Powder Explosion Research Articles

The characteristics and mechanism of NaHCO3 compound fly ash in suppressing gas explosions in pipeline networks

Gas has been widely concerned due to its importance in the industrial and energy fields. In order to improve the inhibition effect of gas explosion, under the self-constructed pipe network system, the inhibition of gas explosion by composite inhibitor of fly ash and NaHCO3 with different ratios was investigated, and the microscopic inhibition mechanism of the two kinds of powders on the explosion of gas was investigated based on the method of density functional theory and transition state theory from the perspective of molecular dynamics. The results show that: the composite powder explosion suppression is better than a single powder, explosion suppression effect with the increase in the proportion of the mass of NaHCO3 significantly improve the 5 groups of conditions NaHCO3 loading of 40% (by mass) is the best, this time, the explosion of the peak overpressure, the peak flame propagation velocity, the peak flame temperature compared to the maximum reduction in the percentage of the measures taken for the maximum of 74.42%, 81.93%, 68.71%. In addition, NaHCO3, fly ash effectively inhibit the key primitive reaction of gas explosion. When the temperature reaches a certain point, the two and O*, O2, OH* and H* reaction rate higher than the rate of CH4 oxidation chain reaction, the dominant reaction, the maximum difference in rate constants of 70.95, 58.81, 60.06, 44.94. The study of the transition from the macro-scale to the molecular level of the study, in-depth understanding of the mechanism of explosion suppression, to reduce the risk of explosion from the ground up, and enriches the Gas explosion prevention and control of the theoretical system, for the operators to provide a strong technical guarantee for safe production.

Experimental and numerical study on the suppression of brown coal explosion characteristics by different types of solid explosion suppressants

A 20L spherical explosion testing system was used to characterize the explosion characteristics of brown coal powder and its mixing with different explosion suppressants. and the free radical reaction mechanism was studied through numerical simulation. Research has shown that sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has a low decomposition temperature and a fast reaction rate in the early stages. A significant amount of phosphorous groups are produced when ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) react, consumes explosive free radicals and blocks heat transmission between coal dust, delaying and inhibiting explosion. In the explosive reaction, H and O free radicals are continually consumed during the breakdown of cyanuric acid melamine (MCA). Finally, the suppression mechanism of different explosion suppressants on coal powder explosions was revealed, and specific recommendations were made for the selection and application of explosive suppressants.

Simulation and Experimental Study on the Explosion Characteristics of Aluminum Dust in the 5-L Explosion Container

ABSTRACT The CFD software was applied to conduct numerical simulation of the aluminum powder explosion and the study focused on analyzing the pattern of dust diffusion in the 5-L column explosion model containing aluminum powder at a concentration of 700 g/m 3 , and then comparing the simulated pressure change over time with experimental data. The research also examined how different levels of aluminum dust concentration affect the pressure of explosions, the rate at which explosion pressure increases, and the speed of the flame reaching the wall. The findings indicate that, during the pressure time course, the simulation process yields explosion pressure and rate of rise in explosion pressure values for a specific concentration of aluminum dust that deviate by 2% to 19% from experimental results. This suggests that the model utilized in this study possesses a certain level of reliability and it is observed that the variation patterns of explosion pressure and rate of rise in explosion pressure for aluminum dust at different concentrations differ between simulation and experimentation. In the experimentation, at concentrations of 500 g/m 3 and 900 g/m 3 , the explosion pressure and rate of rise both reached their maximum values. Furthermore, the speed of the flame reaching the wall is directly related to the level of concentration.

Revealing the Mechanisms of Smoke during Electron Beam–Powder Bed Fusion by High-Speed Synchrotron Radiography

Electron beam–powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) is an additive manufacturing process that utilizes an electron beam as the heat source to enable material fusion. However, the use of a charge-carrying heat source can sometimes result in sudden powder explosions, usually referred to as “Smoke”, which can lead to process instability or termination. This experimental study investigated the initiation and propagation of Smoke using in situ high-speed synchrotron radiography. The results reveal two key mechanisms for Smoke evolution. In the first step, the beam–powder bed interaction creates electrically isolated particles in the atmosphere. Subsequently, these isolated particles get charged either by direct irradiation by the beam or indirectly by back-scattered electrons. These particles are accelerated by electric repulsion, and new particles in the atmosphere are produced when they impinge on the powder bed. This is the onset of the avalanche process known as Smoke. Based on this understanding, the dependence of Smoke on process parameters such as beam returning time, beam diameter, etc., can be rationalized.

