Power Communication Technology Research Articles

Research Review on Multi-Port Energy Routers Adapted to Renewable Energy Access

With the continuous development of renewable energy technologies, both domestically and internationally, the focus of energy research has gradually shifted towards renewable energy directions such as distributed photovoltaics and wind power. The penetration rate of renewable energy generation is constantly increasing, at the same time, the elements in the grid are becoming increasingly complex, and large-scale energy storage, as well as a variety of electricity loads such as electric vehicle charging piles and data centers are gradually appearing. Therefore, traditional distribution methods of the power grid are difficult to ensure the stable operation of the power system and cannot achieve efficient integration of renewable energy. Consequently, some scholars have proposed the concept of an energy internet. Compared to traditional power grids, the energy internet employs more comprehensive power electronics and communication technologies, enabling the interconnection of various new and traditional energy sources, and effectively integrating renewable energy. As the core device in the energy internet, the energy router plays a role in energy transformation and distribution, facilitating multi-information interconnection and multi-energy exchange within the energy internet. At the level of distribution network, the energy router can realize the efficient access of various forms of energy and the flexible control and management, which is of great significance for the optimal operation of distribution network. Against this backdrop, this paper reviews the development and current research status of energy routers, systematically analyzes the typical topologies and related control technologies of multi-port energy routers and summarizes and forecasts key issues and future development trends, aiming to provide thoughts and reference for subsequent related research.

Modelling the propagation of properties across services in cyber-physical energy systems

Modern power systems, referred to as cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs), are complex systems with strong interdependencies between power and information and communication technology (ICT) systems. CPESs also have dependencies between the essential grid services. For instance, coordinated voltage control depends on state estimation, which depends on measurement acquisition. Since the operation of CPESs is largely influenced by these grid services, assessing their performance is crucial for assessing the performance of a CPES. Most of these grid services are enabled by the ICT system, i.e., they rely to a high degree on ICT. Hence, properties such as availability, correctness and timeliness, which depend on the involved software, hardware and data of the ICT system, must be considered for assessing the performance of an ICT-enabled grid service. Disturbances and repairs in CPESs impact these properties, which can then propagate and affect the performance of a grid service as well as other dependent grid services. There is, therefore, a need to model the influence of the properties of software, hardware and data on ICT-enabled grid services for single services as well as across several services, resulting in a propagation of these parameters. Current literature lacks such a model, which can used not only to investigate but also to visualise the impact of these properties on the overall perfromance of a grid service as well as other dependent grid services. This paper proposes a meta model for assessing the performance of ICT-enabled grid services, which can be instantiated for different grid services considering their dependencies. A multi-dimensional operational state space, which serves as a visualisation of the performance of grid services in terms of their state trajectory, is also proposed in this paper. The contributions are then demonstrated by a case study with a state estimation service and the widely-used CIGRE medium voltage benchmark power grid augmented with an ICT system. Three scenarios with disturbances are presented to show the benefits of the contributions. Specifically, the performance of the state estimation service considering the disturbances is investigated using the meta model, and the change in performance is visualised as trajectories using the operational state space. These contributions enable new possibilities for planning and vulnerability analyses: property changes in parts of the ICT system can be simulated to investigate their consequences throughout the ICT-enabled grid services. A trajectory representing their performance can then be visualized in the state space based on which measures could be implemented to potentially improve the resilience of the service against the considered disturbances.

Trajectory optimization for maximization of energy efficiency with dynamic cluster and wireless power for UAV‐assisted maritime communication

AbstractNowadays, the digital development of marine ranching requires a communication system with wide coverage, high transmission rate and stable communication links. It is known that fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have great advantages in long‐range applications. They have the potential to serve as low‐altitude communication platforms for maritime communication. In this study, with a developmental perspective, considering the intense growth of marine terminals in the future, a new clustering algorithm applied to cluster nonorthogonal multiple access (C‐NOMA) is proposed and its advantages are investigated. In addition, considering the limited energy of marine terminals, combining the wireless power communication (WPC) technology for the UAV to charge terminals, the charging and communication time are optimized with the Lagrange multiplier method and the bisection search method. After completing the above optimization content of charging and communication, combined with the optimization results, it is found the trajectory that maximizes the energy efficiency of the UAV with the convex optimization technique. Experimental results show that the proposed clustering algorithm has good throughput performance, better fairness and lower algorithm complexity, and the proposed trajectory optimization scheme has better energy efficiency.

