Glass Powder Research Articles

Potential use of crushed waste glass and glass powder in sustainable pervious concrete: A review

This review explores the innovative use of crushed waste glass and glass powder in sustainable pervious concrete, emphasizing their potential to enhance mechanical properties and environmental benefits. Pervious concrete, characterized by its high porosity and permeability, is crucial in stormwater management and reducing urban heat. However, its inherent low compressive strength necessitates the incorporation of supplementary materials. This study highlights the pozzolanic activity of glass powder, which improves strength and durability while reducing the overall cement content, thereby lowering the carbon footprint associated with concrete production. The review addresses the challenges of using high glass powder replacement levels, including potential compressive strength reductions and increased susceptibility to freeze-thaw cycles. Future research directions include optimizing mix designs and investigating hybrid approaches that combine glass powder with recycled aggregates. Ultimately, this review underscores the vital role of waste glass in promoting sustainable construction practices and contributing to the circular economy within the pervious concrete industry.

Improving the performance of crumb rubber concrete using waste ultrafine glass powder

Due to its superior toughness and environmental benefits over traditional concrete, crumb rubber (CR) concrete (CRC) gained considerable attention in both research and practical engineering fields. However, the static mechanical characteristics of CRC exhibit a certain level of decline as CR demonstrates a lower elastic modulus and less effective bonding capabilities with mortar when compared to natural aggregates. Consequently, this study explores the potential of substituting cement with ultra-fine waste glass powder (WGP) to enhance the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of CRC. The impact of varying WGP substitution rates on workability, wet packing density (WPD) in the fresh phase is examined. Moreover, analyses on compressive strength, flexural-tensile strength, ductility index, dynamic elastic modulus, damping ratio, and impermeability post-hardening are presented. The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and mercury intrusion piezometry (MIP) provided insights into the influence of WGP on the micromorphology, mineral composition, and pore structure characteristics. The results revealed that WGP introduction enhanced the fresh properties of CRC, notably in terms of workability and WPD. The slump and slump-flow increased to 270 mm and 630 mm for WGP dosing increased to 30 %. A gradual enhancement in strength, dynamic elastic modulus, and impermeability was observed with increased WGP content, alongside a significant improvement in toughness. The compressive and flexural strengths of 30 % WGP were mentioned to be about 11 % and 62 %, respectively, and the permeability coefficient was reduced to 0.78 × 10−12 m2/s. The damping ratio initially decreases, then rises to a peak of 1.6 % at a WGP content of 30 %. Integration of WGP resulted in a progressive decrease in interfacial frictional zone width, average pore diameter, and porosity, while the fraction of harmless pores increased, likely aiding the strength and dynamic elastic modulus.

Harnessing waste for sustainable construction: A novel synthesizing activators from waste for one-part geopolymer concrete and evaluating its fracture toughness

Geopolymer concrete garners significant attention due to its potential to mitigate pressing global challenges, such as CO2 emissions and waste management for disposal. However, using more expensive commercial activators has posed a significant obstacle to practical implementation. Therefore, scientists want to develop methods to extract powdered activators from agricultural and industrial waste materials. To this end, the study has sought to create innovative activators derived from waste glass powder (WGP) and silica-rich rice husk ash (RHA) to create one-part geopolymer concrete (OPGC). Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is utilized as a precursor material for preparing binder, with varying ratios of WGP/RHA to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) from 0.50 to 1.75 at 0.25 intervals. Twenty-four distinct mixtures of OPGC were prepared using the materials mentioned above and evaluated for their compressive strength and fracture toughness. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the mode I, III, and I/III fracture toughness of OPGC using edge-notched disc bend specimens. Additionally, a 1 % steel fiber dosage was introduced into the OPGC to reduce brittleness. The microstructural characteristics were examined through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Findings reveal that the fracture toughness of OPGC improves with the RHA to NaOH ratio up to 1.0, peaking at 1.09 MPa·m^0.5. Likewise, the fracture toughness increases with the WGP to NaOH ratio up to 0.75, reaching a peak value of 1.20 MPa·m^0.5. Beyond these respective ratios, a decrease in fracture toughness was observed. Nonetheless, incorporating fibers into OPGC consistently improved the fracture toughness across all mixtures. Mode I fracture toughness is greater than I/III and III, emphasizing the significance of Mode III compared to other fracture modes.