Study on the variation regularities of minimum explosion concentration of moist magnesium dust/derived hydrogen hybrids under multiple working conditions

Magnesium is widely used but often accompanied by frequent magnesium powder explosion accidents. If the variation regularity and mechanism of the minimum explosion concentration (cm) of magnesium powder under the multi-factor coupling effect can be understood, the occurrence of magnesium powder explosion accidents can be fundamentally avoided, and intrinsic safety can be achieved. In this paper, experiments were conducted using a self-made 20 L explosion device to explore the effects of particle size, initial temperature, and equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) coupling on the cm of magnesium powder. The study found that an increase in ERH of moist magnesium powder would lead to easier agglomeration of the dust, making it less prone to activation. Additionally, excessive moisture also absorbed more heat, reducing the ignition sensitivity of the dust cloud and resulting in a continuous increase in cm. However, increasing the initial temperature and decreasing the dust particle size both decreased the cm of moist magnesium powder, weakening the effect of ERH on cm. Furthermore, using the analysis methods of orthogonal experimental range and AHP model, it was determined that the influence weights of the factors coupling effects on the cm of magnesium powder, from highest to lowest weight, were: particle size > ERH > initial temperature.Furthermore, in order to deeper understand the mechanism of the action process that affect the cm of moist magnesium powder, additional experiments were conducted to further confirm that the addition of hydrogen derived from the erosion reaction of moist magnesium powder to the explosion system can reduce the cm of magnesium dust clouds. Moreover, a quantitative mathematical model for predicting the cm of magnesium powder/hydrogen two-phase system was also established.

Numerical simulation on the bomb case effects of non‐ideal aluminized explosive

AbstractThe detonation process of non‐ideal explosives is influenced by the casing of the bomb. Non‐ideal charges in the process of the explosion of live ammunition energy output mechanism and distribution ratio, the impact of the case on the explosion flow field, and other issues cannot be obtained through the existing theoretical analysis and testing techniques to obtain specific values. This paper establishes a “detonation+afterburning” energy output model to characterize the energy release characteristics of non‐ideal charges, using step‐by‐step numerical simulation of the near and middle, and far fields of the explosion, and verify simulation results through experiments, quantitative analysis the case of a type of earth penetrator on the normal particle size (4 μm) and two times the normal particle size (8 μm) of non‐ideal charges of aluminum powder explosion process. The results indicate that the presence of the casing enhances the energy output of aluminum powder with 4 μm by ≈5 %. When the particle size of aluminum powder is doubled, the maximum reaction rate and the peak of the shock wave are merely around 35 % and 75 %, respectively, compared to those of normal particle size. The detonation products, case fragments, and air constitute 49 %, 48 %, and 3 % of the overall explosion energy, respectively. The proportional equation of the conversion between the chemical energy of the explosion and the kinetic energy of the case fragments is obtained. These conclusions can provide data support for the design of non‐ideal charge warheads, lethality assessment, and establishment of engineering protection standards.

Effect of sludge-based suppression materials on the explosive flame characteristics of aluminium dust

A study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of sludge-based phosphate-containing composite powder explosion suppressants (MPP/AMS) on aluminium dust explosion and combustion. The experiment compared the inhibition characteristics of ordinary sewage sludge particles, high-temperature alkali-modified sludge particles, phosphate-containing particles, and phosphate-modified sludge particles. The study utilized a flame propagation experimental device and an explosion pressure testing device for comprehensive research. The experimental recording devices revealed that sludge-based composite powder explosion suppressants effectively inhibit aluminium powder explosion and combustion. Thermodynamic analysis of the rapid oxidation stage was performed using the Coats Redfern (C-R) method, and validation was conducted using the Flynn Wall Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS) methods. The results theoretically explain that sludge-based composite powder explosion suppressants can effectively suppress aluminium powder explosions and exhibit a blocking effect. Surface morphology and material element characterization experiments were conducted before and after the explosion, combined with pyrolysis characteristics. The analysis demonstrated that the inhibition mechanism of sludge-based composite powder explosion suppressants on aluminium powder explosion primarily involves two aspects: physical inhibition (MPP coating inhibition, porous adsorption isolation) and chemical inhibition (decomposition heat absorption, product oxidation). The theoretical findings provide evidence of the superior inhibitory effects of sludge-based composite powder explosion suppressants, offering new insights for the resource utilization of sludge waste and the development of novel explosion suppression materials.

