Power Consumption Of Nodes Research Articles

Progresses in on-body channel models for wireless body area networks

On-body communication channels are a physical basis for the establishment of an effective and reliable wireless link between on-body nodes in wireless body area networks (WBANs).Due to normally strict limitations in transmit power and power consumptions of on-body nodes as well as the human-centered characteristics of WBANs,on-body channels are prone to be affected by the electromagnetic properties of human tissues,human movements,application environments and transceiver antennas,which increase greatly the complexity of the research on channel models.The paper discusses the developments,mathematical expressions and application characteristics of five types of on-body channel models,such as the simple path loss model,the hybrid path loss model,the small-scale fading model,the scenario-based model and the ultra-wideband model,and reviews the current progress on the modeling on-body channels. Key words: Wireless body area network; On-body channel; Path loss; Fading

A Hierarchical Sub-Chromosome Genetic Algorithm (Hsc-ga) to Optimize Power Consumption and Data Communications Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks

High reliability and low power consumption are among the major requirements in design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, a multi-objective problem is formulated as a Joint Power consumption and data Reliability (JPR) optimization problem. For this purpose, a connected dominating set (CDS)-based topology control approach is proposed. Our objective is to self-organize the network with minimum interference and power consumption. We consider the power changes into a topology with minimum CDS infrastructure subject to connectivity constraints. Since this problem is NP-hard, it cannot be dealt with using polynomial-time exact algorithms. Therefore, we first present a genetic algorithm taking into consideration problem-specific goals and constraints in an approximated manner called JPR Genetic Algorithm (Jpr-ga). Secondly, a Hierarchical Sub-Chromosome Genetic Algorithm (Hsc-ga) is proposed to obtain more accurate and faster solutions in the large and dense networks. We evaluate these algorithm over different networks topologies to analyse their efficiency. Comparing Jpr-ga and Hsc-ga with two different scenarios reveal that the proposed algorithms can efficiently balance power consumption and data communication reliability of sensor nodes and also prolong the network lifetime in WSNs.

Design Considerations for Implementing an Optimal Battery Management System of a Wireless Sensor Node

Nowadays, researchers' preferably giving more attention to the power consumption of a sensor node as it is the main criteria in all Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless Sensor Nodes of a network have some major constraints due to their limited energy, storage capacity, computing power and frequent battery replacement factor, when they meant to collect the information from an unattended location using various sensors. Hence the proposed research implements a novel power management system by introducing pack of two solar powered batteries and an automatic battery switching system with LabVIEW based real time data acquisition. The proposed approach avoids the frequent replacement of batteries in the sensor node about 90%. Hill stations, barren region, and unattended location may include the implemented WSN.

Node-Based Resource Optimization Algorithm of Wireless Network

In order to improve the traditional wireless sensor network resources shortcomings of single, large power consumption, this paper puts forward the optimization algorithm of wireless sensor network resources. And analyzes the network design of wireless sensor network, optimize the algorithm in the rate and the node power consumption and energy saving method, finally do comparison by using two groups of different simulation experiment data. The experimental results show that in wireless sensor networks, compared to the traditional algorithm, the optimized design of resource algorithm has high running speed and more can save network nodes in the network node energy transfer and consumption capability and rate, and has convergence.

Benefits of Wake-Up Radio in Energy-Efficient Multimodal Surveillance Wireless Sensor Network

Scarce energy budget of battery-powered wireless sensor nodes calls for cautious power management not to compromise performance of the system. To reduce both energy consumption and delay in energy-hungry wireless sensor networks for latency-restricted surveillance scenarios, this paper proposes a multimodal two-tier architecture with wake-up radio receivers. In video surveillance applications, using information from distributed low-power pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors, which detect human presence limits the activity of cameras and reduces their energy consumption. PIR sensors transmit the information about the event to camera nodes using wake-up radio receivers. We show the benefits of wake-up receivers over duty cycling in terms of overcoming energy consumption versus latency tradeoff (proved with two orders of magnitude lower latency-only 9 ms). At the same time, the power consumption of the camera node, including a wake-up receiver is comparable with the one having only duty-cycled main transceiver with 1% duty cycle (about 32 mW for 25 activations per hour).

Reliability of wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes with limited processing, storage, and battery capabilities. There are several strategies to reduce the power consumption of WSN nodes (by increasing the network lifetime) and increase the reliability of the network (by improving the WSN Quality of Service). However, there is an inherent conflict between power consumption and reliability: an increase in reliability usually leads to an increase in power consumption. For example, routing algorithms can send the same packet though different paths (multipath strategy), which it is important for reliability, but they significantly increase the WSN power consumption. In this context, this paper proposes a model for evaluating the reliability of WSNs considering the battery level as a key factor. Moreover, this model is based on routing algorithms used by WSNs. In order to evaluate the proposed models, three scenarios were considered to show the impact of the power consumption on the reliability of WSNs.

