Poverty Line Research Articles

Incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment among the elderly: an empirical evidence from India

World health statistics (2022) report that about 1.4 billion people have incurred catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and half of its population have pushed into extreme poverty due to healthcare payments. The elderly population faces a higher risk of ill health, and seeking treatment reflects in high out-of-pocket health spending (OOPHS) that results in CHE and further impoverishment. This study aims to investigate the incidence and intensity of OOPHS, CHE, and impoverishment among the older adults in India. Data utilizes from the 75th round of the national sample survey (NSS) based on household social consumption: health (schedule 25.0), 2018. The incidence and intensity of CHE and impoverishment among older adults in India estimated by using standard measures. The older adults spend about 17.4% of household consumption expenditure on healthcare services. The poorest older adults are spending the highest share of consumption expenditure (24.8%) on healthcare among economic quantiles. Similarly, the elderly from rural (20.3%), male (18.4%), scheduled castes (21.5%), and Hinduism (17.9%) show a larger share of consumption expenditure on healthcare services. The incidence and intensity of CHE among older adults are 46.5% and 16.1% at 10% threshold level of household consumption expenditure, respectively. However, as the threshold level rises the incidence and intensity of CHE decline. The estimates of normalized poverty gap using the poverty line of Tendulkar committee as well as Rangarajan committee show that the intensity of impoverishment among older adults are 56.4% and 57.9% respectively, which is quite high. Financial protection along with vision might mitigate the risk of CHE and impoverishment among older adults in India.

A Study Examining the Impact of County-Level Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Political Affiliation Characteristics on COVID-19 Vaccination Patterns in Indiana

The COVID-19 vaccination campaign resulted in uneven vaccine uptake throughout the United States, particularly in rural areas, areas with socially and economically disadvantaged groups, and populations that exhibited vaccine hesitancy behaviors. This study examines how county-level sociodemographic and political affiliation characteristics differentially affected patterns of COVID-19 vaccinations in the state of Indiana every month in 2021. We linked county-level demographics from the 2016–2020 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates and the Indiana Elections Results Database with county-level COVID-19 vaccination counts from the Indiana State Department of Health. We then created twelve monthly linear regression models to assess which variables were consistently being selected, based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and adjusted R-squared values. The vaccination models showed a positive association with proportions of Bachelor’s degree-holding residents, of 40–59 year-old residents, proportions of Democratic-voting residents, and a negative association with uninsured and unemployed residents, persons living below the poverty line, residents without access to the Internet, and persons of Other Race. Overall, after April, the variables selected were consistent, with the model’s high adjusted R2 values for COVID-19 cumulative vaccinations demonstrating that the county sociodemographic and political affiliation characteristics can explain most of the variation in vaccinations. Linking county-level sociodemographic and political affiliation characteristics with Indiana’s COVID-19 vaccinations revealed inherent inequalities in vaccine coverage among different sociodemographic groups. Increased vaccine uptake could be improved in the future through targeted messaging, which provides culturally relevant advertising campaigns for groups less likely to receive a vaccine, and increasing access to vaccines for rural, under-resourced, and underserved populations.

Analysis of some socio-economic factors affecting maternal health in Nigeria

This study examined socio-economic factors affecting maternal health in Nigeria. Mothers and children are at the highest risk of disease and death. Deaths of infants and children under-5 years are peculiar and closely related to maternal health, and the risk of death of children increases if their mothers die in childbirth. This study employed secondary data obtained from World Bank, CBN, and Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey from 1990 to 2022. Using the Error Correction Model (ECM), the data were subjected to regression analysis, where we estimated the relationship between dependent variable (maternal mortality) and independent variables (poverty rate, literacy rate, and level of government expenditure on health). The results show that poverty, literacy and government provision of healthcare facilities are major socio-economic factors affecting maternal health in Nigeria. This study therefore, recommended increase in budgetary allocation to the health sector, diversification of the economy aimed at poverty reduction, and the enforcement of free and compulsory basic education especially for the girl child, as the panacea for poor maternal health in Nigeria. Keywords: Mortality, Poverty, Literacy.