Study on the suppression characteristics and mechanism of ABC powder on pulverized coal explosion based on the analysis of thermal decomposition characteristics and reaction kinetics

This study investigates the inhibitory characteristics and mechanisms of ABC powder on coal powder explosion using a combination of experimental, theoretical, and numerical methods. In a 20 L spherical explosion experimental system, coal powder was mixed with ABC powder at various mass concentrations. The microstructure and major functional groups of the explosion products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The proportions of the major functional groups were determined through peak fitting analysis. The research findings demonstrate that the introduction of 60 wt% ABC powder into the coal sample led to a significant decrease in the maximum explosion pressure, from 0.683 MPa to 0.454 MPa, indicating a remarkable reduction of 33.38%. Moreover, the inclusion of 70 wt% ABC powder exhibited complete suppression of coal dust explosions. Thermal decomposition characteristics of the mixed system were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the Coats-Redfern integral method was employed to analyze the pyrolysis experimental data. The results suggest that the optimal reaction kinetics models for the combustion stage of coal powder and the mixed system are F1 and F2, respectively. Adding ABC powder increases the activation energy by 27.35% and slows down the pyrolysis rate by 37.97%. Furthermore, numerical simulations using CHEMKIN software were conducted to study the inhibitory effect of ABC powder on coal powder explosion. The results demonstrate that the addition of ABC powder significantly reduces the content of O·, H·, and OH·radicals, which are responsible for sustaining explosive chain reactions within the explosion system. By incorporating the findings of this investigation, the present study offers a comprehensive explication of the intricate micro-level mechanisms that underlie the inhibitory properties exerted by ABC powder on coal dust explosions. These results contribute novel scientific and theoretical foundations, yielding profound insights into the prevention and mitigation of calamitous coal dust explosion incidents within coal mining environments.

The characteristics and microscopic mechanism of Al-Mg alloy powder explosion inhibited by MCA and NaH2PO4

The fine dust can be produced and suspended in the air during Al-Mg alloy polishing process, which has a high risk of powder explosion. To investigate the inhibition effects of ammonium salts and phosphates, the suppressants of melamine cyanurate (MCA) and NaH2PO4 were selected for preventing the explosion of Al-Mg alloy powder. The results showed that the inhibition sensitivity of MCA on Al-Mg alloy powder is superior to NaH2PO4. According to the results of the functional groups on the explosion products, it showed that the effective inhibitory concentrations of MCA for Mg and Al components are 20 wt% and 40 wt%, while the corresponding inhibitory concentrations of NaH2PO4 are 50 wt% and more than 70 wt%, respective. The explosion suppression mechanism of MCA mainly included the effects of gas-phase inerting and chain reaction interruption, whereas the mechanism of NaH2PO4 was oxygen isolating by physical covering and chain reaction interruption. MCA and of NaH2PO4 can suppress the flame propagation by the consumption of the H and OH free radicals. The consumption rate of MCA on O radical was six times that of NaH2PO4. The inhibiting effect of MCA on Al-Mg alloy powder explosion was superior to NaH2PO4. The results provides theoretical basis for the prevention and control of explosion accidents on Al-Mg alloy powder.

Effect of metal coating on physicochemical properties of ceramic foam for flame suppression application

Combustible dust may result in a catastrophic dust explosion with much larger accident consequences than gas explosions. In this study, porous materials are explored as a promising solution for mitigating explosions. This study focussed on the investigation of aluminium powder explosion in the influence of ceramic foam, with and without coating with non-precious nickel nanopowders. The microscopic properties and structural characteristics of the ceramic foam were analyzed using X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The findings revealed that the nickel-coated ceramic foams are non-uniform and almost spherical in shape, with obvious agglomerations of metallic-silica present on the strut structure. Compared to non-coated ceramic, it can be said that nickel-coated ceramic foams demonstrate a significant reduction in maximum overpressure by approximately 10%. This suggests that the interconnected micro-network structure of the nickel-ceramic walls aids in quenching the flame of the aluminium dust explosion and hence, suppressing the overpressure.

