Power Distributor Research Articles

Large-scale deep reinforcement learning method for energy management of power supply units considering regulation mileage payment

To improve automatic generation control (AGC) performance and reduce the wastage of regulation resources in interconnected grids including high-proportion renewable energy, a multi-area integrated AGC (MAI-AGC) framework is proposed to solve the coordination problem of secondary frequency regulation between different areas. In addition, a cocktail exploration multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (CE-MADDPG) algorithm is proposed as the framework algorithm. In this algorithm, the controller and power distributor of an area are combined into a single agent which can directly output the power generation command of different units. Moreover, the cocktail exploration strategy as well as various other techniques are introduced to improve the robustness of the framework. Through centralized training and decentralized execution, the proposed method can nonlinearly and adaptively derive the optimal coordinated control strategies for multiple agents and is verified on the two-area LFC model of southwest China and the four-area LFC model of the China Southern Grid (CSG).

Ka-band phased array antenna with waveguide power distributor

Known designs of Ka-band phased array antennas incorporate an optical feed or a radial waveguide feed. Significant disadvantage of an optical feed is microwave energy overflow through antenna aperture, which decreases aperture efficiency and increases a side lobe level. Optical feed requires additional space for feeding antenna location and increases overall antenna dimensions. The design of a phased array with a radial waveguide feed forces placement of the phase shifter control circuits outside the dimensions of the array and increases overall antenna dimensions. The purpose of the article is to design a Ka-band phased antenna array (PAA) with a waveguide feed with smallest overall dimensions and various aperture shapes. The manufactured prototype of PAA with a grid pitch of 6x6 mm and size of 300x40 mm showed acceptable results of the side lobe level, scanning sector ±45° and gain factor. Proposed Ka-band phased array antenna design allows one to construct the extremely compact radar of various types including airborne radars.

Impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Battery Charging on a Distribution System Based on Real-Time Digital Simulator

Although the electric vehicles (EVs) have many economic and environmental advantages as compared to the conventional cars, the increased adoption of these vehicles will bring up new concerns for the power distribution grid in terms of introducing new peaks into the system or causing voltage quality problems. This study investigates the impact of the electric vehicles battery charging on the distribution system in terms of voltage unbalance at various locations, transformers overloading, and shifting the peak of the system. In this research, a 12.47 kV real distribution network has been modelled using real time digital simulator, using real data from a power distributor. The study presents four different scenarios of uncoordinated EVs integration for two different charging times (evening and night) and two different charging rates (level I and level II) at different penetration levels ranging from 10% to 100%. Voltage unbalance at different locations is determined and transformer overloading is analysed. The influence of EVs charging on the daily load curve is shown.

Evaluasi Emergent Strategy Bisnis PLTS Atap PT X sehubungan dengan Ketidakpastian Strategis Permintaan Pasar

PT X is one of the developers of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the commercial and industrial sectors in Indonesia. Over time, there has been a strategic uncertainty of market demand since 2022, mainly affected by the strong bargaining position of Wilayah Usaha's state-owned enterprise (Wilus SOE). Wilus SOE plays a significant role, is given priority in the provision of electricity for the public interest as stipulated in the regulation, and also has a dominant share (95 percent in 2020), making it a de facto monopoly in the electricity business in Indonesia. Wilus SOE has legitimacy as a power distributor and therefore has the authority to approve the capacity of rooftop solar PV power plants. Referring to this situation, this research aims to identify the intended strategy of PT X and the emergent strategy in dealing with the strategic uncertainty of market demand. PESTEL analysis (political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental, legal) and five-forces framework (competitive rivalry, new entrants, substitute products, suppliers, customers), as well as emergent strategy evaluation, were used as the framework of this research. To strengthen the analysis results, in-depth interviews were also conducted with the management team of PT X. Based on the series of analyses, it can be concluded that PT X's business is strongly influenced by legal factors while the competitive rivalry and customers' factor have very strong forces. On the other hand, PT X has implemented an emergent strategy well in dealing with the strategic uncertainty of market demand, as an effort to maintain the company's profitability. This research is expected to provide benefits for PT X and other rooftop solar PV power plant developers to understand the emergent strategy in order to remain competitive in its business implementation.