Poverty (Number 1 Goal of the SDG) of Disabled People through Disability Studies and Ability Studies Lenses: A Scoping Review

According to the World Bank, the world will not meet the SDG of ending extreme poverty in 2030. Disabled people live disproportionally below the poverty line. Many societal developments and discussions can influence the poverty level of disabled people. This study aimed to better understand the academic engagement with the poverty of disabled people in general and in Canada. To fulfill this aim, we performed a scoping review of academic abstracts obtained from SCOPUS, the 70 databases of EBSCO-HOST, and Web of Science. We performed a frequency count and a content analysis of abstracts containing the terms “poverty” or “impoverish*” or “socioeconomic” or “SES” or “income”. We ascertained how the abstracts engaged with the poverty of disabled people in general and in Canada and in conjunction with keywords linked to a select set of societal developments and discussions we saw as impacting poverty and being impacted by poverty. We also looked at the use of concepts coined to discuss ability judgments and social problems with being occupied, two areas that impact the poverty of disabled people. We found that disabled people were mentioned in 0.86% of the abstracts using the term “poverty” in general and 4.1% (88 abstracts) for Canada. For the terms “impoverish*”, “socioeconomic”, “SES”, and “income”, the numbers were 3.15% in general and 0.94% for Canada. The poverty of disabled people who also belong to other marginalized groups was rarely covered. Our qualitative content analysis revealed that many of the hit-count positive abstracts did not cover the poverty of disabled people. We found 22 relevant abstracts that covered the poverty of disabled people in conjunction with technologies, eight in conjunction with accessibility not already mentioned under technology, eight with intersectionality, seven with “activis*” or advocacy, three with sustainability, two with climate change, and none for burnout or ally. The occupation and ability judgment-focused concepts were rarely or not at all employed to discuss the poverty of disabled people. Our findings suggest many gaps in the coverage of the poverty of disabled people that need to be fixed.

Obstetrical and neonatal complications, prematurity, and childhood effortful control development: A longitudinal twin study.

Premature infants may be at risk for lower effortful control, and subsequent lower academic achievement, peer competence, and emotional and physical wellness throughout the lifespan. However, because prematurity is related to obstetrical and neonatal complications, it is unclear what may drive the effect. Effortful control also has a strong heritable component; therefore, environmental factors during pregnancy and the neonatal period may interact with genetic factors to predict effortful control development. In this study, we aimed to dissect the influences of genetics, prematurity, and neonatal and obstetrical complications on the development of effortful control from 12 months to 10 years using a twin cohort. This study used data from the Arizona Twin Project, an ongoing longitudinal study of approximately 350 pairs of twins. Twins were primarily Hispanic/Latinx (23.8%-27.1%) and non-Hispanic/Latinx White (53.2%-57.8%), and families ranged in socioeconomic status with around one third falling below or near the poverty line. Of the twins, 62.6% were born prematurely. Effortful control was assessed via parent report at six waves. There was not a significant relationship between gestational age and effortful control regardless of whether obstetrical and neonatal complications were controlled for. Biometric twin modeling revealed that the attentional focusing subdomain of effortful control was highly heritable. Gestational age did not moderate genetic and environmental estimates. Our findings help inform the risk assessment of prematurity and provide evidence for the differing etiology of each subdomain of effortful control and the strong role of genetics in effortful control development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Impact of immigrant-related stress on mental health among Mexican-origin families: Implications for a shifting and complex immigration climate.

Latinx immigrant families may face stressful experiences premigration, en route to the host country, and once they arrive in the host country (postmigration). The present study examines the impact of premigration stress and postmigration stress (together defined as immigrant-related stress) on the mental health of Mexican-origin parents and their children using both cross-sectional and longitudinal methodology. Data collection across four timepoints occurred from 2013 to 2018. At Time 1, 104 families were enrolled in the study and met the following criteria: (1) At least one Mexican-origin immigrant parent; (2) One child between the ages of 6-10 years; and (3) Family income at or below 150% of the federal poverty line. Hierarchical multiple regression and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) were used to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal data, respectively. HLM models revealed that higher postmigration stress over time (2013-2018) was related to higher mental health problems among parents and children. Higher premigration stress was associated with higher parent-reported child mental health problems, while postmigration stress was associated with higher parent mental health problems. Specifically, discrimination emerged as a salient factor of poor parent mental health. Immigrant-related stress was related to higher total parent and child mental health problems. This study demonstrates the strong impact of postmigration stress on mental health over the span of several years and during a time of heightened stress for many Mexican immigrant communities. The results inform the need for family-wide interventions that address the complexities of immigrant-related stress as well as comprehensive policy changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF MICRO-CREDIT ON POVERTY STATUS OF MICRO ENTREPRENEURS IN IKERE EKITI, NIGERIA

