Power Flow Control In Systems Research Articles

Evaluating the performance of reaching laws in the sliding mode control of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

This paper evaluates reaching laws in sliding mode control (SMC), encompassing constant rate, exponential, and power rate reaching laws. The performance of the proposed controller is assessed using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) as the test subject. The Unified Power Flow Controller system is in order to improve the stability of a power system hence providing security under increased power flow conditions. The sliding mode control, utilizing reaching laws, is designed to ensure the Unified Power Flow Controller system closely follows the reference power. Comparative simulation results with a traditional PID controller demonstrate superior performance with sliding mode control. Specifically, the sliding mode control Reaching law with power rate effectively controls the Unified Power Flow Controller system for active power, Various simulations have given very satisfactory results and we have successfully improved the active and reactive power flows on a line of transmission. achieving an overshoot of approximately 0.5411%, with a setting time of 0.1009 seconds and a rising time of 4.0720*10^-4 seconds.

Control and Protection of Medium Voltage Distribution Network Based on Unified Power Flow Controller

The integration of diverse load types, such as large-scale distributed generators and charging stations, presents considerable challenges to distribution networks. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) provides multiple benefits, including its compact dimensions, cost efficiency, seamless regulation, and swift response. When deployed in distribution networks, the UPFC facilitates the creation of a Distribution Unified Power Flow Controller (DUPFC) system. The DUPFC system enhances medium voltage distribution network regulation but also affects power quality, fault characteristics, and relay protection accuracy. To address these issues, a power flow equivalent circuit model for the medium voltage distribution loop network was developed. The operating principle and steady-state model of the UPFC were investigated, based on distribution loop network parameters and power flow distribution characteristics. A UPFC control strategy was designed to create a suitable DUPFC system for the medium voltage distribution loop network, ensuring coordination between UPFC protection and the distribution system’s protection mechanisms. This system accomplishes rapid fault isolation and automatic load transfer. Finally, a simulation model based on a typical 20 kV distribution loop network structure was selected to validate the effectiveness of the UPFC control strategy and the DUPFC protection system in MATLAB/Simulink.

A case study of a neighborhood in Douala examining the technical feasibility of a hybrid renewable energy system connected to the grid for energy and oxygen production in the fight against respiratory diseases

The world is increasingly focusing its attention on the rapid growth in electricity consumption, a concern shared by both industrialized and emerging nations. Meeting this escalating demand has become crucial, necessitating a shift towards sustainable energy use. Renewable energy sources have emerged as a popular choice for both off-grid and grid-connected installations as a means to bridge the efficiency gap. In this context, the present paper explores the potential of supplying electricity to a neighborhood in Cameroon comprising 100 homes through the integration of solar photovoltaic cells and electrolyzers. It is worth noting that Cameroon as a whole continues to grapple with severe social, economic, and physical challenges. Some regions within the country face significant obstacles in accessing quality healthcare, particularly for conditions like respiratory illnesses. This study employs an intelligent energy management method to design an optimal power flow control system, aimed at enhancing system stability during power outages and load fluctuations by effectively utilizing available storage capacity. The analysis was conducted using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) program. Our calculations reveal that a daily output of 0.123 kg mass of oxygen is produced, with renewable factor (RF) values indicating an 85.1 % integration of renewable sources, and the crucial parameter of Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) reaching 0 %. These findings demonstrate that it is feasible for 100 homes to reliably generate and connect to the grid for electricity. Moreover, this research can serve as a solid foundation for the development of hybrid renewable energy systems to address the challenge of treating respiratory disorders such as COVID-19. These results underscore the significance of this study for various stakeholders, including decision-makers, policymakers, and investors in Cameroon and beyond. The ultimate goal is to promote national growth by improving socio-medical conditions.

