Poverty In Regions Research Articles

Assessing the suitability of water for irrigation purposes using irrigation water quality indices in the Irob catchment, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Irrigation alleviates poverty in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Ethiopia, necessitating a water suitability assessment. This study evaluates irrigation water quality in the Irob catchment, Northern Ethiopia. It differs by using combined parameters of the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for comprehensive assessment beyond standard comparisons. Eighteen water samples were collected and analyzed using ultraviolet spectrometry, titration, and atomic absorption spectrometry. The evaluation included parameters such as salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index, magnesium ratio, Kelly's index, potential salinity, and the IWQI. The findings revealed that 22.2, 38.9, 88.8, 66.7, 83.3, 66.7, 100, 72.2, and 55.6% of samples exceeded recommended standards for electrical conductivity, TDS, TH, permeability index, manganese, cobalt, copper, cadmium, and nickel, respectively. Most water quality parameters meet standards, but improved irrigation management is crucial to reduce risks. The IWQI indicates that 22.2% of water samples have minor restrictions, while 77.8% have no restrictions. This method provides key insights for evaluating irrigation water quality in similar hydrogeological and environmental conditions, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. The findings enhance the understanding of sustainable water quality, supporting local authorities in developing resilient irrigation strategies for regional agricultural sustainability.

EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL – UMA ANÁLISE CONCEITUAL

The environmental issues affecting the globe have been intensifying since the Industrial Revolution, which began in 1789, at the end of the 18th century. Technological development enabled humans to expand their capacity for exploration and extraction of natural resources, resulting in the concentration of wealth in the hands of a small group of international organizations, with the complicity of the most developed nations. The consequences of this predatory development model are evident: global warming, uncontrolled population growth, environmental degradation, and an exponential increase in poverty in various regions. This study, through a bibliographic review, seeks to identify trends and assess the possible consequences of this scenario for the lives of citizens on planet Earth. The focus is to suggest mitigating actions that can curb environmental devastation and ensure a more sustainable future, preserving human life on what was once known as the "blue planet," but which, in recent decades, has been marked by the spread of gray areas due to wildfires and increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The drastic reduction in biodiversity, with the extinction of numerous species of fauna and flora, is an irrefutable fact that demands immediate attention.

Sustainable Development Program: Synergism Integrated Farming System Implementation in Tambrauw, West Papua with A Holistic Approach

Indonesia, as an agricultural country with abundant natural resources, still faces the problem of poverty in various regions, especially in West Papua. The high poverty rate in this area is related to the low access to education, food security, and proper economic resources. In an effort to address these issues, the Integrated Farming System (IFS) is considered a potential solution to improve community welfare and support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets. This study aims to identify the benefits, challenges and opportunities of IFS implementation in Tambrauw Regency, West Papua, with a focus on its contribution to the achievement of the five SDGs targets, including poverty and hunger alleviation, and improvement of quality of life and environment. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative study through literature review and secondary data analysis. Data were taken from various sources such as scientific journals, books, and official documents relevant to the research topic. The results show that the implementation of IFS in Tambrauw has the potential to increase agricultural and livestock productivity, create new jobs, and promote sustainable food production. In addition, the use of organic fertilizers and a holistic approach can have a positive impact on the environment and local communities. IFS is an effective program in supporting the achievement of SDGs through empowerment of local communities and sustainable use of existing resources. However, further support in the form of technological innovation and sustainable government policies are needed to ensure the long-term success of this program.

Multi-Dimensional Decomposition, Measurement, and Governance Mechanism of Relative Poverty in Chinese Households under the Goal of Common Prosperity: Empirical Analysis Based on CFPS2020 Data

From the perspective of household productivity, this paper analyzes the capital composition of the household and the formation mechanism of relative poverty. Based on the CFPS data in 2020, it uses the Alkire–Foster (AF) index to measure the breadth and depth of relative poverty in different regions and puts forward its governance mechanism. The results show that there are significant differences between urban and rural areas and among different regions. The relative poverty incidence rate is mainly concentrated in four indicators, accounting for 30.8% of the total number of indicators. From high to low, the incidences of relative poverty in a single dimension include financial assets, livelihood assets, health, and employment levels. The breadth is mainly reflected in economic capital, health, employment, and education level. The depth is reflected in financial assets, health level, and social network indicators. Except for the social capital dimension, the poverty in rural areas is higher than urban areas, and the central and western regions are higher than the eastern regions, showing a distinct characteristic of imbalanced urban–rural and regional development. This paper proposes the relative poverty governance mechanism of households’ capital accumulation, urban–rural integrated development and regional coordinated development.