This study investigated how engagement in microcredit programs impacts the poverty status of microentrepreneurs in the Ikere Local Government Area of Ekiti state, Nigeria. The study selected 126 respondents through random sampling, comprising 57 microcredit beneficiaries and 69 non-beneficiaries. Data was gathered via structured questionnaires and analyzed using various statistical methods including descriptive statistics, FGT poverty measure, Probit regression, and comparison of means.The average per capita household expenditure in the study area was N 13,877.49, which was used to establish poverty thresholds of N 9,251.66 and N 4,625.83 for categorizing households as moderately poor and core poor respectively. The findings revealed a poverty incidence of 27 percent among microcredit beneficiaries and 29 percent among non-beneficiaries.Probit regression analysis indicated that female-headed households tended to be economically disadvantaged compared to male-headed ones. Furthermore, each additional year of formal education, possession of assets, and participation in microcredit were associated with reductions in poverty status by 0.994, 0.0529, and 0.08 respectively.A comparison of expenditure between microcredit beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries revealed higher expenditure among the former. The study suggests that policies promoting the establishment of more microcredit groups for impoverished households could be effective in alleviating poverty.

Universal free school meals: Examining factors influencing adoption of the Community Eligibility Provision

AbstractRecognizing school meals as critical safety nets for children in low‐income households, many states are passing legislation to adopt universal free school meals, linking their funding to the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP), a federally funded universal free school meal program. However, about half of all eligible school districts did not participate in CEP in the school year 2018–2019. Using a policy diffusion approach and a Cox regression model, this research demonstrates the importance of a school district's identified student percentage (poverty level) and a state's direct certification rate (certifying students for free meals) in increasing the likelihood of CEP adoption.

Spatial Differentiation Characteristics, Driving Mechanisms, and Governance Strategies of Rural Poverty in Eastern Tibet

Rural areas in Tibet, with its complex terrain, fragile ecology, and poor facilities, are subject to a combination of social–ecological system elements, facing the typical risks of recurrent, marginal, and potential poverty. At present, the spatial differentiation and driving mechanism of rural spatial poverty risk in Tibet are not clear, which adversely affects the formulation of differentiated and precise governance strategies. Thus, based on the social–ecological system perspective, 967 poor rural villages in eastern Tibet were taken as an example, using intelligent techniques such as random forest, geographic detector, and multi-scale geographically weighted regression to identify the spatial differentiation characteristics and the driving mechanism of poverty. The results indicated that (1) the high poverty incidence of rural areas in eastern Tibet showed a scattered block distribution, of which approximately 37% of the villages presented a spatial distribution characterised by a high degree of clustering of the high poverty incidence. (2) Topography and the level of public facilities were key factors influencing the poverty levels of rural areas in eastern Tibet, in which the coupling explanatory power between the construction land slope index (CLSI) and several poverty-causing factors was high. (3) Geological disaster, land surface temperature, CLSI, traffic accessibility, livestock resources, cropland per capita, and tourism resources differentially drove the poverty incidence of rural areas in eastern Tibet, forming spatial partitions dominated by the risks of potential, marginal, and recurrent poverty. For different partitions, differentiated governance strategies of upgrading ecological environments, optimising geographical locations, and revitalising social resources were proposed to provide references for solving the problem of relative poverty in the new period.

Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children.

With the prevalence of e-cigarette use (vaping) increasing worldwide, there are concerns about children's exposure to secondhand vapor. To compare nicotine absorption among children who are (1) exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke only or (2) exposed to secondhand vapor only with (3) those exposed to neither. The US Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a repeat cross-sectional survey. Participants are interviewed in their homes and, several days after, visit a mobile examination center to provide biological specimens. This study uses data from a nationally representative sample of US households from 2017 to 2020. Participants were children aged 3 to 11 years with serum cotinine levels incompatible with current firsthand nicotine use (ie, <15 μg/L). The final analysis was conducted on January 9, 2024. Reported exposure to secondhand smoke or vapor indoors in the past 7 days (only secondhand smoke, only secondhand vapor, or neither). Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, family income, body weight, and height. The primary outcome was serum cotinine concentration, an objective biomarker of nicotine absorption. Geometric mean cotinine levels and 95% CIs were calculated using log-normal tobit regression, accounting for the complex survey design and weights. The mean (SD) age of the 1777 children surveyed was 7.4 (2.6) years, 882 (49.6%) were female, and 531 (29.9%) had family incomes below the poverty level. Nicotine absorption, as indexed by serum cotinine level, was highest among children only exposed to secondhand smoke (0.494 μg/L μg/L; 95% CI, 0.386-0.633 μg/L), followed by those exposed only to secondhand vapor (0.081 μg/L; 95% CI, 0.048-0.137 μg/L), equating to 83.6% (95% CI, 71.5%-90.5%; P < .001) lower nicotine absorption. Among children with no reported secondhand exposure, the geometric mean cotinine level was 0.016 μg/L (95% CI, 0.013-0.021 μg/L), or 96.7% (95% CI, 95.6%-97.6%; P < .001) lower than for those with exposure to secondhand smoke. Results were similar after covariate adjustment. In this cross-sectional study of US children, nicotine absorption was much lower in children who were exposed to secondhand vapor vs secondhand smoke, but higher than in those exposed to neither. These findings suggest that switching from smoking to vaping indoors may substantially reduce, but not eliminate, children's secondhand exposure to nicotine and other noxious substances.