Inhibition effect of NH4H2PO4 on explosion flame propagation of aluminum alloy dust cloud

To investigate the inhibitory effect of NH4H2PO4 on the flame propagation of aluminum alloy dust clouds, experiments were conducted in cylindrical vertical ducts. High-speed cameras were employed to capture the explosion flames of aluminum alloy dust clouds under the coupled effect of NH4H2PO4 with different concentrations and particle sizes. The flame propagation behavior of NH4H2PO4/aluminum alloy dust was analyzed, and mathematical models were developed to describe the maximum distance and maximum velocity of NH4H2PO4 inhibition on the flame propagation of aluminum alloy dust clouds. Additionally, the inhibition characteristics of NH4H2PO4 on aluminum alloy dust explosions were studied in a 20 L spherical explosion container, and the thermal decomposition properties of NH4H2PO4 and aluminum alloy particles were investigated using a simultaneous thermal analyzer. Furthermore, the inhibition process of NH4H2PO4 on aluminum alloy dust was explored. The results demonstrate that the concentration of NH4H2PO4 has a greater impact on the inhibition effect on aluminum alloy dust, while the particle size has a smaller influence. Generally, as the concentration of NH4H2PO4 increases, the flame propagation distance and flame development rate decrease, leading to an enhanced inhibitory effect. The addition of NH4H2PO4 slows down the peak pressure of aluminum alloy dust explosions, resulting in a longer duration and smaller peak values of the “double-peak” pressure structure. When the particle size of NH4H2PO4 decreases and the concentration increases, the possibility of the “double-peak” structure decreases, forming a single-peak structure with lower peak values and pressure rise rates. The decomposition temperature of NH4H2PO4 precedes the combustion temperature of aluminum alloy particles. NH4H2PO4 absorbs thermal energy from the reaction system, exerting an inhibitory effect on aluminum alloy dust. The research findings provide valuable references for optimizing explosion suppression parameters and improving powder explosion suppression techniques.

Suppression method of industrial Al alloy powder explosion in dry and humid environment: A low-cost intrinsic safety technology

During the production and processing of Al alloy, a large number of small particle size powders will be produced. If the concentration of these Al alloy dust is too high under dry conditions, it will lead to dry powder explosion, and if hydrogen is produced in contact with water under wet conditions, it will lead to hydrogen explosion. This work is intended to develop a simple, cost effective technology that inerts waste Al alloy dust and minimizes its explosion hazards in different environments. Dihydrogen phosphates (KH2PO4, NH4H2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2) are used to test the explosion flame propagation, explosion pressure, and hydrogen evolution, of waste Al alloy dust. The results show that dihydrogen phosphate can significantly reduce the flame propagation distance, speed, explosion pressure and hydrogen evolution performance of Al alloy dust, and inhibit the explosion of Al alloy dust in dry and humid environment to varying degrees. In different experiments, Ca(H2PO4)2 has the best inerting effect, low cost and simple operation, which realizes the intrinsic safety of metal dust processing process. The phosphating film on the surface of Al alloy particles blocks the generation of Al(OH)3 and retains the metal body to the greatest extent, which provides a possibility for the recycling of waste metal dust.

Inhibition of aluminum powder explosion by sludge-based carbon nanotubes/phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant composite powder: Mechanism and kinetic model

Reducing or eliminating aluminum powder explosions is of great significance to preventing and reducing aluminum industry disasters. In order to find an appropriate way to prevent and alleviate the hidden danger of aluminum powder explosion, a sludge-based carbon nanotube (MS@CNTs) carrier with excellent performance was constructed in this paper, and the MPP-MS@CNTs composite powder was prepared by in-situ synthesis technology. The explosion flame propagation and pressure suppression experiments show that the composite powder can more effectively suppress the explosion of aluminum powder. When adding 60 wt% composite detonation inhibitor, the explosion inhibition of aluminum powder can be achieved. Combined with the methods of Redfern, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, it was found that the activation energy of aluminum powder increased after adding detonation inhibitor. Its inhibitory effect is theoretically demonstrated. The material properties before and after the explosion were compared and analyzed through characterization tests. Combined with pyrolysis characteristics, the inhibition mechanism of composite powder mainly includes coating inhibition, porous adsorption isolation, decomposition endothermic, and product oxidation, which provides a theoretical and practical basis for the prevention and control of explosion and fire accidents in the aluminum industry.