Eco-friendly stabilization of clayey soil with waste glass powder-based geopolymer

ABSTRACT This research studied the feasibility of using waste glass powder, Portland cement, and sodium chloride to stabilise and geopolymerization clayey soil. The chemical composition and microstructure of the materials were determined by X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Cement and waste glass powder contents were determined through previous laboratory tests and literature reviews. Unconfined compressive strength tests were performed to determine the optimal sodium chloride content, which was used in this research as an alkaline precursor in geopolymer formation. The effects of cement, waste glass powder, and geopolymer (composed of soil+(5 and 15% waste glass powder)+1% sodium chloride) were investigated through unconfined compressive strength and splitting tensile strength tests. The results revealed that the specimens stabilised with geopolymer presented higher strengths, finding strengths approximately 24 times higher than the pure soil and 1.6 times higher than the soil stabilised with 8% cement. Adding waste glass powder and geopolymer allowed some blends to become suitable for use as a subbase in pavement applications. Microstructure analyses confirmed the formation of geopolymer through a more homogeneous structure. Finally, it was concluded that stabilising with geopolymer based on waste glass powder is an ecological and effective technique for increasing soil strength.

A fabrication of universal multifunctional coating with excellent adhesion on the surface of solid rocket motor insulation materials through a surface activation strategy based on multiple interaction forces

In this work, a novel universal multifunctional coating for insulation materials was prepared by using polyethyleneimine as the coating substrate, low-temperature molten glass powders and MXene as additives. Meanwhile, the universal coating was tightly adhered to the surface of the insulation materials through a surface activation strategy based on the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption, and chemical bonding. The shear strength data showed that the adhesion between the universal coating and the three types of insulation material were higher than that of most commercial adhesives. In the case of EPDM, for example, the adhesion of the coating is 4.17 (epoxy glue), 1.04 (chemlok) and 1.67 (Neoprene) times that of commercial adhesives, respectively. In addition, the universal coating showed good heat resistance and thermal insulation, and formed a complete and dense char on the surface after exposure to flame. The maximum mass loss temperatures of the three coated insulation materials were 2.8, 6.5, and 9.3°C higher than the original samples, respectively. Thermal insulation tests showed that the coated insulation materials reduced the average top surface temperature by 29.68%, 40.84% and 29.06%, respectively, compared to the original samples. The results of anti-migration tests showed that the prepared universal coatings displayed generally superior anti-migration properties to the insulation materials, with equilibrium migration concentrations reduced by up to more than 80% compared to the original samples, which is better than the previous products of the same type. In addition, the application potential of the advanced multifunctional insulation materials obtained from the preparation was evaluated, resulting in an increase of more than 35% in peel strength and more than 20% in shear strength for all insulation materials with propellants. This work provides a simple and environmentally friendly generalized strategy to develop high performance insulation materials for aerospace fields.