Unveiling the influence of reproductive health on poverty: a cross-sectional study in Magwi County, South Sudan

Objective: To understand the relationship between household poverty and reproductive health characteristics in Magwi County, South Sudan. Background: Household poverty is a significant issue in many countries, including South Sudan. Poverty has been identified as a major obstacle to international development, affecting various aspects of development goals such as food security and health. Despite interventions by organizations like the World Bank, poverty rates in beneficiary countries like South Sudan have not seen significant reductions, suggesting the presence of predictors of poverty from behavioral, structural, and political origins. Methods: The study was conducted using an analytical cross-sectional survey design. The study targeted female and male spouses in households and employed a multistage sampling approach to select participants. Result: The results of the study revealed that the level of household poverty in Magwi County was 42%. The prevalence of household poverty was found to be influenced by reproductive health characteristics. The use of short-acting contraception by women was associated with a higher prevalence of poverty, whereas women who had ever aborted a pregnancy had a lower prevalence of poverty. Unintended pregnancy and inconsistent condom use by men were also associated with higher poverty rates, whereas men with only one sexual partner had lower poverty rates. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between household reproductive health characteristics and poverty in Magwi County, South Sudan. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive approaches that address both behavioral and structural factors to effectively reduce poverty and improve development outcomes.

Spatial Analysis of Regional Poverty Rates in Bali for the period 2016-2020

Poverty is a severe issue for local governments, particularly in Bali. This study aims to investigate factors influencing the regional poverty rate in Bali Province between 2016 and 2020. In the primary data obtained from BPS Bali Province, spatial regression data approaches and analyses were used. The findings show that housing, access to technology, and availability of natural resources affect poverty rates. The poverty line in Bali in the period 2016–2020 fluctuated significantly. Urban and rural poverty levels are affected by the availability of rice. At the same time, non-food commodities are higher in rural areas regarding housing, religious ceremonies, and customs. The contribution of the food poverty line to the urban poverty line was 68.76% less than the contribution of the food poverty line to the rural poverty line, which was 69.74%. From 2016 to 2020, the districts of Buleleng, Karangasem, Klungkung, and Tabanan each had the highest poverty depth index. The poverty depth index in urban areas reached 0.653, and in rural areas, 0.753. The severity index for urban poverty is 0.154, which is lower than the severity index for rural poverty, which is 0.156.

Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Tamilnadu State

Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Tamilnadu State

Household Health Care Payments Under Rate Setting, Spending Growth Target, and Single-Payer Policies

Households have high burden of health care payments. Alternative financing approaches could reduce this burden for some households. To estimate the distribution of household health care payments across income under health care reform policies. Cross-sectional study with microsimulation used nationally representative data of the US population in 2030. Civilian, noninstitutionalized population from the 2022 Current Population Survey linked to expenditures from the 2018 and 2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and 2022 National Health Expenditure Accounts were included. Rate regulation of hospital, physician, and other health care professional payments equal to the all-payer mean in the status quo, spending growth target at 4% annual per capita growth, and single-payer health care financed through taxes. Household health care payments (out-of-pocket expenses, premiums, and taxes) as a share of compensation. The synthetic population contained 154 456 records representing 339.5 million individuals, with 51% female, 7% Asian, 14% Black, 18% Hispanic White, 56% non-Hispanic White, and 5% other races and ethnicities (American Indian or Alaskan Native only; Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander only; and 2 or more races). In the status quo, mean household health care payments as a share of compensation was 24% to 27% (standard error [SE], 0.2%-1.2%) across income groups (median [IQR] 22% [4%-52%] below 139% of the federal poverty level [FPL]; 21% [4%-34%] for households above 1000% FPL [11% of the population]). Under rate setting, mean (SE) payments by households above 1000% FPL increased to 29% (0.6%) (median [IQR], 22% [6%-35%]) and decreased to 23% to 25% for other income groups. Under the spending growth target, mean (SE) payments decreased from 23% to 26% (SE, 0.2%-1.2%) across income groups. Under the single-payer system, mean (SE) payments declined to 15% (0.7%) (median [IQR], 4% [0%-30%]) for those below 139% FPL and increased to 31% (0.6%) (median [IQR], 23% [3%-39%]) for those above 1000% FPL. Uninsurance fell from 9% to 6% under rate setting due to improved Medicaid access, and to zero under the single-payer system. Single-payer financing based on the current federal income tax schedule and a payroll tax could substantially increase progressivity of household payments by income. Rate setting led to slight increases in payments by higher-income households, who financed higher payment rates in Medicare and Medicaid. Spending growth targets reduced payments slightly for all households.

