Poverty In Mexico Research Articles

Medición de la pobreza multidimensional en México mediante un análisis bibliométrico y de ecuaciones estructurales

Objective. Multidimensional poverty in Mexico was measured through a bibliometric and structural equation analysis. Design/Methodology/Approach. We used the technique developed by the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL, in Spanish) in Mexico, based on information from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH, in Spanish). The Smart PLS software also used the partial least squares (PLS) technique. Regarding the bibliometric part, a descriptive analysis was performed using the Scopus database and VOSviewer as a processing tool. Results/Discussion. The results showed that basic housing services, access to food, quality, housing spaces, and income significantly impact multidimensional poverty. The PLS model showed adequate predictive superiority and goodness of fit. From the bibliometric point of view, there was clear interest on the part of the academic and scientific community in developing knowledge in this field. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the PLS model for measuring multidimensional poverty in Mexico is demonstrated, and several determinants are highlighted. Future studies are recommended to improve social policies and poverty reduction strategies. Originality/Value. The study provides a novel approach by using the PLS model to measure multidimensional poverty in Mexico. It applies a robust exploratory methodology that can be replicated in similar contexts and is supported by bibliometric contrast.

B-353 High risk HPV genotypes prevalence in Mexico

Abstract Background The greatest risk factor for the development of cervical cancer is infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). To date, more than 200 genotypes have been described, 14 of them considered by the WHO as high risk genotypes (HR) due to their high oncogenic capacity, with special attention given to genotypes 16 and 18. In Mexico, cervical cancer is the third cause of cancer-associated death in women, therefore, the timely detection of HR genotypes in women becomes imperative for the reduction of the burden of this disease. The detection of high-risk HPV genotypes through the PCR molecular test is part of primary cervical cancer screening, however, this practice is not common in Mexico. Here, we analyzed the results of HPV genotyping studies in women attending cervical cancer screening studies at Salud Digna with the objective of determining the prevalence and dsitribution of HR-HPV in Mexico. Methods Retrospective analysis of the results obtained for the detection of HPV in cervical samples from patients who were attended at Salud Digna clinics from june to august 2023. The samples were processed by automated RT-PCR (ROCHE COBAS PRIME-Cobas 6800). The kit used was the COBASHPV which detects the 14 HR genotypes and generates 4 types of results: negative, positive for HPV16, positive for HPV18 and positive for POOL (which includes the remaining 12 genotypes). For the analysis, Mexico was divided into 7 regions which share sociocultural factors (Northwest, North, West, Center, Gulf, South, Southeast). Results The study population was 95,934 patients (mean age of 41y). At the national level, 18.93% (18,159) of patients are positive for HPV POOL, 3.54% (3,399) for HPV 16 and 1.78% (1709) for HPV 18. The regions with the highest positivity are the southeast region for HPV POOL (22.32%), the south region for HPV 16 (3.77%) and HPV 18 (2.44%) while the region with the lowest percentage is the Northwest region (HPV POOL 17.86%, HPV16 3.39%, HPV18 1.57%). The age range with the highest percentage of positivity is 14-29y for HPV POOL, 30-39y for HPV 16, and 30-39y for HPV 18. Conclusions We found that Mexican patients are becoming infected at an early age with the genotypes that are part of the pool, however, we observe a marked trend towards a decrease in cases as the age of the population advances.The regions of the country with a higher percentage of HPV positive patients are the south and the southeast, regions that also concentrate most of the extreme poverty in Mexico. These numbers should be taken with caution given that in absolute values these are also are the regions of the country where the least people go for a cervical cancer screening study, emphasizing the need to promote these studies in these regions. In the case of genotypes with a greater oncogenic capacity, both HPV16 and HPV18 show a greater prevalence in economically productive age ranges. Retrospective studies like provide information that allow governments to generate public policies focused on the most affected regions.

RELEVANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AS AN INCOME GENERATOR IN THE STATES WITH THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATES IN MEXICO

Mexico has undergone a transition from a predominantly agricultural society to one that is more diverse in terms of sources of income. Nevertheless, how this transition has affected the welfare of families and their members has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the study's objective was to analyze the effect of each source of income on the welfare of family units experiencing conditions of poverty in Mexico. The states studied were those with the highest poverty rates, such as Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz. An econometric model was used, and based on the results, elasticities were calculated to determine the impact of each income on welfare in percentage terms. Data from the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure were used to generate the model. The sum of the expenses in the food and non-food baskets was considered as the dependent variable, whereas the income was taken as the independent variable. The results indicated that the income from subordinate work is the one that makes up the largest contribution, with an increase of 0.346%, followed by transfers, which presented an increase of 0.107%. On the other hand, remittances had better growth than agricultural and livestock income, with an increase of 0.008%. The current situation that shows a decrease in the relevance of the agricultural sector as a generator of welfare is reaffirmed, which has led to a high dependence on government transfers. Keywords: welfare, income, econometric model, elasticities, remittance.