Mobile phones, income diversification, and poverty reduction in rural Bangladesh

AbstractThe widespread adoption of mobile phones (MPs) presents the possibility of creating employment and self‐employment opportunities. Although several studies have documented the impact of MPs on income, the link between MP ownership and poverty reduction channeled by income diversification has not been fully explored. This paper aims to examine this relationship using nationally representative panel data and fixed effect models to account for confounding factors and unobserved heterogeneity. Results indicate that MP ownership is associated with increased income diversification, particularly through on‐farm and off‐farm self‐employment, as well as non‐earned income. This relationship is more pronounced in households with lower levels of education and deprived areas. In addition, owning a MP is also found to decrease poverty via income diversification. Therefore, policies aimed at enhancing access to mobile technologies could create a resilient income portfolio by decreasing transaction costs and improving market efficiency, ultimately mitigating poverty in rural regions.

From space to place: mapping poverty in Turkish regions with NASA’s global gridded relative deprivation index

From space to place: mapping poverty in Turkish regions with NASA’s global gridded relative deprivation index

Government Strategy in Overcoming Structural Poverty in the South Coast

Structural poverty poses a significant challenge in many developing countries, including Indonesia. Based on the Republic of Indonesia Regulation Number 15 (2010) and the Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation Number 42 (2010), poverty alleviation requires coordinated efforts among stakeholders. This study highlights the integrated role of the community in formulating and implementing plans to reduce poverty. In the context of development, it is crucial to understand that structural poverty is often caused by the economic decline of communities, particularly related to access to land resources, such as agricultural land. The research methodology adopted is a qualitative approach with a descriptive method to depict the government's strategies in addressing structural poverty in the South coastal areas. The research findings indicate that solving structural poverty issues requires targeted adjustments to enhance long-term effectiveness and positive impact. Collaboration between the government, communities, and non-governmental organizations is key to addressing structural poverty in coastal regions. With a deep understanding of the root causes of structural poverty, it is expected that the measures taken can provide sustainable solutions and positive impacts for the affected communities.

“Neither Water, nor War:” the Problem of Fresh Water in International Relations of the First Quarter of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century

In this article, the author compares the objective dynamics of changes in the state of the water problem since the beginning of the 21st century, which has continued to worsen in most regions of the world, and its foreign policy dimension, noting the transition from the global water alarmism of the 1990s to the challenges for small and medium powers, in solving the problems in which no major actor is yet actively interested. Fresh water, despite the slogans at the end of the last century about future water wars, the “blue oil” and the “new gold” of the 21ST century, has not become, and is unlikely to become, the cause of confrontation between great powers, while medium and small powers are still confine themselves to more traditional forms of conflict, including in the Tigris, the Euphrates and the Jordan basins, which have been seen for decades as a testing ground for future water wars. This does not negate the role of water bodies and ecosystems in promoting development or, conversely, in perpetuating the poverty and backwardness in entire regions. Waters remain in competition as an important source of water-intensive goods that can be converted into valuable assets – water-intensive goods, energy or the ability to achieve higher levels of the Human Development Index. And, of course, they can be used to exacerbate ethnic and political conflicts. This is where the potential of Russia, the world’s second water power, comes into play, both in terms of directly regulating regional water challenges and in influencing the approaches of international organizations and associations, in which Moscow plays a prominent role.

New measurement approaches to identifying spatial concentrations of poor and low-income households in German city regions

The question of whether 21st-century urbanization dynamics are leading to a suburbanization of poverty in Western city regions has been on the agenda of spatial researchers and housing policymakers for over a decade now. Persistent reurbanization trends are putting increased pressure on inner-city housing markets, resulting in affordability problems for low-income households. Evidence from the US and the UK shows that financing mechanisms in the real estate sector were severely disrupted in the aftermath of the financial crisis in 2009 and subsequent years, with many households losing their homes and being forced to move. Though social security systems and social housing policies generally have a moderating effect, they vary widely across Western countries. Against this background, this paper presents three spatial observation methods tailored to the spatial analysis of poverty concentrations in Germany. The methods are based on three popular conceptualizations of poverty: material poverty, relative poverty, and the concept of neighbourhood deprivation. The main novelty presented in this paper is a cold-spot analysis of purchasing power in 33 city regions using interactive map visualizations and complemented by socioeconomic indicators. Expert feedback verifies the validity of the approach which addresses a ‘blind spot’ in assessing poverty in Germany, where many low-income households are increasingly exposed to risks of poverty despite not qualifying for social benefits.