Changes in Health Care and Prescription Medication Affordability in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In the US, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant rise in unemployment and economic loss that disproportionately impacted low-income individuals. It is unknown how health care and prescription medication affordability changed among low-income adults during the COVID-19 pandemic overall and compared with their higher-income counterparts. To evaluate changes in health care affordability and prescription medication affordability during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021 and 2022) compared with pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels (2019) and whether income-based inequities changed. This retrospective cross-sectional study included adults 18 years and older participating in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in 2019, 2021, and 2022. Low-income adults were defined as having a household income of 200% or less of the federal poverty level (FPL); middle-income adults, 201% to 400% of the FPL; and high-income adults, more than 400% of the FPL. Data were analyzed from June to November 2023. Measures of health care affordability and prescription medication affordability. The study population included 89 130 US adults. Among the weighted population, 51.6% (95% CI, 51.2-52.0) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 48.0 (0.12) years. Compared with prepandemic levels, during the COVID-19 pandemic, low-income adults were less likely to delay medical care (2022: 11.2%; 95% CI, 10.3-12.1; 2019: 15.4%; 95% CI, 14.3-16.4; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66-0.81) or avoid care (2022: 10.7%; 95% CI, 9.7-11.6; 2019: 14.9%; 95% CI, 13.8-15.9; aRR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.64-0.80) due to cost, while high-income adults experienced no change, resulting in a significant improvement in income-based disparities. Low-income and high-income adults were less likely to experience problems paying medical bills but experienced no change in worrying about medical bills during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with prepandemic levels. Across measures of prescription medication affordability, low-income adults were less likely to delay medications (2022: 9.4%; 95% CI, 8.4-10.4; 2019: 12.7%; 95% CI, 11.6-13.9; aRR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65-0.84), not fill medications (2022: 8.9%; 95% CI, 8.1-9.8; 2019: 12.0%; 95% CI, 11.1-12.9; aRR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66-0.83), skip medications (2022: 6.7%; 95% CI, 5.9-7.6; 2019: 10.1%; 95% CI, 9.1-11.1; aRR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57-0.77), or take less medications (2022: 7.3%; 95% CI, 6.4-8.1; 2019: 11.2%; 95% CI, 10.%-12.2; aRR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56-0.74) due to costs, and these patterns were largely similar among high-income adults. Improvements in measures of health care and prescription medication affordability persisted even after accounting for changes in health insurance coverage and health care use. These patterns were similar when comparing measures of affordability in 2021 with 2019. Health care affordability improved for low-income adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a narrowing of income-based disparities, while prescription medication affordability improved for all income groups. These findings suggest that the recent unwinding of COVID-19 pandemic-related safety-net policies may worsen health care affordability and widen existing income-based inequities.

Perceived Impacts of the Expanded Child Tax Credit Cessation Based on Family Income Level.