Slotted-Waveguide Antenna Array Development by Means of Complementarity оf CST Microwave Studio and Compass 3D Programs

The main steps of the methodology for complex slotted-waveguide antenna arrays development using the complementary application of the COMPASS 3D design program and electromagnetic modeling CST Microwave Studio are considered. The presentation of the technique steps is carried out on the example of a structurally complex slotted-waveguide antenna array of the Ka-band with dimensions (117 mm ´ 30 mm) and two-dimensional array of 64 (2 ´ 8 ´ 4) slotted emitters. To facilitate the synthesis of the design parameters of such grids, it is proposed to use a three-stage process: 1) design of slotted antenna emitting modules with adjustment to a given operation frequency range; 2) development of harmonized multichannel power divider for them; 3) combining the antenna modules and the branched power divider into an effective antenna array with additional adjustment of their coordination parameters. According to this sequence, in the illustrated example, on the first step, the antenna emitter module with four slits is designed in the CST Microwave Studio program. Afterwards, on the second stage, a complex multi-channel waveguide power divider was designed. It is first drawn in COMPASS 3D and then imported and analysed in CST Microwave Studio. On the final third stage, the entire slotted-waveguide antenna array was assembled and simulated in CST Microwave Studio. At the same time, the obtained radiation pattern of the antenna array, the functions of electromagnetic field distribution in the waveguide path and other electromagnetic characteristics corresponded to the required ones. Equally, there was a slight shift in the standing wave ratio (SWR) of the operating frequency matching, as well as some deterioration in the SWR. This is explained by the fact that the links between the models of antenna emitters and the waveguide power distributor were carried out 'in ideal ports'. Meanwhile, the real values of the input resistances in these planes of the assembled structure are somewhat different from the ideal ones. Therefore, to complete the process of structural synthesis of the antenna-slot array, two approaches should be used: 1) it is better to complete design parameter optimization according to the criterion of improving the harmonization, if required to shift the operating frequency, 2) to reduce the SWR value, it is better to improve the coordination of the antenna array at its input by adjusting the matching device.

Impact of multiyear rate plans on power distributor productivity: Evidence from Alberta

Multiyear rate plans (“MRPs”) are an increasingly popular alternative to traditional utility ratemaking in North America. Rate cases are less frequent, and an attrition relief mechanism (“ARM”) escalates revenue between rate cases on some basis other than the utility’s contemporaneous cost growth. An approach to ARM design has developed in North America that is based on price and productivity indexing. Evidence filed in support of indexed ARMs frequently includes studies of the efficiency of subject utilities. Stronger utility performance incentives are a theoretical advantage of MRPs but few empirical studies have quantified this advantage. A proceeding in Alberta, where indexed ARMs are used, has yielded evidence that MRPs can accelerate utility productivity growth.

Design and validation of IoT measurement system for photovoltaic generation

The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation is constantly growing in Brazil. With the reduction in the price of PV modules and the implementation of the electric power compensation system by the power distributor, the consumer is investing in PV microgeneration to reduce the electricity bill. This article aims to develop an embedded system in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). Having an IoT monitoring system applied to a grid-connected PV system in an educational institution helps teach concepts such as IoT and PV generation. The system is based on the ESP32 development board for acquiring DC voltage and current generated by a 1.35 kWp PV system connected to the grid and installed at the IFCE. This proposal offers a low-cost educational solution using open source and programmable hardware, which sends the data to a database in the cloud, enabling remote access worldwide. Then, using the data analysis methodology, it was possible to validate the values measured with the inverter installed with an error below 1% for the voltage and current acquired during one day. With this result, it is concluded that the designed IoT system can be used for measurement in PV systems.

Methodology for Evaluating Projects Aimed at Service Quality Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

The quality of the electrical energy distribution service has a significant impact on consumer satisfaction and the guarantee of the right of concession for the distribution companies. For the utility that is the object of the case study, the main continuity of service indicators was at levels below the regulatory limits. Still, due to budget constraints, the forecast of the benefit that improvement or expansion projects bring to continuity indicators must be assertive for a proper direction of investments and decision making. In this work, a methodology for evaluating projects to improve the quality of service was proposed, with the realization of the estimated benefit associated with the reduction in continuity indicators (DEC and FEC), using concepts of artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms. The results were obtained from a three-year history of execution of the utility’s projects. Based on the correlation analysis, a variable selection procedure was developed, where the historical values of interruptions by cause were considered as input, and the results of the continuity indicators associated with the types of projects studied form the outputs of the model. The model was developed using an artificial neural network of the multilayer perceptron type. The results obtained by simulating the new methodology presented absolute relative errors 100 times smaller for estimating the benefits of the projects compared to the current method used by the electric power distributor.

Guest Editorial: Enhancing hosting capability for renewable energy generation in active distribution networks

Guest Editorial: Enhancing hosting capability for renewable energy generation in active distribution networks

A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning-based “Octopus” cooperative load frequency control for an interconnected grid with various renewable units

With the aim of improving the frequency regulation performance of load frequency control (LFC) in an interconnected power system as well as reducing wastage of frequency regulation resources, an “octopus” cooperative load frequency control (OC-LFC) method is proposed. This method addresses the secondary frequency regulation coordination problem affecting different areas, as well as the coordination problem arising between the controller and power distributor within the same area. In addition, for this framework a tracking-explorer-based distributed multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (TED-MADDPG) algorithm is proposed. This algorithm imitates the edge-cloud cooperation framework, akin to an octopus. In the performance-based frequency regulation market, the controller and power distributor in each area are regarded as independent agents, which output the total generated power command and the generated power commands of different units. In the proposed method, centralized training and distributed implementation are employed so that a global optimal decision with higher robustness can be obtained. Furthermore, this algorithm also employs a tracking-explorer strategy which incorporate multiple learning techniques and in turn enhance the robustness of the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a China Southern Grid (CSG) four-area load frequency control model.