The Role of the MSME Sector; Its Implicit Growth and Contribution to Entrepreneurship and Employment Generation in Dimapur, Nagaland

MSMEs are important to the economy and have been shown to be particularly effective in eliminating poverty in the lowest-income regions as well as regional imbalances. This study’s primary goal is to evaluate the effectiveness and contribution of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs), which foster entrepreneurship and create jobs for a variety of people, thus boosting the economy’s growth on both a regional and national level. Through comprehensive analysis and empirical investigation, the study aims to uncover the implicit growth trajectories of the MSME sector and its significant contributions to entrepreneurial endeavours and the creation of sustainable employment avenues. By shedding light on these vital aspects, the research seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners aimed at fostering economic development and fostering a conducive environment for MSME growth in the region. However, the total number of beneficiaries during the designated time frame is 443. The status of employment generation under the MSMEs is seen to be increasing at a rapid rate from 3301 in F.Y. 2020 -2021 to 14117 in F.Y. 2023 – 2024.

The Application of Weighted Ranking Method Using Combination of ROC and CPI to Select Eligible Family for Keluarga Harapan Program Aids

The Keluarga Harapan Program (KHP), a financial assistance, is a program launched by the government to deal with poverty in various regions of Indonesia by conducting direct surveys and collecting data on disadvantaged families in each region. However, the issue is that many recipients do not meet the appropriate criteria or are not categorized as recipients. The Composite Performance Index and Rank Centeroid algorithms are a solution in the selection process for the recipients for the KHP by carrying out the analysis and comparison stages of whether they are categorized as KM (Disadvantage Families) through several stages. The results obtained based on analysis for recipient selection with a minimum performance index coverage value of 70% can be categorized as eligible to receiv assistance. In this study, 50 KM data samples were taken with the highest assessment value 128.41. In the top tenth ranking of the highest score from the 50 data held indicated that they were truly entitled to receive PKH KM financial assistance. Before using this method, only around 40% was eligible recipients.

Understanding total factor productivity changes of Chinese N-fertilizer firms during raw material supply disruptions: a capacity utilization perspective

ABSTRACT Limiting fossil fuel usage is seen as essential to combat climate change; however, nitrogen fertilizers (or N-fertilizers) heavily rely on fossil fuels. Disruptions in fossil fuel supply are likely to negatively impact N-fertilizer production, worsening food crises and poverty in underdeveloped regions. In this study, we revisit the Coal Resource Consolidation Campaign (CRCC), an industrial reform campaign that aimed at increasing the mechanization and recovery rates to enhance the Chinese coal industry’s competitiveness but resulted in a shortage of anthracite lump coal supply, the primary feedstock for Chinese N-fertilizer firms at that time. We examine CRCC’s impact on the total factor productivity (TFP) of Chinese coal-based N-fertilizer firms during 2008–2013 using a difference-in-differences model. TFP is decomposed into capacity utilization (CU) and pure TFP. Our findings indicate a significant 33.4–34.2% decline in TFP due to CRCC. Further analysis reveals that a 6.3% decline in CU, not pure TFP, was the primary driver of the TFP loss from 2011 to 2013. We recommend that policymakers should assess the impact of climate change policies comprehensively, and the government should support the adaptation and innovation of feedstock in the N-fertilizer industry to avoid feedstock supply disruptions.

Unveiling groundwater potential zones as catalyst for multidimensional poverty reduction using analytical hierarchical process and geospatial decision support systems (S-DSS) approach in the semiarid region, Jigawa, Nigeria