Montmorillonite Powder and Its Hydroxyl Modified Powder Experimental Study on the Inhibition of Lycopodium Powder Explosion

ABSTRACT In order to seek a better inhibitor to suppress the explosion of lycopodium powder, this paper used Hartmann experimental system and 20 L spherical explosion experimental system to conduct the flame propagation and explosion pressure suppression experiments of lycopodium powder explosion, respectively, to study the suppression effect of lycopodium powder explosion under the conditions of adding different proportions of montmorillonite powder and hydroxy modified montmorillonite powder, combined with the FTIR curves before and after the explosion of lycopodium powder as well as the reaction involving it and inhibitors, the inhibition mechanism of montmorillonite powder and hydroxy- montmorillonite powder on the explosion of lycopodium powder was analyzed. The experimental results show that: with the increase of the addition ratio of the two inhibitor powder, the flame brightness becomes darker, the flame propagation speed gradually decreases, and the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure change rate gradually decreases. By the analysis of inhibition mechanism: montmorillonite powder blocks and absorbs thermal radiation and has basically no chemical inhibition effect whose inhibition effect is relatively weak; hydroxy-montmorillonite powder in addition to the basic physical inhibition with montmorillonite powder, but also decomposition at high temperatures to generate a large number of hydroxyl radicals, the radicals generated can make the reaction of the explosion in the reverse direction, and nearly can block the explosion chain reaction continues, playing a key role in chemical inhibition. Research results show that: montmorillonite powder and hydroxyl modified montmorillonite powder on lycopodium powder explosion have a certain inhibition effect, and modified hydroxyl montmorillonite powder than montmorillonite powder on the lycopodium powder explosion inhibition effect is better.

Making hybrid mixture explosions a common case

Explosions of gas-dust hybrid mixtures have long been considered as particular cases encountered in specific industrial contexts. However, it should be reminded that during the explosion of an organic powder, the presence of a hybrid mixture composed of the dust itself and its pyrolysis gases is compulsory. On these premises, an experimental study to determine the role of cellulose pyrolysis products (gaseous, condensable and solid) on the global phenomenon is presented. Hybrid mixture explosion tests were exploited to carry out the investigation. The G-G furnace and the 20 L sphere were employed. Several experimental strategies were chosen to demonstrate the impact of pyrolysis reaction on the explosion of organic powders: i) the fuel equivalence ratio of the reactive mixture (case 1), or ii) the mass of reactants (case 2) were respectively kept constant, iii) the effects of water vapor, char and tar were tested. They were next compared to identify the most suitable one. The two first experimental approaches lead to significantly different results: only case 2 keeps the maximum explosion pressure almost constant, but maximum rate of pressure rises and deflagration index greatly decrease when the pyrolysis gases concentration decreases, which highlights the importance of the pyrolysis reaction on the explosion kinetics. It should also be stressed that the maximum explosion severity is not obtained for the pure gases but when a small dust content is added. The same evolution is observed when a small amount of char is introduced to pyrolysis gases, which underlines the influence of the radiative transfer. Adding small amounts of tar to cellulose tends to increase its explosion severity. However, this impact is less than that generated by the addition of pyrolysis gases.

Study on the Crystal Structure and Properties of a New Crystal Form: ζ-HMX

HMX is often used in military explosives and propellants due to its superior explosive properties. There already exist five different crystal forms of HMX. This paper synthesized a new form of ζ-HMX, in which the crystal is a trigonal system, and the space group is R3̅c. The crystal density is 1.330 g cm–3, and the calculated porosity is 31.0%, which provides the possibility for adsorption inside molecules and coating of military explosives. The crystal structure was tested by an X-ray single-crystal diffractometer. The thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), explosion performance, and safety performance were compared with the most stable-state β-HMX. The detonation velocity of ζ-HMX is 7530 m s–1, and the detonation pressure is 20.03 GPa. It has certain advantages in sensitivity, and this experimental result is in good agreement with the theoretical calculation of the crystal structure and electronic energy. This study has a certain reference value for HMX application in mixed explosives and propellants.