The effect of photoinitiator systems on resin-based composite containing ZnO-nanoparticles.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) powder possesses antibacterial activity and although white in color, it can severely reduce the depth of cure (DoC) of resin-based composite (RBC). This study investigated the effect of unary and binary photoinitiator systems on the DoC and degree of conversion (DC) of formulated RBC containing ZnO-nanoparticles. Fourteen RBCs (n = 3/group) were formulated consisting of 50 wt% mixture of monomers (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and UDMA) and 50 wt% fillers (inert barium glass powder and silica nanoparticles). ZnO-nanoparticles were added at 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt%. A unary initiator system consists of camphorquinone (CQ) 0.25, 0.5 and 1 wt% and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDMAB) 0.75 wt% or a binary initiator system consisting of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI) 0.25, 0.5 and 1 wt%, CQ 0.25, 0.5 and 1 wt% and EDMAB 0.75 wt% were added to the monomer mixture. To measure the DoC, each specimen was prepared in a custom-made mold with a slot (16 x 8×2 mm) and a top cover plate, irradiated from one end (40 s), stored dry (37° C, 1 d) and measured at increasing depths using Vickers hardness (0.5 mm intervals). 1 mm thick specimens were prepared to measure DC continuously using FTIR, from zero up to 24 h post-irradiation. Increasing the concentrations of ZnO led to a significant reduction of DoC (p < 0.05). But most of the binary initiator groups showed significantly higher DoC (p < 0.05). Depth, at 80 % of max VHN, of unary initiator groups reduced from 6.8 mm (ZnO at 0 wt%) to 2.1 mm (ZnO at 2 wt%) and in binary initiator groups from 8.4 mm to 2.3 mm. Groups with lower photoinitiator concentrations (0.25 wt%) showed a significant increase in DoC compared with groups with higher concentrations (1 wt%) (p < 0.05). DC after 24 h was independent of either ZnO concentration or the photoinitiator system (p > 0.05). However, faster conversions were observed in binary initiator groups. The RPmax of binary groups ranged from 8.1 % to 10.1 %/s, and unary groups ranged from 5.2 % to 7.2 %/s. The addition of DPI resulted in an overall increased curing depth, which was enhanced when lower concentrations of photoinitiators were used. Also, DPI resulted in faster conversions. This is desirable in designing antibacterial RBC containing ZnO.

In-situ grown carbon nanotubes on waste glass powder: resource-efficient preparation and machine-learning based dispersion evaluation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the strongest candidates as reinforcing and functionalizing materials in civil engineering. However, CNTs have severely limited the application of carbon nanomaterials in civil engineering materials because of high-cost preparation and inhomogeneous dispersion. In this paper, a new method of direct in-situ grown CNTs on the surface of waste glass powder (WGP) by microwave pyrolysis is employed. It can control the particle size and growth of CNTs while effectively improving the CNTs dispersion and saving natural resources. The dispersibility of in-situ grown CNTs and MWCNT in aqueous and cement pore solutions is evaluated based on DLS and improved machine learning and image processing methods. The conductivity as well as the compressive strength of the electrically conductive cementitious materials increases linearly with increasing dispersion. This work facilitates further optimization of CNT-cement nanocomposite dispersion and has great potential for improving WGP utilization efficiency.

Enhancing sound transmission loss of polyurethane foams using waste soda glass filler

Sound transmission mechanisms and sound transmission losses are of great importance in providing acoustic comfort. Research has focused on developing materials and structures that will reduce sound transmission loss. The increasing amount of waste disrupts the ecological balance; this situation brings about global warming, air and soil pollution. These environmental effects negatively affect the lives of all living things, especially humans, and also harm the economy. Combating global pollution has become one of the primary goals of scientists. Recycling provides significant economic benefits as well as protecting both human health and natural resources. In this study, polyurethane foams used in the automotive industry and many other areas were produced by adding waste soda glass powder at various rates while keeping the isocyanate/polyol ratio constant. The durability of the produced foams was tested by apparent density measurement, wettability by contact angle analysis, organic bond structures by FT-IR spectroscopy and acoustic properties by sound transmission loss analysis. It was determined that soda glass powder did not react with the foams and that the produced foams exhibited hydrophobic properties. The acoustic properties of the filler foams were higher than the neat foam in almost the entire frequency range (65-6300 Hz). The sample coded PU-SG4 is the sample that exhibits the best acoustic properties by reaching 9.28 dB, 9.10 dB and 13.48 dB values in the low, medium and high frequency regions, respectively. In the high frequency range region, all of the soda glass added foam composites reached a sound transmission loss of over 13 dB.