Integrating agricultural production with the identification and use of groundwater resources has been shown to reduce multidimensional poverty in semi-arid regions. Poverty reduction and socioeconomic growth depend on sustainable water supply, especially in developing countries with limited rainy seasons. Poverty eradication is a top priority among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and its reduction in the 21st century has led to significant advances in research. This study used remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and geospatial decision support system (S-DSS) approaches to uncover potential groundwater zones. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) integrates geospatial data to create a groundwater potential zone map and suggests the best land requirements for groundwater abstraction for poverty alleviation programs. The groundwater potential zone maps indicate that the majority of the region was in the high-potential zone, covering 59.75% of the total area, followed by a moderate-potential zone at 23.21%, an extremely high-potential zone at 14.6%, a low-potential zone at 2.44%, and an extremely low-potential zone at 0%. In addition, the study emphasizes the need for alternative water sources and infrastructure development in dry seasons in areas with fewer drainage systems and proposes measures such as rainwater harvesting structures and small reservoirs. Diversifying income sources by promoting alternative livelihoods can help reduce poverty and vulnerability to fluctuations in agricultural productivity. The integration of socioeconomic data into the S-DSS framework will provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between groundwater resources, poverty, and socioeconomic development, enabling informed decision-making in water resource management for poverty reduction initiatives and the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals.

A complete decade of multidimensional poverty in agro-environmental regions of Pakistan: a spatial evidence of agrarian and non-agrarian communities

A complete decade of multidimensional poverty in agro-environmental regions of Pakistan: a spatial evidence of agrarian and non-agrarian communities

Spatiotemporal changes of poverty based on the perspective of ecological poverty reduction: evidence from guangdong province, China

To explore the evolving trends of ecological poverty reduction in impoverished counties within Guangdong Province, this study adopts the Driver-State-Response (DSR) model. We establish an ecological poverty evaluation index system, predict the poverty reduction index using a neural network, analyze the developmental relationship between the ecological environment and socio-economy within Guangdong’s impoverished counties utilizing an improved decoupling index, and finally employ a heatmap to dissect the spatiotemporal distribution features of poverty alleviation pressure. The main findings are as follows: (1) Fewer poor counties in Guangdong Province decouple natural ecology and social economy between 2013 and 2021, but overall poverty pressure is declining; (2) The pressure to reduce poverty and its changes vary greatly across different regions, with the pressure being concentrated in the north and less in the center and east. The essay makes appropriate policy recommendations for reducing poverty in various Guangdong Province regions based on the aforementioned findings.

Cross-Border E-Commerce as a Way of Alleviating and Reducing Poverty: The Case of China

This study aims to examine the impact of cross-border e-commerce on rural income in China. Economic reforms in China since 1978 have led to the emancipation of approximately 700 million individuals from poverty. Recent rural economic growth in China has been significantly influenced by the widespread adoption of e-commerce, which is being hailed as a potent tool for reducing poverty in rural regions. Through enhanced access to government services, banking facilities, healthcare, and other vital amenities, as well as the provision of global market opportunities for goods and services, e-commerce exhibits the potential to have a profound impact on poverty alleviation. The study leverages data from village-level surveys conducted in rural areas. The analysis is conducted using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) model. The findings indicate that cross-border e-commerce plays a pivotal role in boosting rural income levels, enabling local communities to participate in international trade, and expanding their market presence. The conclusions underscore the significance of e-commerce as a driving force in poverty alleviation initiatives in rural China.

Socio-Economic Risks of Internal Migration Processes and Their Impact on the Socio-Territorial Mobility of the Population of Kazakhstan

Migration, which is a consequence of the uneven socio-economic development, poverty, and environmental problems of various regions, on the one hand, has significant potential and can help improve economic and social conditions, and on the other hand, it becomes a generator of socioeconomic and other risks, influencing the strengthening inequalities. The purpose of the article is to identify the main forms of socio-economic risks of internal migration of the population of Kazakhstan and assess their impact on the socio-territorial stability of the regional society. To assess the socioeconomic factors affecting the dynamics of internal migration population flows, a systematic approach was applied, and methods of component analysis of the regional standard of living, sampling and grouping of quantitative and qualitative indicators were used. The main directions of the impact of socio-economic risks of migration on the socio-territorial mobility of the population are substantiated. The main forms of socio-economic risks of internal migration of the Kazakhstan population are determined. It is substantiated that the closest relationship exists between the level and quality of life systems and the increase in migration flows. The study concluded that migration is a complex process, which is influenced by the changing socio-economic conditions for the economy and society development and affects the standard of living and lifestyle of the population. This necessitates not only the regulation of migration processes in the country but also the development of mechanisms to reduce the socio-economic risks of migration and their impact on life support systems and livelihoods.