Data‐driven cooperative load frequency control method for microgrids using effective exploration‐distributed multi‐agent deep reinforcement learning

To reduce the total power generation cost and improve the frequency stability of an island microgrid integrating renewable energy generation sources, a data-driven cooperative load frequency control (DC-LFC) method is proposed for solving the coordination control problem occurring between the controller and power distributor of the system. A novel algorithm, termed the effective exploration-distributed multiagent twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (EED-MATD3) algorithm, is further proposed, the design of which is structured based on the concepts of imitation learning, ensemble learning, and curriculum learning. The EED-MATD3 method employs various exploration strategies, and the controller and power distributor are treated as two agents. Through centralized training and decentralized execution, a robust cooperative control strategy is realized. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified in an LFC model of Zhuhai Tandang Island, an island microgrid in the China Southern Power Grid.

Distributed deep reinforcement learning for integrated generation‐control and power‐dispatch of interconnected power grid with various renewable units

To mismatch various power disturbances of interconnected power grid, an integrated generation-control and power-dispatch (IGCPD) for performance-based frequency regulation market is proposed. Unlike the conventional automatic generation control with an independent controller and a power distributor, IGCPD can significantly improve the dynamic control performance via combining these two parts into an integrated decision agent. The IGCPD eliminates the waste of frequency regulation resources and repeated regulation of the units caused by the mismatch of the controller and power distributor. In addition, by setting the reward function reasonably, IGCPD can save regulatable capacity of fast units for regulation in the next large-scale disturbance. In order to enhance the decision ability, a swarm intelligence-based deep deterministic policy gradient (SI-DDPG) algorithm is proposed to acquire the control knowledge and implement a high-quality decision for this agent. Moreover, the swarm intelligence-based training sample can achieve a high learning robustness for SI-DDPG which solve the problem of low robustness in conventional deep reinforcement learning. The proposed technique is verified on an England two-area load frequency control model and the west China two-area LFC model. IGCPD improves the area control error control performance and reduce the frequency regulation mileage payment of the interconnected power grid.

구조해석을 통한 TICN 발전기 슬라이드조립체의 설계 검증

TICN generator slide assembly is a structure assembly that is mounted in a shelter and moves the generator out of the shelter during operation and maintenance of the generator. TICN generator slide assembly, separate generator and power distributor are assembled and the weight of the equipment is approximately 440kg, so the slide assembly may deform or break due to the load. Therefore, it is necessary to secure the structural performance of the slide assembly by using structural analysis. Structural performance can be divided into functional problems and safety problems, and functional problems are determined by checking the displacement of the equipment under high load to determine whether normal operation is possible. The safety problem is determined by checking the yield strength and safety factor for the safety device of the slide assembly. Verification of deformation and breakage of the device can be predicted by using finite element analysis before the actual device is manufactured. Accordingly, manufacturing cost can be reduced by reducing cost and reducing manufacturing time. t is also implemented to increase safety and reliability of the device.

Escalating power distributor O&M revenue

An approach to utility rate setting is used in North America that is based on statistical cost trend research. The methodology has to date been applied to the design of rate and revenue cap indexes for multiyear rate plans. This paper discusses research that uses this methodology to develop indexes for escalating the allowed operation and maintenance revenue of power distributors. These indexes can be used in hybrid revenue caps, formula rates, and forward test year rate cases.

A scalable data transmission scheme for implantable optogenetic visual prostheses

Objective. This work described a video information processing scheme for optogenetic forms of visual cortical prosthetics. Approach. The architecture is designed to perform a processing sequence: Initially simplifying the scene, followed by a pragmatic visual encoding scheme which assumes that initially optical stimulation will be stimulating bulk neural tissue rather than driving individual phosphenes. We demonstrate an optical encoder, combined with what we called a zero-run length encoding (zRLE) video compression and decompression scheme—to wirelessly transfer information to an implantable unit in an efficient manner. In the final step, we have incorporated an even power distribution driver to prevent excessive power fluctuations in the optogenetic driving. Significance. The key novelty in this work centres on the completeness of the scheme, the new zRLE compression algorithm and our even power distributor. Main results. Furthermore, although the paper focusses on the algorithm, we confirm that it can be implemented on real time portable processing hardware which we will use for our visual prosthetics.