The optimized power flow control system for the photovoltaic DC microgrid

The power flow control systems play a significant role in DC microgrids with photovoltaic inputs to supply the load with continuous power. The output power of the photovoltaic modules could experience a decline due to fluctuations in solar irradiation and temperature, which necessitates the use of batteries and the utility grid to reduce the negative effects of undesirable variations. However, an efficient control strategy is necessary to ensure an uninterrupted energy supply to the load units. This paper proposes an improved control of energy flow based on a State-of-Charge battery power estimation technique using the Coulomb counting method. By accurately estimating the available power from the batteries using the State-of-Charge technique, the microgrid is able to determine to assess if it requires to switch to the grid when the power output from photovoltaic modules is insufficient to meet the load demand. The proposed method also eliminates the need for DC bus voltage level-based approaches to charge or discharge the batteries with the advantages of the significant reduction in DC bus voltage variations. The simulation results of the proposed approach show that it provides satisfactory control performance to meet the load demand.

Power flow control system and its effectiveness evaluation in low-voltage grid with many interconnected PV systems

Power flow control system and its effectiveness evaluation in low-voltage grid with many interconnected PV systems

Demonstration of automated curative power flow control with a multi-agent system using distributed series reactors in a PHIL simulation

This paper demonstrates the real-time applicability of an automated curative power flow control system in a High Voltage (HV) grid. The system is realized in a laboratory environment as an agent-based control algorithm implemented on commercially available hardware. Measurements and control signals are exchanged between a Real-Time Simulation (RTS) of an HV grid model and the agent system. To control power flows, the agents use simulated flexible loads and feeders as well as physical Distributed Series Reactors (DSRs), which are looped into the RTS via a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) interface. The control algorithm is tested in various scenarios and the agents’ performance is analyzed regarding overload reduction and reaction time. The results show that the heuristic agent algorithm can solve congestions ad-hoc and improve the overall system state. The agents’ reaction times depend on measurement availability: While a fast measurement sending rate can enable the agents’ base reaction time of approximately 11s, longer intervals between measurements - which may be favorable from a control center operator’s point of view - can cause longer delays until congestions are solved. These results put previous works in perspective, which did not consider real-time simulation and proposed possible agent reactions within milliseconds.

Control of series impedance of power lines using power flow controller

In this paper, the possibility of unified power flow controller (UPFC) to modulate both series resistance R and series reactance X of an overhead power line is discussed. The classical power flow control system of the UFPC is modified in the manner that standard input references signals (active and reactive powers) are replaced by reference signals of series resistance and reactance. Using the procedure described in this work, the reference signals for active and reactive powers are generated indirectly. The operation of UPFC in proposed operation mode is analyzed using computer simulation, based on a model of single machine infinite bus (SMIB) with constant impedance loads and two parallel lines. The goal is to show that UPFC is capable to control both series line parameters (R and X) directly and independently by means of a simple control system without additional decoupling controllers. An additional task is to show that power flows can be indirectly controlled this way. The step response of series line resistance and reactance is used to validate the operation of the proposed control system. The obtained results clearly show that all goals are fulfilled.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Multi-Port AC-DC/DC-DC Embedded Based Energy Flow Optimizing Using Resilient Power Flow Control (RPFC) Technique

In recent decades, the utilization of renewable power sources has proven to be a reliable and clean vitality more universal, and with specific ultimate goals to achieve efficient and renewable energy power generation. The proposed system is improve the stabilize energy flow between micro grids and the main grid. The power generation of the each and every renewable sources are monitored and controlled by the proposed Resilient Power Flow Control (RPFC) system and also the energy flow variation of the grid system is analyzed and presented in this paper. This work demonstrates the role of energy routers in optimizing the efficient and flexible way of energy stabilization in grid system. This analysis model establishes the entire system, including power routers, interconnected microcircuits, and the main grid. Interconnected microcircuits were analyzed by various controller facilitated by power routers, and corresponding control strategies were developed. The proposed system shows the effectiveness and reliability of the control strategy for micro-grid interconnection and flexible energy flow correspondence.