SVEČANA PROSLAVA PRVE DECENIJE RADA FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA U SKOPLjU

Not long after the end of the First World War and the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Minister of Education Pavle Marinković started an initiative to establish a Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje. In December 1919. he sent a letter to the, then rector of Belgrade University, Jovan Cvijić, in which he requested that the institution headed by Jovan express its opinion on the mentioned initiative. The very next day, the Council of the University of Belgrade met and supported the proposal of minister Marinković, pointing out that the establishment of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje will be of great national and cultural importance. On February 2, 1920, the Decree was passed on the establishment of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje, which officially “gave birth” to this institution. During the first decade of its existence, the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje built the image of an institution to be respected, despite objective difficulties and considerable problems it has faced since its inception. It was the only high school institution of the Yugoslav monarchy in the area between Belgrade and the border with Albania, Greece and Bulgaria. Faced with post-war poverty, the material, infrastructural and technological backwardness of the southern regions, as well as various socio-political crises and turmoil, it nevertheless became a lively center of educational, scientific and cultural life of the Yugoslav south part.On February 1, 1931, a solemn celebration of the tenth anniversary of the work of this institution was organized. As part of the aforementioned event, the day of Saint Sava was also celebrated. A formal session of the council of this faculty was held, greeting speeches by high dignitaries were heard, the consecration of the foundation of the student dormitory was performed, an exhibition of old printed and handwritten books, ancient frescoes, archaeological and ethnographic collections in the Museum of Southern Serbia was held. The celebration ended with a performance in the Skopje National Theater. The main organizer and host of the meeting was a prominent theologian and historian Radoslav Grujić, then dean of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje. It was a dignified, well-organized manifestation with an appropriate program and with the participation of distinguished people not only from Skopje and the Vardar region, but also from the wider area of the Yugoslav state.

For Ratio Analysis of the Efficiency of Budget Expenses on Social Policy Aimed at Overcoming Poverty in Russian Regions

The development of methodology for analyzing efficiency is acute today due to fundamental basis of budget system functioning. The last ten years proved the importance of social policy and the welfare system during periods of uncertainty and economic crises. In 2022 the vector of Russian economy development changed from west to east and the country will face a long-term opposition through unprecedented sanctions and challenges to its economy transformation. The article puts forward a simple ratio method of analyzing efficiency of budget expenses aimed at overcoming poverty in Russian regions, systematizes the most frequently mentioned in academic literature methods of researching efficiency of expenses on social policy, investigates the method of analyzing the utmost efficiency and provides conclusions about its low practical significance. The article proposes to use the author’s approach to ratio analysis supplemented with ranking method, plotting heat maps and estimating basic descriptive statistics. Research findings demonstrate its high theoretic and practical value, especially as a preliminary stage of the research within the frames of a complex analytical approach to assessing efficiency of expenses on social policy allotted from consolidated budgets of Russian Federation entities.

Why Can Entrepreneurial Involvement Encourage the Entrepreneurship of People Experiencing Poverty?—A Study Using China’s Empirical Data

Entrepreneurship, as one of the key means of alleviating extreme poverty, is difficult to achieve among people experiencing poverty partly because their initiative is bound by long-term dependence and their entrepreneurial awareness is not strong. According to the existing literature, entrepreneurial involvement can promote the entrepreneurial willingness of people experiencing poverty and produce entrepreneurial behaviour. However, the reasons and paths of entrepreneurial involvement affecting the poor’s entrepreneurial behaviour are unclear. This paper developed a model based on the theory of involvement to examine the impact of entrepreneurial involvement on the entrepreneurial behaviour of individuals experiencing poverty. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 289 entrepreneurs in poverty from the Wuling Mountain area, and data analysis was performed using a hierarchical regression model. The results indicate that entrepreneurial involvement has a significant direct positive effect on the entrepreneurial behaviour of people with low incomes through the partial mediation of local capabilities. Meanwhile, it has an indirect positive effect, and entrepreneurial role models positively moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial involvement and entrepreneurial behaviour of people with low incomes. The findings provide strong evidence supporting the significant role of entrepreneurial involvement in shaping the entrepreneurial behaviour of entrepreneurs facing poverty in less developed regions. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of effectively leveraging local capabilities and resources through entrepreneurial involvement. Consequently, this study is of great importance in understanding how government and industries can facilitate entrepreneurial opportunities to their fullest extent by promoting entrepreneurial involvement, thus optimizing local capabilities and serving as influential entrepreneurial role models at the individual level. Furthermore, from a practical standpoint, this research offers tangible solutions and valuable insights regarding the role of entrepreneurial involvement in poverty reduction.