실행 유휴 시간 분배 정책에 따른 실시간 전력 관리 스케줄링 기법의 성능 평가

실시간 태스크의 스케줄링 가능성 검사를 위해 미리 설정된 태스크의 최악 실행 시간보다 태스크의 실제 실행 시간이 짧은 경우, 최악 실행 시간에서 남은 실행 유휴 시간이 발생한다. 발생된 실행 유휴 시간은 실시간 전력 관리 스케줄링 기법을 통해 배터리 기반 센서 노드의 전력 소비 감소에 활용될 수 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 발생된 남은 최악 실행 유휴 시간을 분배하여 실시간 전력 관리 스케줄링 기법에서 활용할 수 있도록 세 가지 분배 정책을 제안하였다. 제안한 분배 정책은 보수적, 중도적, 그리고 공격적 실행 유휴 시간 분배 정책으로 각각 구분하였다. 그리고 분배 정책 유형에 따른 실시간 전력 관리 스케줄링 기법의 성능 평가는 전력 소비 측면에서 비교 분석하였다. The unused Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) allocated to a real-time task occurs when the actual execution time of the task can be far less than the WCET preassigned to the task for a schedulability test. Any unused WCET allocated to the task can be exploited to reduce the power consumption of battery-powered sensor nodes through real-time power-aware scheduling techniques. From the distribution perspective of the unused WCET, the unused WCET distribution policy is classified into three types: Conservative Unused WCET (CU-WCET), Moderate Unused WCET (MU-WCET), and Aggressive Unused WCET (AU-WCET) distribution policies. We evaluated the performance of real-time power-aware scheduling techniques incorporating each of three unused WCET distribution policies in terms of low power consumption.

저 전력 센서 네트워크에서의 계층 노드 간 지연 감소를 위한 라우팅 프로토콜 분석

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅의 핵심 기술인 센서 네트워크 기술이 각광을 받으면서 다양한 종류의 센서 노드로 구성된 센서 네트워크에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 센서 네트워크 어플리케이션들의 주요 트래픽 패턴은 몇몇의 센서 노드들로부터 싱크 노드로 패킷을 전송하는 타입의 단일 방향성 데이터 수집형태로 구성되어있으며 소스 노드, 중간 노드, 싱크 노드에 이르기 까지 각각 자신의 상위 노드를 곧 바로 깨움으로써 지연의 감소와 에너지 효율성을 이끌어냈다. 본 논문에서는 센서 노드의 지연 감소를 위해 2계층 클러스터 구조를 제시하고 이에 기존에 사용한 라우팅 프로토콜을 네트워크 시뮬레이션을 통해 비교 분석하였다. The sensor network technology for core technology of ubiquitous computing is in the spotlight recently, the research on sensor network is proceeding actively which is composed many different sensor node. The major traffic patterns of plenty of sensor networks are composed of collecting types of single directional data, which is transmitting packets from several sensor nodes to sink node. One of the important condition for design of sensor node is to extend for network life which is to minimize power-consumption under the limited resources of sensor network. In this paper analysis used routing protocols using the network simulation that was used second level cluster structure to reduce delay and power-consumption of sensor node.

Design and Implementation of the CNC Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things

Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional CNC sensor network such as the difficult cable laying and long-distance communication signal attenuation, this paper designed the CNC monitoring system based on Internet of Things technology. The design reduced the power consumption of the wireless sensor nodes and the packet loss rate of the sink nodes through the hardware-software co-design. The Internet of Things protocol presented in this paper achieved the real-time communication between the CNC operating platform and the wireless sensor nodes. The experiment result shows that the CNC monitoring system based on Internet of Things technology can provide the temperature and vibration information for the CNC operating platform in time with the advantages of simple layout and reliable communication.

Chain-type wireless sensor network node scheduling strategy

In order to reduce power consumption of sensor nodes and extend network survival time in the wireless sensor network (WSN), sensor nodes are scheduled in an active or dormant mode. A chain-type WSN is fundamentally different from other types of WSNs, in which the sensor nodes are deployed along elongated geographic areas and form a chain-type network topology structure. This paper investigates the node scheduling problem in the chain-type WSN. Firstly, a node dormant scheduling mode is analyzed theoretically from geographic coverage, and then three neighboring nodes scheduling criteria are proposed. Secondly, a hybrid coverage scheduling algorithm and dead areas are presented. Finally, node scheduling in mine tunnel WSN with uniform deployment (UD), non-uniform deployment (NUD) and optimal distribution point spacing (ODS) is simulated. The results show that the node scheduling with UD and NUD, especially NUD, can effectively extend the network survival time. Therefore, a strategy of adding a few mobile nodes which activate the network in dead areas is proposed, which can further extend the network survival time by balancing the energy consumption of nodes.