5G ұялы желілердегі ұяшықтардың орналасу тығыздығын талдау

The increase in high data rate demand has caused an increase in the density of small cells to meet the maximum needs of subscribers. The emergence of an ultra-dense cellular network is due to a powerful MIMO antenna and communication technologies in millimeter waves. One of the most anticipated ways to overcome the uncertainty of the millimeter wave network (mmWave) is to deploy ultra-dense small cells in the future fifth generation (5G). An ultra-dense cellular network is one of the most important tasks for 5G cellular networks. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of cell location density in cellular networks. The article demonstrated the effect of the number of different small cellular BSS on the bandwidth of the Feedback Network and the energy efficiency of the feedback of ultra-dense cellular networks. The result shows that ultra-dense cellular networks have a small cell density limit.

Research on the development of AloT sensing module for new energy power information collection

Abstract In order to improve the ability of power communication technology to support large-scale and massive services of smart electricity consumption, this paper designs a sensing model to collect information on new energy electricity consumption. Using the arrival rate calculation method of intelligent IoT, the information on new energy electricity users is collected, and the environmental measurement data is collected with the help of intelligent sensors. Monitoring the concurrency factor of all sensors in the operation state, collecting queuing theory packet loss rate through utilization maximization objective function, and setting the average queuing length of communication nodes. On this basis, the voltage amplitude of the electrical energy sampling point is measured, and the Gaussian perceptual loss vector with non-zero mean and heteroskedasticity is performed to iteratively converge the constraint matrix and error covariance. The results show that the maximum relative errors for service delay and packet loss rate are 16.8% and 7.0%, respectively. As bandwidth increases, the queuing delay and packet loss rate decrease. The broadband power line carrier can reach up to 210 Mbps, and the micropower wireless rate can reach 38.5 kbps. The annual cycle characteristics fluctuate widely, but the cumulative error of electricity load prediction results is lower, and the prediction accuracy is high. It shows that the electricity consumption information collection sensing model provides an important reference for building a new communication network with low cost, high speed and reliability for smart electricity consumption.

Entropy Weighted TOPSIS Based Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks under Uncertainty

In recent decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become a popular ambient sensing and model-based solution for various applications. WSNs are now achievable due to the developments of micro electro mechanical and semiconductors logic circuits with rising computational power and wireless communication technology. The most difficult issues concerning WSNs are related to their energy consumption. Since communication typically requires a significant amount of energy, there are some techniques/ways to reduce energy consumption during the operation of the sensor’s communication systems. The topology control technique is one such effective method for reducing WSNs’ energy usage. A cluster head (CH) is usually selected using a topology control technique known as clustering to control the entire network. A single factor is inadequate for CH selection. Additionally, with the traditional clustering method, each round exhibits a new batch of head nodes. As a result, when using conventional techniques, nodes decay faster and require more energy. Furthermore, the inceptive energy of nodes, the range between sensor nodes and base stations, the size of data packets, voltage and transmission energy measurements, and other factors linked to sensor nodes are also completely unexpected due to irregular or hazardous natural circumstances. Here, unpredictability represented by Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFNs). The associated parameters of nodes were converted into crisp ones via the defuzzification of fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy number has been defuzzified using the well-known signed distance approach. Here, we have employed a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach to choosing the CHs depending on a bunch of characteristics of each node (i) residual energy, (ii) the number of neighbors, (iii) distance from the sink, (iv) average distance of cluster node, (v) distance ratio, and (vi) reliability. This study used the entropy-weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach to select the CH in WSNs. For experiments, we have used the NSG2.1 simulator, and based on six characteristics comprising residual energy, number of neighbor nodes, distance from the sink or base station (BS), average distance of cluster nodes, distance ratio, and reliability, optimal CHs have been selected. Finally, experimental results have been presented and compared graphically with the existing literature. A statistical hypothesis test has also been conducted to verify the results that have been provided.

Are environment-related technologies key to unlock the path towards sustainable development: An econometric analysis

The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between energy intensity and environment-related technology in industrialized countries. By utilizing panel data from 23 countries over a span of 32 years (1990–2021), this research aims to contribute to the comprehension of the role of green innovation in sustainable development. The study employs the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology model while controlling for variables including population growth, gross domestic product in purchasing power parity, Information and Communication Technology capital deepening, renewable energy consumption, and green innovation represented by research and development expenditure on environment-related technology. The results of the analysis, employing panel unit root tests, cross-sectional dependence tests, and a Method of Moments quantile regression, reveal that green innovation has a positive influence on diminishing energy intensity, with a more substantial impact at higher quantiles. Moreover, ICT capital deepening is determined to have a positive and noteworthy effect on reducing energy intensity. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for policymakers in their endeavours to accomplish sustainable development goals.

