Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Research Articles

Modeling of Biofoam Destabilization by Biodefoamers in Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Activated Sludge

Biofoam formation in wastewater treatment is a challenge globally. Previously, we successfully proposed the use of biodefoamers instead of synthetic defoamers for environmental protection. In this study, we report on biodefoamation modeling using activated sludge organisms. Overall, the rate law model was determined to adequately describe foam drainage including collapse while applying biodefoamers. The target industry is the poultry processing industry whereby foam formation during wastewater treatment is an ongoing challenge.

Optimizing electrocoagulation for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: a fuzzy axiomatic design approach

AbstractWhite meat consumption is increasing day by day, and accordingly, there is an increase in the amount of wastewater resulting from the processes. Today, the reuse of wastewater has become a goal within the scope of the Green Deal. For this reason, wastewater treatment with high pollution and volume has gained importance. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, has been used. With this method, coagulation, electrocoagulation (EC), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and anaerobic treatment alternatives preferred in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) treatment were compared with each other and their information contents were calculated. The information content from the smallest to the largest is EC, DAF, coagulation, and anaerobic treatment, respectively. This treatment method was chosen because the smallest information content is in electrocoagulation. EC was applied to bloody PSW containing 1% blood by volume. The effectiveness of Fe and Al electrodes for PSW treatment in the batch EC reactor has been compared. The effective surface areas of 2 anodes and 2 cathodes connected bipolarly in the processes are 288 cm2. The electrolyte, pH, time, and current density effects on energy consumption were also investigated. The optimum conditions for Al and Fe electrodes were found to be 0.5 g·L−1 NaCl concentration, pH 5, 0.639 mA·cm−2 current density, and 5 min time. Under optimum conditions for the Fe electrode, COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were determined as 76.3%, 71.8%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. Moreover, the highest COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were achieved with an Al electrode (82.2%, 82.3%, 82.7%, and 78.9%, respectively). The experimental data were fit to a variety of isotherms and kinetic models to determine the characteristics of the EC. The results indicated that the pseudo-second-order equation provided the best fit for COD removal. Under optimum conditions, the operating cost was calculated as $3.39 and $3.09 for Al and Fe electrodes, respectively. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design method was used for the first time to select the most appropriate treatment method for PSW. In addition, blood, a major problem for the poultry slaughterhouse industry, was mixed with PSW at a ratio of 1% (v/v) and treated with EC for the first time with high removal efficiency. By treating PSW, which has a high pollution load, with electrocoagulation, the pollution load of the water to be given to secondary treatment has been greatly reduced.

An Evaluation of Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Pretreatment on the Performance of Reverse Osmosis for Recycling Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

To implement sustainable water resource management, the industries that produce a huge amount of wastewater are aiming to recycle wastewater. Reverse osmosis (RO) is an advanced membrane process that can produce potable water from wastewater. However, the presence of diverse pollutants in the wastewater necessitates effective pretreatment to ensure successful RO implementation. This study evaluated the efficiency of microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) as two pretreatment methods prior to RO, i.e., MF-RO and UF-RO, for recycling poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW). The direct treatment of PSWW with RO (direct RO) was also considered for comparison. In this study, membrane technology serves as a post treatment for PSWW, which was conventionally treated at Sanderson Farm. The results demonstrated that all of the processes, including MF-RO, UF-RO, and direct RO treatment of PSWW, rejected 100% of total phosphorus (TP), over 91.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 87% of total solids (TSs). Total nitrogen (TN) levels were reduced to 5 mg/L for MF-RO, 4 mg/L for UF-RO, and 9 mg/L for direct RO. In addition, the pretreatment of PSWW with MF and UF increased RO flux from 46.8 L/m2 h to 51 L/m2 h, an increase of approximately 9%. The product water obtained after MF-RO, UF-RO, and direct RO meets the required potable water quality standards for recycling PSWW in the poultry industry. A cost analysis demonstrated that MF-RO was the most economical option among membrane processes, primarily due to MF operating at a lower pressure and having a high water recovery ratio. In contrast, the cost of using RO without MF and UF pretreatments was approximately 2.6 times higher because of cleaning and maintenance expenses related to fouling. This study concluded that MF-RO is a preferable option for recycling PSWW. This pretreatment method would significantly contribute to environmental sustainability by reusing well-treated PSWW for industrial poultry purposes while maintaining cost efficiency.

Bioflocculant Producing Bacillus megaterium from Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater: Elucidation of Flocculation Efficacy and Mechanism

The study focused on isolating bioflocculant-producing microorganisms from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). Microorganisms (n = 20) were isolated, and the D2 isolate, identified as Bacillus megaterium using 16S rDNA and RpoD (sigma 70), had maximum flocculation activity. Furthermore, characteristics of the bioflocculant produced by B. megaterium were determined, and the optimum storage conditions, including the flocculation mechanism, were identified. The bioflocculant was composed mainly of polysaccharides and proteins and was better stored frozen in a crude form. Furthermore, the flocculation efficacy was assessed using response surface methodology at pH 4 (min) and 9 (max), bioflocculant dosage of 1% (min) and 3% (max, v/v), indicating pH 6.5 and dosage of 2% (v/v) as optimum flocculation conditions for floc formation under ambient temperature. These results were further confirmed with microscopy assessments with zeta potential measurements confirming that the bioflocculant was ionic, albeit charge neutralization was not the primary mechanism for floc agglomeration. Hydrogen bonding was predominant, indicative of a neutralization-bridging mechanism, an assertion also based on the functional groups prevalent in the isolate-B. megaterium. The results obtained indicate that bioflocculants can be used to treat isolates that are sourced from wastewater.