Coulomb explosion of powders under fast pressure decrease

A phenomenon of spontaneous expansion of dielectric particles with a decrease in pressure in a vacuum chamber is experimentally studied. There is a certain range of ambient pressure and pressure decreasing rate at which the phenomenon is observed. The experiments show that the phenomenon relates weakly to gas dynamics, influence of wall material and particle surface desorption. It is established that the Coulomb repulsion of charged particles causes this effect.

Area Contamination Due to Dry Settling and Point Source Stack Effluents Washout by Precipitates

The article deals with an accidental situation development final stage accompanied by a powder explosion (combustion) incoming to a nuclear weapon part or dirty bomb and fissile nuclear materials dispergation with discharge in the air. The Formulas for impurity level express assessment fallen to the earth surface due to dry settling and stack effluents washout by precipitates are given.

Study on inhibition of explosion of titanium powder by mesoporous calcium compound/carbonized chelating resin composite powder

In order to effectively inhibit the explosion of titanium powder, new mesoporous calcium compound/carbonized chelating resin composite powder was prepared in this paper using macroporous chelating resin as the substrate. The inhibition effect of mesoporous composite powder on the explosion pressure evolution and explosion flame spread of titanium powder was tested using Dust explosion test system and Hartmann experimental system, respectively. The experimental results show that when the addition ratio of mesoporous composite powder reaches 80%, the maximum pressure of titanium powder explosion is reduced to 0.259 MPa, and the explosion flame spread distance is reduced to 194.12 mm, which has an obvious inhibiting effect on titanium powder explosion. The results show that: mesoporous composite powder in a high-temperature environment, heat decomposition to generate a large number of calcium compounds, calcium compounds undergo chemical reactions consume a large number of radicals required for explosion reactions; while generating a large number of solid and gaseous substances, the formation of a dense carbon layer covering the surface of titanium powder to play a good barrier effect, and dilute the concentration of oxygen, further limiting the explosion reaction, with a good physical-chemical synergistic inhibition effect, to achieve a good effect of inhibiting the explosion of titanium powder. This study can make a contribution to the development of new explosion suppressing powder and the prevention and control of combustion and explosion accidents during industrial production; ultimately, it can realize the safe and orderly smooth production of enterprises involving combustible dust and gas.

Partial suppression of acetaminophen dust explosion by synergistic multiphase inhibitors

Drug powder explosions pose a potential threat to the process safety of pharmaceutical companies in the processing and storage of products. To explore a reasonable and efficient technology to prevent and mitigate the explosion of combustible drug dust, an experimental system of vertical combustion pipeline equipped with a partial suppression device was built, and the performance of N2 and CO2 loaded with hydrophobic SiO2 encapsulated SiO2 gel (HSESG) respectively to synergistically suppress the explosion of acetaminophen powder was investigated. The results demonstrated that N2/HSESG and CO2/HSESG were effective in reducing the flame average velocity (Vavg), maximum velocity (Vmax), velocity to the top of the pipe (Vtop), and maximum flame temperature (Tmax). N2 loaded with 60 wt% HSESG reduced the Vmax, Vavg, and Vtop of the explosion flame by 68.1%, 66.7%, and 81.3%, respectively, and Tmax by 58.7%. Acetaminophen dust explosion could be completely suppressed by CO2/40 wt% HSESG with 83.7%, 73.0%, and 85.7% decrease in Vmax, Vavg, and Vtop values, respectively, and 80.7% decline in Tmax. The results of thermal decomposition tests and residues characterization indicated that the partial suppression of N2/HSESG and CO2/HSESG was mainly accomplished through the synergistic interaction among thermodynamic, kinetic, and non-homogeneous chemical effects. Subsequently, the reason for the more pronounced suppression effect under the impact of CO2/HSESG was further explained.