Review of enhanced power quality using unified power flow control system in electrical network

Flexible FACTS system of AC transmission. FACTS Devices can regulate electricity flow, develop the transmission capacity for power management. UPFC is a multipurpose fact controller carried on design of the constant voltage source. As an electrical device UPFC for rapid reactive power adjustment on high voltage electricity transport grid. Unified power flow control (UPFC). The latest FACTS gadget is UPFC. This combines series and shunting compensator characteristics and enables Power reactive and response to be controlled. UPFC utilization reduces difficulties in power quality including voltage sink and voltage surge. This article addresses UPFC and also several novel topologies for FACTS controllers.

Modeling of application the FACTS devices on the example of power system of United Power System of Center

This paper considers installation of a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device on the 500 kV line of substation (SS) Belozerskaya - SS Vologodskaya of the United Power System of Center. Three FACTS devices in normal operation mode were modeled: a static reactive power compensator (STATCOM), a static synchronous series compensator, and a unified power flow control system. The obtained results are summarized in Table, which substantiates the choice of the best compensation for the Belozerskaya Vologodskaya line.

Modelling of emergency modes with FACTS devices installed

This paper considers installation of FACTS devices in a 500 kV line of substation (SS) Belozerskaya SS Vologodskaya. Three FACTS devices in emergency mode were modelled: a static reactive power compensator (STATCOM), a static synchronous series compensator, and a unified power flow control system. The parameters of MATLAB Simulink blocks were shown. The obtained results are summarized in Table, which substantiates the choice of the best device for the Belozerskaya - Vologodskaya line in emergency mode.

Real-Time Power Flow Monitoring and Control System for Microgrids Integration in Islanded Scenarios

This article presents an enhanced system for real-time power flow monitoring and control (PFMC) for microgrids integration in medium-voltage (MV) distribution networks. The developed solution includes both system architecture and the monitoring and control algorithms, and it has low implementation and installation costs. It is based on the use of hardware and software solutions previously proposed by the authors, i.e., a distributed measurement, a control and communication architecture, and a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software, which have been enhanced and integrated for the considered application. The SCADA implements a load flow (LF) algorithm for real-time power flows estimation in the MV network branches based only on the load powers measurements at low-voltage level. The system architecture includes new devices specifically designed for distributed generators (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) remote control. The algorithm implemented on the developed PFMC system has been enhanced by including a real-time verification of LF results, which allows detecting devices' unavailability or malfunction occurrence. The PFMC has been implemented in the islanded scenario of the MV distribution network of Ustica Island (Mediterranean Sea) and it has been verified experimentally, in a measurement campaign of one year. In order to deal with different scenarios of DGs/ESSs presence in the microgrid, different operating conditions were reproduced during the measurement campaign, including the case of power flow inversion; such conditions have been obtained by means of an ad hoc developed on-field DG emulator which was remotely controlled by the SCADA system.

Hybrid Energy Storage Control in a Remote Military Microgrid With Improved Supercapacitor Utilization and Sensitivity Analysis

This paper presents a novel power flow control system for a remote military microgrid with hybrid energy storage. A combination of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) is managed by the novel control system to increase the battery life by redirecting the higher frequency current that would have to flow in the battery if SCs were not present. This paper offers a practical solution to manage the SC current and ensure that the SCs are never overcharged or commanded to support the system when they are discharged to the lower operating limit chosen. The new controller allows the independent selection of the low-pass filter parameter and the number of SCs. By making the most out of these two degrees of freedom, we investigate different configurations, identifying the one achieving the highest cash flow for the overall system. Modeling, simulations, and experimental verification are presented and linked to the sensitivity analysis of the economics of the military microgrid.

Flexible AC Power Flow Control in Distribution Systems by Coordinated Control of Distributed Solar-PV and Battery Energy Storage Units

The flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) have been used for controlling power flows in the transmission corridors to improve both the steady and dynamic states of operation. This paper proposes to extend the FACTS concept to power distribution systems, where the focus is in controlling renewable energy resources (RERs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to provide a flexible AC power flow control in the distribution corridors of a medium voltage (MV) distribution system. The outputs of the proposed flexible AC power flow control system (FACPFCS) can be used to help the distribution network operator (DNO) to optimize the use of RERs and BESSs in the existing distribution grid to obtain the following benefits: congestion relief, sag reduction in long lines, mitigation of reverse power flow in the grid, deferral of distribution upgrade, Volt/VAr support, peak shaving, and a controllable storage bus that can act as a generator or load. To validate the proposed FACPFCS, simulation studies have been carried out using a practical radial distribution system topology derived from the electricity networks of New South Wales, Australia. The simulation results demonstrate that FACPFCS can provide an effective coordinated control of BESS and solar-PV units in the distribution systems to provide the mentioned benefits by controlling the power flows in the distribution lines.

Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system

Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system

МОДЕЛЬ АДАПТИВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОТОКОМ РЕАКТИВНОЙ МОЩНОСТИ НА ГРАНИЦЕ БАЛАНСОВОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ И СЕТЕВОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

The paper proposes the structure of the reactive power flow control system at a balance affiliation boundary of an enterprise and a grid operator. It deals with the features of neural networks and presents a numerical mathematical model based on an artificial neural network for adaptive control of reactive power flow. Training of the neural network is automated and implemented in software. Levenberg-Marquardt method is used for neural network training. The structure of the control system of reactive power flow and voltage levels is designed. A Levenberg-Marquardt method-based algorithm for neural network training is developed and implemented in software. The authors have proposed an adaptive control system of reactive power flow at the balance affiliation boundary of an enterprise and a grid operator based on the synthesis of the artificial neural network and STATCOM own logic.

Implementation of Decoupling Power Flow Control System in Triple Active Bridge Converter Rated at 400V, 10kW, and 20kHz

Implementation of Decoupling Power Flow Control System in Triple Active Bridge Converter Rated at 400V, 10kW, and 20kHz

Simulation of novel hybrid method to improve dynamic responses with PSS and UPFC by fuzzy logic controller

In this paper, a hybrid method is proposed to damp frequency and power oscillations in the power system equipped with unified power flow controller (UPFC) and power system stabilizer (PSS) controllers. The method is robust with respect to operating point’s changes. This hybrid method consists of two stages: offline and online. In the offline stage, the coefficients of PSS and UPFC controllers for different operating points have been found by PSO algorithm; then in the second stage, online new fuzzy controller is proposed to select the best PSS and UPFC coefficients according to operating point. The proposed method is simulated for single machine infinite bus system-associated PSS and UPFC for three different operating points in MATLAB software, and results of proposed method simulation are investigated and compared with conventional PSS (CPSS) + UPFC, CPSS controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed method has a better performance.

Optimal coordinated design of UPFC and PSS for improving power system performance by using multi-objective water cycle algorithm

This paper presents an optimal design for simultaneously locating unified power flow controller (UPFC) and power system stabilizer (PSS). The parameters of their controllers are also tuned coordinately to enhance the power system stability. A mixed integer nonlinear problem is obtained for the design procedure due to the characteristics of selected objective functions. A new population-based meta-heuristic algorithm, called water cycle algorithm (WCA) is used to solve this problem. The best Pareto optimal set is also attained by defining this problem as a multi-objective function. The simulations results on IEEE 39-bus power system confirm the efficiency and the superior performance of the proposed method when compared with other algorithms.

Low-frequency power system oscillation damping using HBA-based coordinated design of IPFC and PSS output feedback controllers

In this paper, a robust method for the simultaneous coordinated design of the interline power flow controller (IPFC) and power system stabilizer (PSS) based on output feedback controllers in a single-machine infinite-bus power system for the enhancement of power systems low-frequency oscillations damping is presented. The Honey Bee Algorithm, which has a strong ability to find the most optimistic results, is employed to search for optimal IPFC and PSS output feedback controller parameters. A singular value decomposition method is utilized to select the most effective damping control signal of the IPFC output feedback controller. To assess the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method, simulation studies are carried out for three operating conditions. Analysis of the results shows that the combined design has an excellent capability for damping a power system’s low-frequency oscillations. Moreover, system performance analysis under different operating conditions and performance indices shows the effectiveness of the proposed method even when a severe fault is applied.