Defense and Attack Game Strategies of Dual-Network Coupled CPPS with Communication Edge Failures

With the development of power technology and communication technology, the power grid and power communication network have become interdependent and closely coupled. The load shedding operation of the power grid is an important means to reduce the occurrence of chain faults and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Based on the transmission of load control services in the communication network, this paper establishes a model for a dual-network coupled cyber physical power system (CPPS). Considering communication edge faults, the associated load capacity of the communication edge and the expected load loss of the power grid are defined. On this basis, the paper proposes a complete information zero-sum game mechanism called “defense attack defense” for communication edge failures, which takes the expected loss of load from the power grid as the benefit. The paper studies the optimal attack and defense game strategies and provides the algorithm implementation process for the three stages of the game. Considering the bandwidth capacity of the communication edge, this paper uses the Dijkstra algorithm or k shortest paths (KSP) algorithm with the cost factor of the communication edge as the weight to plan the main and backup communication channels for multiple load control services. The simulation results show that the game mechanism proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the expected load loss from the power grid and improve the stability of the CPPS.

Power Quality Concerns due to Power System Improvements with Renewable Energy Sources and its Remedies

Power quality issues are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid changes in energy network infrastructure caused by technological advancements in distributed generation. Distributed generation involves the use of small-scale, decentralized power sources that can be located close to the end-users, and can include solar panels, wind turbines, and fuel cells. While distributed generation can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency, it can also create new challenges for the power grid, particularly in terms of power quality. To address these power quality issues, numerous solutions are available at present. One approach is to use advanced control systems that can monitor and manage the voltage and frequency of the power grid in real-time. This can involve using smart inverters that can adjust the power output of distributed generation sources to maintain a stable voltage supply. Other solutions involve the use of energy storage systems, such as batteries or flywheels, which can help to smooth out fluctuations in power output from distributed generation sources. Another approach is to improve the design and operation of the power grid itself. This can involve the use of new transmission and distribution techniques, such as the deployment of microgrids or the integration of energy storage systems into the power grid. Additionally, advances in power electronics and communication technologies can be used to improve the reliability and the efficiency of the power grid.

Blind modulation classification in multiple input and output‐orthogonal frequency division multiplexing using time‐frequency analysis and customized convolutional neural network architecture

AbstractMIMO with OFDM is a powerful communication technology in both army and civilian environments. Because there is no prior knowledge of carrier state information or signal overlapping in MIMO‐OFDM systems, outdated probability and feature‐based approaches can be applied. However, these methods cannot easily be used to provide the channel characteristics. Blind modulation categorization is a critical stage in deploying 5G networks. The issue of blind modulation classification for a multiple input and output (MIMO) antenna system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is investigated in this research. The independent component analysis (ICA) method has been used to separate the MIMO modulated signal, and the smoothed pseudo Wigner‐Ville distribution (SPWVD) with a Hamming window of 0.2 s has been used to analyze the time‐frequency characteristics of time‐domain modulated signals to get around the challenge of blind attenuation categorization in MIMO‐OFDM arrangements. The recovered time‐frequency characteristics are then transformed into red‐green‐blue (RGB) spectrogram pictures and a perfect‐tweaked customized CNN in which CNN (convolutional neural network) is integrated with LSTM (long short term memory) is used to categorize modulation kinds based on the illustrations of RGB spectrograms. Finally, a module for merging decisions based on majority voting was employed to combine the categorization findings of all receiving antennas. As a result, a customized CNN‐based blind modulation technique outperforms existing works to find the exact modulation type in the MIMO‐OFDM communication.