Integrated management systems as a driver of sustainability performance: exploring evidence from multiple-case studies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of integrated management systems (IMSs) on sustainability (based on the triple bottom line (TBL) concept). To accomplish this objective, this paper seeks to answer the following research questions: How can IMS impact organizational sustainability performance? And, how the key challenges of IMS can influence companies in practice?Design/methodology/approachA case-based approach is used based on the following four cases from different sectors: an electric power distributor; an environmental consulting firm; a public transport firm; and a firm with a broad portfolio of equipment, products and provisions for industrial services in different markets.FindingsThe results show that the integration of management systems was driven by the companies' strategies toward sustainability. The stakeholders' perception is that a firm's image as a sustainable company also enhances environmental and social performance. The economic performance was not emphasized. Companies noted that the main challenge was motivating and engaging human resources.Originality/valueThis paper shows that sustainability was not a motivation for implementing an IMS. But, implementing an IMS was a driver of sustainability performance. Also, the relationship between IMS and organizational performance can be presented based on TBL perspectives, and implementing an IMS can be challenging in practice.

Technology driven alliance for environmental and social responsibility in power supply chains

Motivated by the practical application of information and communication technologies (ICT)-based innovations in environmental and social responsibility (ESR) investment, this study investigates a sustainable power supply chain that consists of a traditional energy power generation firm (TEF), a renewable energy power generation firm (REF) and a downstream power distributor (PD). Each supply chain member can invest in ESR to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, and thereby gain economic benefits. To achieve higher power level for better ESR investment, the TEF may actively form an alliance with the REF or the PD, or not, which leads to three different alliance strategies, i.e., Strategy HA, Strategy VA, and Strategy NA, respectively. The results show that NA is the equilibrium strategy when the TEF’s investment cost is low while the PD’s investment cost is medium. However, when the TEF’s investment cost is medium while the PD’s investment cost is low, VA is the equilibrium strategy. Moreover, when the investment cost of the TEF and the REF are both low, HA is the equilibrium strategy. In the other cost intervals, the three power firms will not invest in ESR simultaneously, and consequently the alliance strategy has no effect on the revenue allocation. Therefore, the TEF forms no alliance with either the REF or the PD. By comparison with the unaligned case, we find that alliance not only benefits the TEF, but also the other firms in the power supply chain as well as the whole society resulting from the improved ESR investment, which achieves a “win-win-win” situation.

Minimizing Data Center Uninterruptable Power Supply Overload by Server Power Capping

Recent analyses show an increase in data center (DC) service downtime due to the increase in power supply outages caused by overloaded uninterruptable power supplies (UPSs). As a solution to the UPS overload problem, this letter presents a developed power distributor manager (PDM) that caps the power consumption of the dc by enforcing a power restriction on the running servers based on a UPS power minimization cost function. The PDM proposed controls the power consumption per UPS in a dc by means of processor time-sharing and dynamic frequency scaling, which eliminates UPS overloading problems, and thus reduces server outages.

Modernism and Changing Historical Context. Case Study of the Former Electric Power Distributor Station of the Hungarian Electrical Grid

Modernism and Changing Historical Context. Case Study of the Former Electric Power Distributor Station of the Hungarian Electrical Grid

Proses Komunikasi Pemasaran Personal Selling (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif pada Penjualan Produk Herbal Bio7 PT. Unimex Power Distributor Cabang Kuningan)

Abstract
 
 This research departs from the communication process used by PT. Unimex Power Distributor Kuningan branch in promoting Bio7 herbal products offered to consumers. Communication process used is by personal selling, where the sales process is done directly (face to face).
 The purpose of this research are: 1) Understanding the stages of personal selling communication process conducted by sales in increasing customer loyalty to the sale of herbal products Bio7. 2) Understanding the media used by sales in promoting the sale of Bio7 herbal products. 3) Understanding the obstacles faced by sales in conducting personal selling communication process in selling Bio Seven herbal products. This research uses qualitative research method with approach or paradigm of constructivism. Based on the approach, then the analysis of the blade that the author uses is with case study techniques.
 The results showed that (1) that the process of personal selling communications made by sales PT. Unimex Power Distributor Kuningan branch in product marketing is very important role to the success rate of product marketing. The results of the analysis of marketing promotion mix with personal selling to the level of sale of herbal products Bio7 showed very good achievement. (2) The marketing medium used by PT. Unimex Power Distributor Kuningan branch in marketing Bio7 herbal product is using radio media. With the reason radio became one of the agents as well as a single promotional media so that it can support to advertise the product. (3) In the implementation of a marketing activity, the company is often faced with internal and external problems, the barriers from the marketing mix of personal selling made by the sales to the consumers is very minimal promotion process in the marketing of products that have been offered. Keywords: Marketing Communication, Personal Selling, Communication Media