Food prices and income poverty in Mexico: regional estimates

Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fisher y products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Determinants of poverty among Indigenous people in Mexico's Guerrero Mountain Region

AbstractMotivationThe eradication of poverty is one of Mexico's greatest challenges. This challenge is even greater for Indigenous communities, where seven out of 10 people were living in poverty in 2018. Despite the economic, social, and cultural impacts on Indigenous people, there has been scant literature addressing the determinants of Indigenous poverty in Mexico, while studies on the Guerrero Mountain Region (GMR) are scarcer still.PurposeThis study aims to identify the socioeconomic and contextual determinants of income and multidimensional poverty in the GMR, one of the poorest regions in Mexico and Latin America, inhabited primarily by Indigenous people.Methods and approachWe use data on 989 individuals in the GMR, collected during the 2018 Socioeconomic Conditions Module of Mexico's National Household Income and Expenditure Survey. To examine the main determinants of individual poverty, we use Bayesian logistic regression (BLR), which allows us to use the data to update information about the parameters and evaluate their distributional properties. The method simplifies multi‐causal elements by classifying them into categories of well‐being that incorporate more than economic factors.FindingsThe income‐poor population is also multidimensionally poor. Education helps to reduce poverty as households that spend more on schooling are less likely to be poor. Households with many members, those with high dependency ratios, and those with members living with disability all tend to be poor. Households with access to landlines and the internet are less likely to be poor.Policy implicationsMore diagnosis of poverty is needed. This should consider overlapping vulnerabilities (institutional, socioeconomic, environmental, and sociocultural) in this region for each Indigenous group. Public policies need to be monitored for performance.

COVID-19 infection and mortality among non-pregnant indigenous adults in Mexico 2020-2022: Impact of marginalisation.

Indigenous individuals have higher rates of mortality and poverty in Mexico and more than half are marginalised, and COVID-19 pandemic aggravated the existing burden of health disparities. We aimed to analyse the effects of being indigenous and marginalised on coronavirus (COVID-19) infection fatality in Mexico. We identified 3 424 690 non-pregnant, COVID-19 positive adults ≥19 years in the Mexico national COVID-19 database with known date of symptom. We used demographic information, indigenous status, marginalisation status, and co-morbidities in binary logistic regression to predict mortality, adjusting for covariates, including hospitalisation, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and mechanical ventilation use. We also assessed the interaction between indigenous status and marginalisation. Marginalisation was much higher among indigenous (53.7%) compared to non-indigenous individuals (4.8%). COVID-19 fatalities were approximately 20 years older (64.4 and 63.0 years) than survivors (44.7 and 41.2 years) among indigenous vs non-indigenous individuals, respectively. The unadjusted risk of COVID-19 fatality among indigenous individuals was nearly two-fold (odds ratio (OR) = 1.92)) compared to non-indigenous individuals (OR = 1.05). COVID-19 fatality was higher among highly marginalised individuals (upper quartile) (OR = 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49-1.54). Marginalised indigenous individuals had a significantly lower likelihood of ICU admission compared to non-indigenous non-marginalised individuals. The likelihood of mechanical ventilation for indigenous individuals was 4% higher compared to non-indigenous individuals. Indigenous marginalised individuals had a significantly lower probability of mechanical ventilation compared to non-indigenous non-marginalised individuals. COVID-19 comorbidity risks of fatality significantly differed between the two groups in the Cox survival analysis. In the fully adjusted model, indigenous individuals were 4% more likely to die from COVID-19 compared to non-indigenous. Indigenous, marginalised individuals with COVID-19 had higher risk of hospitalisation and ICU admission than non-indigenous patients. Marginalised, indigenous individuals were less likely to receive mechanical ventilation compared to non-indigenous, but had a higher risk of COVID-19. Indigenous individuals had a 4% higher COVID-19 mortality risk COVID-19 compared to non-indigenous individuals. Improved community medical care and augmented health services in rural hospitals could mitigate barriers to health care access in indigenous, marginalised populations.