Comparative study of power consumption of a NetFPGA-based forwarding node in publish–subscribe Internet routing

Making the Internet more energy efficient is one of the objectives of future Internet research because of the rising energy cost and environmental concerns. As most Internet users are only interested in accessing information and not the physical location of it, there is also active research on evolving the current host-centric network architecture to an information-centric network (ICN) architecture, which also promises better support for security and mobility. This paper focuses on examining the power consumption of a routing node in ICN. It is experimentally demonstrated that the Bloom filter based forwarding node in ICN is more energy efficient than the longest prefix match based forwarding in the current host-centric network. The experiments were conducted on a Bloom filter (zFilter) forwarding node implemented on the open-source NetFPGA platform. The results in the paper show that using identical operation frequency and packet size of 60 bytes, the zFilter consumes less power than the IPv4 reference router by up to 3.5%. By reducing the operational core frequency, the zFilter at 62.5MHz can reduce the total power by 9.9–13.8% and FPGA power by 17.8–26.1% compared to the reference router at 125MHz, while still outperforming the reference router in terms of the packet loss and throughput. In addition, per packet energy consumption is evaluated for the zFilter and it is shown that the zFilter lowers the per packet energy consumption by up to 41.6% when compared with the IPv4 reference router.

SmartPipes: Smart Wireless Sensor Networks for Leak Detection in Water Pipelines

Asset monitoring, specifically infrastructure monitoring such as water distribution pipelines, is becoming increasingly critical for utility owners who face new challenges due to an aging network. In the UK alone, during the period of 2009–2010, approximately 3281 mega litres (106) of water were wasted due to failure or leaks in water pipelines. Various techniques can be used for the monitoring of water distribution networks. This paper presents the design, development and testing of a smart wireless sensor network for leak detection in water pipelines, based on the measurement of relative indirect pressure changes in plastic pipes. Power consumption of the sensor nodes is minimised to 2.2 mW based on one measurement every 6 h in order to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase the sensor nodes’ compatibility with current levels of power available by energy harvesting methods and long life batteries. A novel pressure sensing method is investigated for its performance and capabilities by both laboratory and field trials. The sensors were capable of measuring pressure changes due to leaks. These pressure profiles can also be used to locate the leaks.

The Improvement of DSR Protocol Based on Adaptive Sleep for Low Power Consumption Using in WBAN

Energy saving becomes one of the most important design considerations in the WBAN applications, and the power consumption is required to be strictly controlled. However, traditional WSN route protocols can't solve this very well. In this paper, we propose the cross-layer route which integrates adaptive sleep technology and DSR protocol with dynamic physical level power control scheme to meet the harsh requirements by reducing the power consumption of each sensor node. We developed a mathematical model of the send power control and analyzed the total battery energy consumption to forward a symbol. The experimental results on NS-2 platform indicate that the network life span and data package re-send rate of the improved DSR is better than the traditional one, and better fits the energy requirements of WBAN scenario.

English

Due to recent trends in mobile communication system, much attention has be given to heterogeneous networks in which a mobile equipment is able to access multiple networks that are present in a locality. Here each random access networks (RANs) operates at different carrier frequency having different transmission bandwidth whose selection is based on the Quality Of Service (QOS) of each network. In this paper, we examine the efficient use of multiple radio access technologies (RATs) in cooperative network. By taking into account the circuit power consumption of each relay nodes, an optimal relaying scheme is introduced which outclasses the direct communication as well as the traditional best select relaying schemes producing effective packet transfer with reduced packet loss and increased throughput.

Optimisation of solar power intake for wireless sensor networks at temperate latitudes

Abstract In many outdoor locations solar power provides the greatest power densities for energy harvesting to power wireless sensor networks in comparison to other practical alternative such as wind, vibrations or temperature gradients. Since solar power is highly variable with location and time, it is necessary to optimise the sensor nodes for individual locations. Presented here, is an assessment of the solar power availability in Manchester, UK (53°28′N, 2°14′W). Wireless sensor nodes are typically low power devices with intended perpetual operation and thus the temporal distribution of available power is important together with the total amount of energy drawn over a given time period. Here we examine direct and diffuse solar radiation data over a period of three years and present methods for the deployment of solar cells for sensor nodes to optimise sensing and communication scenarios. As local weather conditions are highly variable and stochastic in the medium term, we base the future node performance on the weather from a previous year. From analysis of the weather data, the hardware requirements for the sensor node are then made from the power consumption of the sensor node for sensing, sleep and data transmission. It was found that to maximise the time over which the solar irradiance exceeds that required to power our demonstration sensor node, the solar cell should be positioned horizontally.