METHOD OF FORMING THE CONTEXT OF ADVERTISING AND TARGET AUDIENCE BASED ON ASSOCIATIVE RULES LEARNING

Nowadays, important mechanisms of study are content and techniques of its creation, the problem of influencing the target audience, which itself seeks to shape communication processes. Internet content occupies a position of powerful communication technology, which continues to grow rapidly and gain influence. Creating a large number of advertisements, especially texts, is extremely expensive. Therefore, it is worth considering how generate these texts automatically. In this regard, it is possible to assume that the development of a method of forming the context of advertising and target audience based on learning associative rules is relevant and can increase the effectiveness of advertising, and thus reduce the cost of online advertising of higher education institutions. The input data used a survey of students majoring in Computer Science, regarding admission. The 152 students took part in the survey and answered 10 questions. The experimental results confirmed, the proposed method enabled to increase the effectiveness of advertising on social networks at least in 23%, and reduce the price in 90%.

METHOD OF FORMING THE CONTEXT OF ADVERTISING AND TARGET AUDIENCE BASED ON ASSOCIATIVE RULES LEARNING

Nowadays, important mechanisms of study are content and techniques of its creation, the problem of influencing the target audience, which itself seeks to shape communication processes. Internet content occupies a position of powerful communication technology, which continues to grow rapidly and gain influence. Creating a large number of advertisements, especially texts, is extremely expensive. Therefore, it is worth considering how generate these texts automatically. In this regard, it is possible to assume that the development of a method of forming the context of advertising and target audience based on learning associative rules is relevant and can increase the effectiveness of advertising, and thus reduce the cost of online advertising of higher education institutions. The input data used a survey of students majoring in Computer Science, regarding admission. The 152 students took part in the survey and answered 10 questions. The experimental results confirmed, the proposed method enabled to increase the effectiveness of advertising on social networks at least in 23%, and reduce the price in 90%.

Energy Trading on a Peer-to-Peer Basis between Virtual Power Plants Using Decentralized Finance Instruments

Over time, distribution systems have begun to include increased distributed energy resources (DERs) due to the advancement of auxiliary power electronics, information and communication technologies (ICT), and cost reductions. Electric vehicles (EVs) will undoubtedly join the energy community alongside DERs, and energy transfers from vehicles to grids and vice versa will become more extensive in the future. Virtual power plants (VPPs) will also play a key role in integrating these systems and participating in wholesale markets. Energy trading on a peer-to-peer (P2P) basis is a promising business model for transactive energy that aids in balancing local supply and demand. Moreover, a market scheme between VPPs can help DER owners make more profit while reducing renewable energy waste. For this purpose, an inter-VPP P2P trading scheme is proposed. The scheme utilizes cutting-edge technologies of the Avalanche blockchain platform, developed from scratch with decentralized finance (DeFi), decentralized applications (DApps), and Web3 workflows in mind. Avalanche is more scalable and has faster transaction finality than its layer-1 predecessors. It provides interoperability abilities among other common blockchain networks, facilitating inter-VPP P2P trading between different blockchain-based VPPs. The merits of DeFi contribute significantly to the workflow in this type of energy trading scenario, as the price mechanism can be determined using open market-like instruments. A detailed case study was used to examine the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and flow, and important conclusions were drawn.

An overview of the operation architectures and energy management system for multiple microgrid clusters

The emerging novel energy infrastructures, such as energy communities, smart building-based microgrids, electric vehicles enabled mobile energy storage units raise the requirements for a more interconnective and interoperable energy system. It leads to a transition from simple and isolated microgrids to relatively large-scale and complex interconnected microgrid systems named multi-microgrid clusters. In order to efficiently, optimally, and flexibly control multi-microgrid clusters, cross-disciplinary technologies such as power electronics, control theory, optimization algorithms, information and communication technologies, cyber-physical, and big-data analysis are needed. This paper introduces an overview of the relevant aspects for multi-microgrids, including the outstanding features, architectures, typical applications, existing control mechanisms, as well as the challenges.

Stretchable thin film inductors for wireless sensing in wearable electronic devices

The unique soft and elastic nature of stretchable electronics has potential to advance wearable devices as human-machine interfaces. The integration of wireless power and data communication technology into stretchable electronics, which could be realised by inductive coupling and oscillator circuits, is key to achieve continuous monitoring of body signals with minimally invasive devices. As one of the main components for inductive coupling and oscillator circuits, the development of stretchable inductors is therefore compelling. The most common strategy to fabricate stretchable inductors is to add periodic waves to a spiral conductor, which provides mechanical robustness but inevitably increases resistance. In this work, we introduce a method to fabricate stretchable inductors, which relies on creating a wrinkled thin film inductor on a polystyrene substrate, functionalizing the inductor surface with an adhesive layer, and then transferring the structure onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. Contrary to inductors created through the addition of periodic wave patterns, the wrinkled inductor features low resistance while providing high stretchability. The wrinkled inductors fabricated using this approach exhibited 30% decrease in resistance compared to their flat counterparts of the same size and geometry. Resistance and inductance under uniaxial stretching remained unchanged up to 45% strain, revealing exceptional electrical and mechanical stability. The strong chemical bonding between the functionalized wrinkled inductor and the PDMS elastomer contributes to the robustness and long-term stability of the device. This method provides an added advantage of miniaturization of the stretchable inductor, as it is shrunk to 16% of its original size during the wrinkling process. This technology has potential for building high performance stretchable inductors for stretchable wireless electronic devices and can eventually benefit the design of electronics for implants, health care monitoring and wearable communication.