Predicting the Dry Density of Clay Soil Improved by Adding Glass Powder Using a Back Propagation Neural Network Model

Clay soil has undesirable engineering properties, which can compromise structural stability. This study aims to enhance the compaction properties of high-plasticity clay soil by adding glass powder using artificial intelligence (AI), specifically through the Back propagation Neural Network (BPNET), to accurately predict dry density. The model used influential factors, such as wet soil weight (Wnet), glass powder ratio (Wglass), and water content (ω %) as inputs, with dry density (γ) as the output. The model demonstrated high accuracy, achieving a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0000117 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.002849, reflecting its effectiveness in improving clay soil properties and supporting its stability.

Pressure-assisted sintering approaches for up-converting LiYF4:Er/Yb transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics

Glasses of compositions 40SiO2-25Al2O3-18Li2O-7LiF-(10-x-y)YF3-xErF3-yYbF3 (mol.%, x = 0.1, 0.5; y = 0, 0.4, 2, 4) were prepared by melt-quenching technique and milled into powders. Glass powder pellets were treated by hot pressing at defined temperatures to obtain the corresponding glass-ceramics (GCs). High-resolution TEM and XRD analysis revealed the crystallization of LiYF4 and LiAlSiO4 phases with nano-crystal size below 50 nm, resulting in translucent GCs. The density of GCs was 98–99.5 % compared to parent glasses. GCs exhibited intense up-conversion emission when excited by near-infrared light at 980 nm. As Er3+ concentration increased from 0.1 to 0.5 mol.% in the samples, notable enhancement in green and red emission intensities was indicated. Yb3+ ions significantly facilitated up-conversion emission through energy transfer to Er3+ ions, resulting in a higher luminescence yield compared to Er3+ single-doped GCs. The tuning of the red to green emission intensity ratio can be achieved by varying Er3+ and Yb3+ concentrations and Er3+/Yb3+ ratio.

Impact of high‐temperature sintering on SiO2−LiO2−Al2O3−K2O−P2O5${\rm SiO}_2{-}{\rm LiO}_2{-}{\rm Al}_2{\rm O}_3{-}{\rm K}_2{\rm O}{-}{\rm P}_2{\rm O}_5$ glass ceramics with ZrO2${\rm ZrO}_2$ and Y2O3${\rm Y}_2{\rm O}_3$ additives

AbstractThe influence of multi‐step sintering at high temperatures was used to meticulously characterize the crystallization, mechanical, and optical properties of a glass system with the addition of and . The research began with a novel base glass composition of 3.8 wt% , 4.2 wt% , 4.5 wt% , 35 wt% , and 2.5 wt% , to which 47 wt% and 3 wt% added. The initial glass powder was sintered in two steps at low temperatures. Either 500 for 10 min or 500 for 10 min then a raise to 650 for 20 min was used in the first step. Then, the second step of sintering was done at 850. Finally, after the pellet preparation, final calcination was conducted at 1450. The resulting microstructure was a composite material with various grain components embedded within a glass matrix. The low first sintering temperature triggered the optimum crystal growth, and after the final calcination process, a new glass‐ceramic named – was synthesized. The synthesized ceramics demonstrated strong diametral tensile strength and excellent Vickers micro‐hardness values, a remarkable refractive index, and optical band gaps larger than 3.1 eV. Consequently, the process of multi‐step sintering at high temperatures clenches the impending manufacture of a novel composite ceramic having remarkable hardness and good optical properties that encourage several biological, technological, and industrial applications.