Pobreza urbana en México, tamaño de localidad, características de los hogares y bajas remuneraciones, 2018

Pobreza urbana en México, tamaño de localidad, características de los hogares y bajas remuneraciones, 2018

Reduction of energy poverty in Mexico by applying an optimization model to residential energy tariffs

The growing energy consumption of the different sectors of the population can cause socioeconomic inequalities such as energy poverty. Recent studies indicate that this type of poverty occurs in households that spend 10% or more of their economic income to pay for this service because of energy use patterns or its cost. In Mexico, the structure of the electricity tariff in the housing sector causes the poorest decile to spend up to 23% of their income to pay for electricity service during the months of beginning or end of summer. This research proposes a mathematical model to modify the way in which these rates are applied to the Mexican residential sector, with which the price shock is reduced in these transition months. The model consists of an equation that determines the electrical cost proportional to the days and rates of the months that make up the measured period. The results show a reduction in energy poverty in 166,318 households, as well as an 18% increase in the correlation between energy consumption and the cost of energy for 9,535,367 households. This proposal provides better energy justice conditions for 25% of the country’s residential users, mainly for those located in places with high ambient temperatures during summer.

The Effects of Mobile Broadband Coverage on Multidimensional Poverty in Mexico

The Effects of Mobile Broadband Coverage on Multidimensional Poverty in Mexico

The Minimum Wage Impact on Poverty in Mexico

The Minimum Wage Impact on Poverty in Mexico

The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Poverty: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in Mexico

We analyze the effect on poverty of a significant increase in the minimum wage using a quasi-experimental situation in Mexico. In January 2019, the Mexican government announced an increase in the minimum wage: in most of the country it increased by 16 per cent, while in 43 municipalities along the U.S. border it increased by 100 per cent. Using household surveys and the official method for calculating labor income poverty, we implement difference-in-difference and synthetic control methodologies to estimate whether this policy affected poverty in Mexico. We find that poverty along the border decreased by 2.6–3.0 percentage points (11–13 per cent) due to the larger increase in the minimum wage. Poverty was reduced mainly by reducing the flow from non-poverty into poverty. However, poverty intensity increased, mainly because the policy did not affect the share of families without labor income among the poorest households.

Characterisation of energy poverty in Mexico using energy justice and econophysics

The exploitation of limited energy resources can generate socio-economic inequalities calling for a combination of justice with the socio-technical study of modern energy systems to advance its understanding and remediation. Within this context, this paper uses energy justice and econophysics as theoretical and methodological frameworks to discuss issues of energy poverty in Mexico. The results emerging from this research illustrate that, according to data from 2014, around 61 % of Mexican households suffered from energy poverty due to issues of accessibility or affordability of modern energy services and fuels (with 11.54 % of households facing both types of energy poverty). This paper provides a novel approach that combines advanced quantitative methods based on econophysics, with conceptual frameworks from social sciences like energy justice to discuss issues of energy poverty in Mexico. Furthermore, this research performs an approximation to energy consumption in Mexican households based on monetary expenditure, the heat value of fuels and unit prices during 2014. These methods contribute to the understanding and characterisation of household energy needs and energy consumption in Mexico, reducing the existing gap in the academic literature on the analysis and critical thinking of energy poverty in Global South contexts (specifically in Latin America).

Of cooks, crooks and slum-dwellers: Exploring the lived experience of energy and mobility poverty in Mexico's informal settlements

So-called “slum-dwellers” living in informal settlements in Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) often confront poor health outcomes, face chronic accommodation insecurity and are frequent victims of social intolerance, discrimination and racism. In addition, they usually reside in living environments with precariously hazardous conditions that often lead to their well-being endangerment. Based on extensive original research with slum-dwellers from the MCMA including focus groups (N = 18 participants), household interviews (N = 51 participants), and site visits (N = 5), this study investigates their energy and housing needs, transport and mobility patterns and challenges to their overall quality of life and health. The MCMA is one of the largest metropolitan regions globally, and most of its inhabitants experience a “double energy vulnerability,” circumstances whereby people are at an intensified risk of energy and transport poverty simultaneously. Our investigation circles around three key themes. In exploring the subject of extreme poverty and vulnerability, we show not only the problems they confront but also illegal practices such as electricity thefts and coping strategies. In investigating the subject of perpetual peripheralization, we show troubling patterns of discrimination, racism and social intolerance. In exploring the subject of spatial justice, we suggest a set of policies that ought to help achieve it.

The microcredit mousetrap: A long way from fighting poverty in Mexico

In Mexico microcredit has deviated from its original purpose of fighting poverty to oppress those whom it was supposed to help through high interest rates and over-indebtedness. There 42% of the population is poor, fighting poverty is paramount. Three decades ago, microcredit (which is different from microfinance), took root as a new, promising tool to help millions of people, who have historically been excluded from the traditional financial system, emerge from the grip of poverty. From the outset, microcredit usurped the place of microfinance in the fight against poverty, as it set aside the most effective financial tool: savings.

Universal basic income: A feasible alternative to move people out of poverty in Mexico?

