and balance of payment. Additional income from power export and an enhanced level of economic activity can be invested in social infrastructure.

Utilizing Unified Power Flow Controller for Stability Improvement of the Electric Power Transmission System of Ghana

Interconnecting power transmission systems provide reliability of electric power supply. The security of the system is however questioned when a disturbance in any part of the interconnected system causes instability in the entire network. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), which is a member of the flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) family, has the capability of controlling active and reactive power flow in a transmission line thereby improving the voltage stability of the system especially at the 500 kV configuration level. The performance of a 161-kV UPFC modelled in SimPowerSystems is tested on Ghana’s power transmission network. The optimal placement of the UPFC is done using fast voltage stability index (FVSI) and maximum loadability assessment (MLA). The results show that the device improved the connecting bus voltage from 0.88 p.u. to 0.98 p.u. Active power loss in the network was also reduced from 13.40 MW to 10.39 MW when the UPFC was in circuit. Keywords : Ghana , Stability, Transmission system and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Research on adaptive control strategy of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission of a cotton picker

Hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission has the advantages of good hydraulic stepless speed regulation performance and high efficiency of mechanical transmission, which can achieve the optimal matching of transmission system load and power source. In this article, an adaptive control strategy based on radial basis function neural network and proportional–integral–derivative control was proposed. The speed compound control method was used to solve the problems that the output speed of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission system was poor at the variable speed input and was difficult to control. The throttle opening and the engine speed were used as controller inputs. The pump–motor's displacement ratio and the output speed were used as controller outputs. Finally, the output speed of the cotton picker was stably controlled. Simulation and experimental results show that the transmission can quickly respond to the target speed and had little fluctuation based on different initial input speeds. The control strategy had good control precision and robustness. Compared with the traditional proportional–integral–derivative algorithm, the average steady-state error of the system output speed was controlled between ±0.0125%. The proposed algorithm based on radial basis function neural network proportional–integral–derivative adaptive control strategy had obvious control effect, and the stability of the speed output of the system was improved under the nonlinear input complex conditions. It provided research for the speed ratio adjustment and control of the hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission of the cotton picker.

Simulative Assessment of Novel Parallel-Hybrid-Electric Powertrains: Consideration of Transmission System Power Losses

Transmission system power losses influence the efficiency of hybrid powertrains. Well-established parallel-hybrid-electric powertrains employ conventional transmissions that can be treated as single-input-single-output (SISO) systems. Novel parallel-hybrid-electric powertrains, which are not based on conventional transmissions, can increase the systems potential but increase the complexity as the transmission becomes a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system. For these MIMO-transmission systems, the losses can strongly depend on the selected transmission mode and on the input torques of the power sources. This paper presents a method to automatically model the power losses of such MIMO-transmission systems. This method consists of a mathematical analysis and a design analysis, and obtains the transmission power losses as a function of the selected transmission mode, the rotational speed of the wheels, and the torques of the power sources. The model includes gear meshing losses, gear churning losses, and bearing losses. Furthermore, an extended control strategy is proposed to ensure local optimality including the consideration of the multidimensional transmission power loss characteristics. A case study is presented to demonstrate the developed methods, and shows that the inclusion of the transmission losses in the powertrain model and control strategy can be considered relevant for the simulative assessment of novel parallel-hybrid-electric powertrains.

Saving of Power in Wireless Power Transmission System using IR Sensor and Relay

As all we know that today’s live is not possible for a moment if we think without electricity after our basic needs that are air, water, food, cloth and shelter. Because without it we can not think about our mobility, But it has also many disadvantages because of the transmission of electricity through wire which cause many time sock due to which living thing may get injured or many time they get unexpected death. Hence for establishing the transmission of electricity without hazards today’s world started working on the removal of the net of the wires over the world and this is possible only by transmitting electricity wirelessly. This principle was early given by a charming and mysterious inventor and engineer Nikola Tesla(1891-1898) by inventing Tesla coil. But in wireless electricity transmission, there is a lot of wastage of energy when power is transferred to the load. If there is no loads are available around the receiving antenna(coil), power will be wasted and this is a one of the major disadvantage of this principle. So by using IR Sensor we can save this power from being waste which will allow the antenna to transmit the power only when the objects are available to receive this transmitted power.

A Quadruped Crawling Robot Operated by Elliptical Vibrations of Cantilever Legs

In this article, a quadruped robot, consisting of a main body, four cantilever legs, four eccentric wheel vibration motors, a battery, and a circuit control module, is proposed and tested. Vibration motors are used to motivate the cantilever legs to form elliptical trajectories at the feet. Forward, backward, and turning movements could be accomplished by the cooperations of the four cantilever legs, and the driving force or torque for the movements was generated from the frictional forces between the feet and the ground. A prototype is designed, fabricated, and tested after the mode analysis and the harmonic analysis by the finite-element method. The size of the robot is 72 × 76 × 35 mm, and its weight was only 61.8 g. The test results demonstrate that the forward, backward, steering, and in situ steering motions of the robot are achieved on three contact surfaces: terrazzo, wood, and glass. The robot achieve a maximum speed of 206 mm/s and the maximum load capacity of 110 g on the terrazzo surface. The proposed robot show the superiorities of high motion velocity without the transmission system, multiple movements, and onboard power; it also has certain environmental adaptability, load capacity, and obstacle crossing ability.