Dynamic behavior and defect control in LPBF of quartz glass: Insights from VOF model simulations

This study investigates laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) applied to quartz glass powder through numerical simulations using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. A comprehensive LPBF model was developed to explore dynamic processes and defect formations. The influence of LPBF parameters on solidification quality was quantitatively analyzed, categorizing melting and solidification into four distinct types. Key results include a quantified heat-affected depth of 110 μm and a partial melting depth of 27 μm. The study also identifies keyhole-induced porosity, driven by asymmetry in keyhole geometry, recoil pressure, surface tension, and gravity, and presents two distinct bubble dynamics along with spattering phenomena. Multi-track scanning simulations revealed that preheating from initial tracks improves subsequent track quality by reducing defects. The results highlight the longer duration required to stabilize the molten pool in quartz glass compared to metals, providing valuable insights into parameter optimization for LPBF of quartz glass.

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concrete using Recycled Plastic and Glass Waste

This study explores using recycled waste glass and plastic fibers as substitutes for fine aggregates in concrete to meet the growing need for sustainable building materials. The basic materials consist of OPC 43 grade and locally obtained river sand. The research incorporates glass powder from crushed beer bottles and plastic fibers from recycled plastic bottles into the concrete mixture. Various tests, including slump, compressive strength (CS), and split tensile strength (STS) assessments, are performed to ascertain the characteristics of the modified concrete in both its fresh and hardened states. The findings demonstrate a significant enhancement in the ease of handling when glass powder is used, exhibiting a surge of 170% and 270% for mixtures, including 15% and 25% glass powder, respectively, compared to conventional OPC concrete. Although including these recycled materials reduces compressive strength (19.95% for SP15 and 21.39% for SP25); tensile strength is significantly improved, with gains of 35% for SP15 and 53.75% for SP25. This research emphasizes the feasibility of integrating waste glass and plastic fibers into concrete as a practical method for sustainable building.

Highly Efficient Porous Glass Solar Water Evaporator

AbstractThe global water crisis, exacerbated by excessive use and pollution, has resulted in energy scarcity and threats. Solar desalination provides a sustainable fix, with researchers developing photothermal materials and designs to improve efficiency and sustainability. Glass materials, with their exceptional chemical stability, are suitable for extreme desalination in acidic and alkaline conditions. In this work, we have developed a porous glass evaporator (PGE) with exceptional water evaporation efficiency, achieved through a novel fabrication method that blends glass powders with soluble salts to create structure with continuous pores. The evaporator's microstructure comprises micrometer‐scale pores that form interconnected porous channels, facilitating efficient water transport and preventing salt deposition. Under one sun irradiation, the PGE exhibits superior solar evaporation performance in pure water, achieving a rate of 2.21 kg m−2 h−1, with an evaporation efficiency of 98%. In more complex media, such as seawater and methylene blue solution, the PGE also displays excellent evaporation capabilities, reaching rates of 2.08 and 2.47 kg m−2 h−1, respectively. Even after sustained alternation between acidic and alkaline treatments, the PGE retains an impressive evaporation rate of over 2.0 kg m−2 h−1, coupled with structural robustness, making it a promising candidate for practical applications in extreme environments.

Structural Reliability Studies on Pulverized Glass Powder Concrete Subjected to Bending Forces with Natural Aggregate

The shortage of housing and basic infrastructure in Nigeria is assuming increasing dimension with continuous rise in the price of construction materials. Cement is a major component in concrete production, its production however is accompanied by huge carbon dioxide emissions. This research presents the results of structural reliability analysis conducted on reinforced concrete beam subjected to bending forces produced with pulverized glass powder as partial replacement for cement with Natural aggregate (NA) as coarse aggregate. First order reliability method (FORM) was employed to determine the level of safety of the beam. The result of the sensitivity analysis showed that the pulverized glass powder beam with NA as coarse aggregate is structurally safe at a span of 3000 mm and depth of 600 mm with probabilities of failure of 1.00 × 10-3 and 1.04 × 10-3 respectively.