Track Topology Based Reliable In-Network Aggregation Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a reliable data aggregation scheduling that uses caching and re-transmission based on track topology. In the proposed scheme, a node detects packet losses by overhearing messages that includes error indications of the child nodes, from its neighbor nodes. If packet losses are detected, as a backup parent, the node retransmits the lost packet. A retransmission strategy is added into the adaptive timeout scheduling scheme, which adaptively configures both the timeout and the collection period according to the potential level of an event occurrence. The retransmission steps cause an additional delay and power consumption of the sensor nodes, but dramatically increase the data accuracy of the aggregation results. An extensive simulation under various workloads shows that the proposed scheme outperforms other schemes in terms of data accuracy and energy consumption.

A Dynamic IP Paging Algorithm based on the Velocity of Mobile Node for Proxy Mobile IPv6

Significant IP mobility mechanisms have been designed to minimize the handover overhead of mobile nodes. Although many efficient algorithms such as Mobile IP, HMIP and PMIP have been proposed, they did not attempt to upgrade their paging mechanisms that also heavily affect the power consumption of mobile nodes. Considering a good paging scheme is important because more than 95% of mobile nodes are moving in the idle state and change their states to active only for paging area updates. However, existing paging schemes assume the configuration of fixed paging areas and do not explore the dynamic nature of a paging area size depending on the states of mobile nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic IP paging scheme, where a paging area size is configured dynamically based on the speed and direction of a mobile node. The performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed IP paging scheme reduces the power consumption, compared to a fixed IP paging scheme.

A migration-based approach towards resource-efficient wireless structural health monitoring

Wireless sensor networks have emerged as a complementary technology to conventional, cable-based systems for structural health monitoring. However, the wireless transmission of sensor data and the on-board execution of engineering analyses directly on the sensor nodes can consume a significant amount of the inherently restricted node resources. This paper presents an agent migration approach towards resource-efficient wireless sensor networks. Autonomous software agents, referred to as “on-board agents”, are embedded into the wireless sensor nodes employed for structural health monitoring performing simple resource-efficient routines to continuously analyze, aggregate, and communicate the sensor data to a central server. Once potential anomalies are detected in the observed structural system, the on-board agents autonomously request for specialized software programs (“migrating agents”) that physically migrate to the sensor nodes to analyze the suspected anomaly on demand. In addition to the localized data analyses, a central information pool available on the central server is accessible by the software agents (and by human users), facilitating a distributed-cooperative assessment of the global condition of the monitored structure. As a result of this study, a 95% reduction of memory utilization and a 96% reduction of power consumption of the wireless sensor nodes have been achieved as compared with traditional approaches.

Research and Implementation of Time Synchronization Protocol Based on the ZigBee

ZigBee technology is more and more used in complex and bad industrial monitoring and control environment. At the same time, ZigBee nodes are usually powered by batteries, so prolonging the working time and reducing the power consumption of the nodes is very important. If the wireless nodes can turn into sleep mode in spare time of communication, it will further reduce the node power consumption. But in sleep period, the node can't communication with other node, we need to synchronous awaken and dormancy, so precise time synchronization for wireless sensor network application is particularly important. This paper will apply FTSP algorithm in the ZigBee network and realize the network time synchronization. At the same time, it doesn't increase power consumption of the network.

Distributed Transmit Power Control for Maximizing End-to-End Throughput in Wireless Multi-hop Networks

Wireless multi-hop networks have a solidarity property, in which each multi-hop link interferes mutually and so an increase in one link's rate results in a decrease of the other links' rate. In a multi-hop link, the end-to-end throughput between a source and destination is restricted by the lowest link rate, so the max-min fair allocation on the link rates is an optimal strategy to maximize the end-to-end throughput. In this paper, we verify that if the wireless links have a solidarity property, the max-min fair allocation has all link rates equal, so we propose a transmit power control (TPC) algorithm that decides the transmit power of multi-hop nodes to equalize all link rates. The proposed algorithm operates in a distributed manner, where each node averages the recognized link rates around itself, allocates its transmit power to achieve this average rate, and iterates this operation until all link rates become equal. Intensive simulation shows that the proposed TPC algorithm enables all link rates to converge on the same value, and thus maximizes the multi-hop end-to-end throughput while decreasing the power consumption of multi-hop nodes.