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of social policy to alleviate poverty in Mexico; where poverty is persistent, social programs are numerous and complex to monitor. Our analysis uses MEXMOD tax-benefit microsimulation. We simulate four scenarios that grant direct money transfers to individuals in multidimensional poverty, elderly people, families with children under 15 years old, and a universal basic income. The more generous and broader the coverage is, the costlier the policies. The first-best policy is the universal basic income, which can eradicate extreme poverty at the cost of 10.61 % of the gross domestic product. The least effective policy transfers only to older people.

Why has there been a fall in child labour and an increase in school attendance in Mexico?

SummaryMotivationIt is imperative to understand the factors affecting child labour and school attendance in order to develop policies aimed at improving children's lives. The need for such policies is because poor households may underinvest in human capital. Individual factors have been shown to affect child labour and school attendance, but we examine which factors cause the strongest effects by considering them simultaneously.PurposeWe evaluate the factors that have led to the changes in child labour and school attendance of children aged 12–14 in Mexico during the 2000–2020 period. We consider income, the education of the household head, government cash transfers, access to public health institutions, remittances, and demographic characteristics as possible sources of the changes.Methods and approachWe use a variant of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, which allows decomposition when the variables to be explained are dichotomous. The change in child labour and school attendance over time can then be decomposed into explained and unexplained portions, with each factor contributing a specific amount to the explained portion of the change.FindingsThe most important factor influencing improvements in child labour and school attendance was the improvement in the parents' human capital, measured as years of education. The result is not due to a high correlation between income and education, as significant explanatory power is lost as we exclude education from the analysis. The result is also robust to separating Mexican states into those with high and those with low incidence of poverty. The increase in government assistance and greater access to social health insurance also play an important role.Policy implicationsPublic policies aimed at increasing school attendance and those aimed at reducing child labour should consider improved education as a major goal. In addition, important consideration should be given to the possible impact on children of poverty‐fighting policy changes. Our findings suggest that government policies aimed at reducing poverty in Mexico are important in influencing both child labour and school attendance, and policy changes have had undesirable effects on both.

Socioeconomic and Environmental Aspects of Traditional Firewood for Cooking on the Example of Rural and Peri-Urban Mexican Households

Firewood is a solid biofuel that is widely used for cooking in Mexico’s residential sector. This study seeks to identify relevant factors in firewood consumption patterns, and their implications for climate change, gender, and health, and for energy poverty in Mexico, by climate region and socioeconomic level. For this purpose, a statistical analysis was conducted of recently published official information. We estimate that a total of 31.3 million Mexicans—26% of the total population—use firewood, and we have identified three main types of users: (i) exclusive firewood users (30%); (ii) mixed firewood users using firewood as their primary fuel (18%) and (iii) mixed firewood users using firewood as their secondary fuel source (52%). Total consumption of firewood was estimated at 116.6 PJ, while estimated greenhouse gas emissions were 8.1 million tCO2e. Out of all the households studied, 53% were in the tropical climate region; 59% were categorized as being in the “low” socioeconomic level; and 75% were in population centers comprising fewer than 2500 inhabitants. Some 68% of households do not pay for the acquisition of firewood, and for those households that do pay for the resource, estimated transactions total USD 286.9 million. Expenditures on firewood for energy represent up to 10% of household income. Finally, it was estimated that 15.7 million direct users of firewood are women who use the resource in three-stone fires, in which they expose themselves to health risks in doing so. In conclusion, main universal findings, the study’s limitations, and future research are presented.

The effect of international visitors on poverty alleviation in Mexico: an approach from the misery index

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of tourism as an instrument in combating poverty has emerged as an important subject of research. Tourism’s impact on poverty has traditionally been analyzed from the perspective of income or household consumption per capita. In contrast to these approaches, we analyzed the effect of the arrival of international visitors on poverty in Mexico by way of its impact on a modified misery index. To carry out this study, we used a bivariate structural vector autoregressive model, which indicates a negative unidirectional relationship from the international visitors to the misery index. Additionally, the historical decomposition shows that during the first COVID-19 wave, the changes in the international visitors highly explained the variations in the misery index.

Reduction of Energy Poverty in Mexico by Applying an Optimization Model to Residential Energy Tariffs

Reduction of Energy Poverty in Mexico by Applying an Optimization Model to Residential Energy Tariffs

El desarrollo económico en México

Mexico’s economic development will be analyzed based on recent data and measuring diverse factors reflecting such complex phenomenon. First, we will study the evolution of the standard of live focusing on the income generation capabilities of its population. Then it will be argued that the best explanatory variable for the country’s standard of life is the economic growth since it improves the well-being of all population. Consequently the third topic addressed will be the current state of income distribution, allowing us to analyze the country’s disparities regarding well-being. Finally, we will investigate the current state of poverty in Mexico as one of the factors summarizing economic growth and as the result of the development of the previous factors.