Research on the Application of Power Communication Technology to Smart Grid

Research on the Application of Power Communication Technology to Smart Grid

Understanding how information and communication technologies enhance electric power consumption and break environmental damage to reach sustainable development

This research article investigates the association between electric power consumption (henceforth EPC), information and communication technologies (ICTs), economic progress (EP), and environmental damage (ED) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) economy with data spanning from 1980 to 2019. Economic openness (EO) and urbanization are involved within a multivariate approach. This research has applied the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) unit root tests accounting for the existence of stationarity and specified that the concerned variables are integrated. At the same time, we applied the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and noticed that cointegration occurs between the series. Empirical results reveal that except ICT1 all the variables have a significant impact on ED in the short-run as well as the long-run. Regarding the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) techniques, the findings have shown that all the ECT coefficients are negative and statistically significant showing the existence of feedback effect between the variables of interest. Regarding the short-run causality, the results reveal that the EPC, ICT2, EP, and URB cause the ED. Besides, results show that three bidirectionalities exist for ED with EPC, ICT2, and URB. Therefore, these results recommend the KSA policymaker to support the environmental and ICTs regulations, adopt sustainable economic growth policies, and reduce EPC to ensure environmental sustainability.

The IoT Vision

The internet of things envisions self-controlled and decentralized environments in which hardware devices, equipped with sensors and actuators, communicate with each other through standardized internet protocols to reach common goals. However, this leads to very complex environments, for example smart factories, which require fulfilling a large variety of challenges to enable functioning IoT applications. These challenges include, for example, powerful communication technologies and standards, security, privacy, efficiency, or robustness. Hence, a combination of many different research areas is necessary to create holistic IoT environments and applications. This is especially the case in safety-critical environments, such as smart cities or smart factories. In this survey paper, the authors discuss challenges and research gaps in the area of IoT. By doing so, they discuss whether these challenges are fulfilled by state-of-the-art approaches or whether there are still research gaps to be filled.

System-Level Approach to Designing a Smart Wireless Charging System for Power Wheelchairs

New technology design and its integration into a social environment in a noninvasive way are recognized as one of the main challenges of the rapidly growing technology world. The design complexity is amplified if the system is intended for a sensitive user category, e.g., persons with disabilities and aging adults. A high percentage of power wheelchairs (PWCs) users rely on caregivers or family members to charge their PWC units. In this article, a design methodology is presented that describes a system-level approach for designing a 1-kW smart wireless charger for PWCs. This article describes how power electronics, communication, automation, software, and internet technologies are integrated to deliver a functional hands-free, free-position PWC charging solution. The proposed solution utilizes a multicoil transmitter pad to achieve a free-positioning feature and dual-side control to regulate the power. The researchers adopted a human-in-the-loop approach to seek feedback from end-users and tailor the final design through multiple generations of prototypes. Moreover, some existing technical solutions regarding pad design and stray field shielding are adapted or advanced to meet the application requirements, and their effectiveness is validated on a 1-kW prototype.

Power systems automation, communication, and information technologies for smart grid: A technical aspects review

Smart grid (SG) introduced proven power system, based on modernized power delivery system with introduction of advanced data-information and communication technologies (ICT). SGs include improved quality of power transmission/distribution from power generation to end-users with optimized power flow and efficiency. In addition to above modern automation, two-way communications, advanced monitoring, and control to optimize power quality issues are the classic features of SGs. This ensures the efficiency and reliability of all its interconnected power system elements against potential threats and life time cycle. By integrating ICT into the power system SGs improved the working capabilities of the utility companies. Resultant of ICT with SG leads to better management of assets and ensure energy management for end users. This review article presents the different areas of communication and information technology areas involved in SG automation.