Synergistic effects of nano titanium dioxide and waste glass powder on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete

This study investigates the combined use of waste glass powder and nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the mechanical and durability properties of the concrete. Waste glass being one of the major municipal wastes going into the landfill sites can be used as a pozzolanic material in the concrete, in this study cement is replaced with waste glass powder by 10% along with nano TiO2, it is used as an addition to cementitious material by 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Fresh and mechanical properties like setting time, workability, compressive strength and flexural strength is evaluated along with durability properties such as sorptivity, acid, sulphate and chloride attacks, elevated temperature test. Scanning electron microscope is done to understand the morphology of the blended concrete. Combined use of glass powder and nano TiO2 is found beneficial in mechanical and durability parameters whereas addition of nano TiO2 has resulted in decreased workability of the concrete.

Effects on microhardness, tensile strength, deflection, and drop weight impact resistance with the addition of hybrid filler materials for enhancing GFRP composites

The work evaluated the usage of various filler materials, namely aluminium oxide (Al2O3), magnesium (Mg), and glass powder, in the bidirectional glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. The required samples were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique by varying the filler material proportions from 0%wt. to 7.5%wt., including individual and hybrid mixture combinations. The prepared samples were evaluated for their microhardness, tensile strength, deflection characteristics, and drop-weight impact resistance. It was observed that the optimal addition of individual filler material improved the microhardness and tensile strength more than that of neat composites. In contrast, hybrid compositions at higher proportions exhibited brittleness and lower enactment due to their poor interfacial bonding and particle agglomerations. The deflection characteristics and drop-weight impact tests also showed enhanced stiffness and impact resistance with the addition of hybrid mixtures of filler materials to the composites. The study supports the potential use of adding filler materials to the composites for lightweight structural applications.

Temperature-dependent compressive strength modeling of geopolymer blocks utilizing glass powder and steel slag

This article investigates the development of geopolymers as a modern, environmentally sustainable binder with ceramic-like properties, offering exceptional thermal and fire-resistant characteristics. The study primarily utilized fly ash (FA) in combination with glass powder (GP) and steel slag (SS). The SS content varied between 30 % and 40 %, while the molarity of NaOH was set at 10 M, 12 M, and 14 M. Based on these variables, a total of eighteen mixes incorporating GP and SS were formulated. The samples were subjected to elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, after which their compressive strengthswere measured. To better understand the material formation, analyses were conducted by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis. The investigation examined the influence of oxide ratios (Na/Si, Si/Al, H2O/Na2O, and Na/Al) on the compressive strength at elevated temperatures. Additionally, the research sought to develop a predictive model, elucidating the relationship between these oxide ratios and the compressive strength of geopolymers. To achieve this, ten machine learning techniques were applied, revealing the complex connection between oxide ratios and the strength properties of geopolymers. The support vector regressor (SVR) model outperformed other regression and boosting models, obtaining a high coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.95, indicating superior predictive accuracy. The reduced error levels and high R2 values highlighted the enhanced performance of the SVR model. A sensitivity analysis was done to understand the contributions of each parameter to the outcome predictions further. Employing machine learning techniques to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer blocks under various elevated temperature conditions improves predictive accuracy and optimizes resource utilization, leading to significant time savings.

Improving the Rheological Properties of Water-based Drilling Muds Using Waste Glass Powder

Improving the Rheological Properties of Water-based Drilling Muds Using Waste Glass Powder

Synergistic Effects of Waste Glass Powder, High-Frequency Ultrasonic Dispersion, and Liquid Glass Treatment on the Properties of Aluminum-Based Ultra-Lightweight Concrete.

This research investigates the impact of waste glass powder, high-frequency ultrasonics (HFUS) dispersion, and liquid glass treatment on aluminum-based ultra-lightweight concrete. Substituting up to 80% of Portland cement with waste glass powder significantly delays hydration and reduces compressive strength by 77%. However, applying HFUS dispersion for 60 s to a mixture with 30% waste glass powder substitution restored compressive strength to the reference value of 3.1 MPa. The combined HFUS and liquid glass treatment enhanced compressive strength by 87%, increased density by 32%, and significantly reduced prosody. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a progressively denser cement matrix with each treatment, highlighting the synergistic effects of these methods in improving concrete properties.