The 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit (ECTC) lifted millions of children out of poverty and drastically improved well-being. These impacts were particularly salient for families with lower income among those who received the full ECTC benefit. This study gathered lived experiences on the ECTC cessation and explored differential impacts across income levels to inform discussions around policy restoration. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents who had a child (2-12 years) who received the full ECTC. Interviews occurred in May 2022 after the ECTC ended. Changes in financial security and health were assessed. Families were classified as having lower vs. higher income (LI; n=19 vs. HI; n=19) corresponding to household income below vs. above 200% of the Federal Poverty Line. Inductive analysis and constant-comparison methods generated themes on similarities/differences between groups. Results indicated families with LI experienced severe financial constraints and greater negative emotions, after the ECTC ended. Many reduced spending, budgeted, accepted financial support from family/friends, and delayed credit card payments. More families with HI reported the ECTC provided a financial buffer placingthem in a more secure position to meet current needs. Both groups reported negative impacts from inflation coinciding with the ECTC ending and minimal changes in their income tax return. Families overwhelmingly reported a desire for the ECTC to continue, despite experiencing different degrees of impact due to these financial changes. Families with LI faced greater hardships after the ECTC ended. Differences across income highlight the need for ECTC restoration, particularly for families in severely under-resourced circumstances.

Kondisi perekonomian indonesia pasca covid 19

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the Indonesian economy, causing a decline in economic growth, increasing poverty levels and pressure on the business sector. This article presents an analysis of the condition of the Indonesian economy after Covid-19, economic recovery, the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), global news, and international cooperation through the G20 forum. Even though there are signs of improvement in Indonesia's economic prospects, challenges remain, especially regarding the recovery of MSMEs which have been badly affected. It is hoped that continued support from the government, structural reforms and international cooperation will help Indonesia achieve a sustainable and inclusive economic recovery in the future.

Analyzing variability in urban energy poverty: A stochastic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation approach

Urban energy poverty remains a critical challenge affecting millions worldwide, with significant implications for socio-economic development and sustainability. This study employs Monte Carlo simulations to analyze the variability in energy poverty, as measured by the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI). Through this approach, we explored how different socio-economic predictors affect MEPI scores across five scenarios: economic growth and diversification, energy transition and technological innovation, climate change impacts and vulnerability, policy intervention and social safety nets, and stagnation and rising inequality. The sensitivity analysis revealed that household income, size, and food security are paramount in influencing urban energy poverty levels. Scenarios involving economic growth and technological innovation demonstrated positive impacts on reducing energy poverty, while scenarios of climate change and economic stagnation highlighted the vulnerabilities and widening disparities within populations. The results suggest that to effectively alleviate urban energy poverty, policy interventions must be comprehensive, targeting the identified influential factors. The study emphasizes the need for targeted policy interventions on social safety nets to alleviate energy poverty.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Pengangguran, dan Upah Minimum Regional terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

The government's efforts to enhance economic growth and public service quality as a solution to poverty emphasize income and quality of life improvement. However, this approach needs to consider local dynamics and regional economic structures. Accurate data on poverty are crucial for designing effective policies to enhance community welfare in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). This research examines factors influencing poverty levels in NTT, particularly the impacts of economic development, unemployment, and regional minimum wages. Analysis using EViews 10 software shows that economic growth and unemployment significantly affect poverty, whereas regional minimum wages do not. This study provides insights for economic development and poverty alleviation policies, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions to enhance community welfare in NTT, given the complexity of poverty issues requiring holistic and diverse approaches to mitigation efforts.

DEI-05. ASSESSING HOUSEHOLD MATERIAL HARDSHIP IN CHILDREN WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) TUMORS

Abstract BACKGROUND Household material hardship (HMH) is defined as unmet basic needs including food, heat, housing, or transportation. Researchers have documented higher rates of poor nutrition, injury, infectious disease, and hospitalization in healthy children living in families with household material hardship. Furthermore, targeted interventions exist to modify these health outcomes. However, little is known regarding the relationship between social determinants of health and their impact on overall and quality of survival for children with brain or spinal cord tumors. The current available information is based upon retrospective and secondary data sources, often limited to basic socioeconomic factors such as race and ethnicity. The objective was to describe the change in household material hardship through patient reported outcome measures from baseline to six-months and explore the association between social determinants of health, including prospective household material hardship data, and clinical outcomes among children with brain and spinal cord tumors. METHODS We aimed to enroll 150 patients with a brain or spinal cord tumors who were followed by the Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Program at Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health. These participants were approached during their routinely scheduled clinic visits by a member of the study team. Written or verbal consent/assent was obtained, and their data was transcribed into a REDCap™ database. RESULTS To date, we have enrolled 118 children onto this study, with 35/76 participants completing their six-month follow-up survey. In line with Kira Bona’s previous work, we have found that around 30% acknowledged one positive domain of household material hardship. Additionally, we have found that almost 40% of our cohort fall below the 200% Federal Poverty Level, which is often considered a cutpoint for lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that collecting prospective patient reported sociodemographic information is feasible in a busy clinical setting.