Molecular characterization and prevalence of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in livestock and poultry slaughterhouses wastewater in Iran.

Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales bacteria cause severe hard-to-treat infections. Currently, they are spreading beyond hospitals and becoming a serious global health concern. This study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC-type β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE, AmpC-PE) in wastewater from livestock and poultry slaughterhouses in Ardabil, Iran. A total of 80 Enterobacterales bacteria belonging to 9 species were identified. Among the isolates, Escherichia coli (n = 21/80; 26.2%) and Citrobacter spp. (n = 18/80; 22.5%) exhibited the highest frequency. Overall, 18.7% (n = 15/80) and 2.5% (n = 2/80) of Enterobacterales were found to be ESBL and AmpC producers, respectively. The most common ESBL producer isolates were E. coli (n = 9/21; 42.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6/7; 85.7%). All AmpC-PE isolates belonged to E. coli strains (n = 2/21; 9.5%). In this study, 80% of ESBL-PE and 100% of AmpC-PE isolates were recovered from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. All ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE isolates were multidrug-resistant. In total, 93.3% of ESBL-PE isolates harbored the blaCTX-M gene, with the blaCTX-M-15 being the most common subgroup. The emergence of ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE in wastewater of food-producing animals allows for zoonotic transmission to humans through contaminated food products and contaminations of the environment.

Integrated Hydrogen Peroxide, Sono, and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Technologies: A Novel Technique for Ammonia and Phosphorus Removal in Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Integrated Hydrogen Peroxide, Sono, and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Technologies: A Novel Technique for Ammonia and Phosphorus Removal in Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater as reservoirs for spreading extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Abstract. Ugbo EN, Jacob JI, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Agumah BN, Ugbo AI, Moses BI. 2023. Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater as reservoirs for spreading extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Biodiversitas 24: 4960-4966. The emergence of antimicrobial and multi-resistance extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms (ESBL) from the environment and hospitals is a serious global health concern. This research focused on the role of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater as a reservoir for spreading extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Exactly 110 poultry slaughterhouses wastewater was collected using sterile universal containers from abattoirs in Abakaliki. The samples were analyzed microbiological for the presence of E. coli using standard techniques. The E. coli isolates found were subjected to a sensitivity test to antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and further tested for ESBL-producing E. coli using a double disc synergy test and chromogenic media Brilliance ESBL agar. Of 110 wastewater samples analyzed, 55 (50.0%) were positive for E. coli contamination. The E. coli isolates showed antibiotic resistance ranging between 21.8% (amoxicillin clavulanic acid) to 69.1% (tetracycline), and good susceptibility was observed on cefepime (72.7%). Thus, among 55 E. coli isolates, 11(20.0%) were ESBL-producing E. coli with resistance patterns as follows: TET-STX-CAZ-CTX-FEP (four isolates); TET-STX-CAZ-CTX (four isolates); TET-STX-CAZ-CTX-FEP-CRO (three isolates), and average multidrug resistance index of 0.7. This study revealed that poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was a reservoir for multidrug resistance ESBL-producing E. coli. Therefore, properly treating wastewater from poultry production or farms before disposing into the drainage channel or water bodies is highly recommended to avoid spreading ESBL-producing organisms from animal waste products to humans and their environment.

Biodefoamer-Supported Activated Sludge System for the Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) is laden with fats, oil, and grease (FOG), as well as proteins. As such, PSW promotes the proliferation of filamentous organisms, which cause foam formation. In this study, the production of biological defoamers (biodefoamers) uses a consortium with antagonistic properties, i.e., 1.39 L of wastewater/mL defoamers, as reported in our previous study, toward foam formers and their application in the treatment of PSW using a bench-scale activated sludge (AS)-supported treatment system consisting of an aeration and clarification tank. The foam produced was slimy, brown, and thick, suggesting the presence of Nocardia, Microthrix, and Type 1863 species in the PSW/AS wastewater treatment system. The bio (Bio-AS) and synthetic-defoamers (Syn-AS, positive control) supplementation, i.e., at 4% v/v in the PSW/AS primary treatment stage (aeration tank) operated over ten days, resulted in 94% and 98% FOG and protein removal for the biodefoamers, respectively, when compared to 50% and 92% for a synthetic defoamer, respectively. Similarly, the Bio-AS treatment achieved 85.4% COD removal, while a lowly 51% was observed for the Syn-AS PSW treatment regime. Overall, the biodefoamers performed vehemently compared to synthetic defoamers, improving the PSW/AS system’s performance. It was prudent to hypothesize that the biodefoamers might have had FOG solubilization attributes, an assertion that needs further research in future studies. It was concluded that Bio-AS was more efficient in the removal of FOG, proteins, TSS, and COD in comparison to Syn-AS and negative control without supplementation (CAS).

Prevalence and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients, healthy carriers, and wastewaters in Iran

BackgroundThis study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of ciprofloxacin resistance among 346 Escherichia coli isolates collected from clinical specimens (n = 82), healthy children (n = 176), municipal wastewater (n = 34), hospital wastewater (n = 33), poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (n = 12) and livestock (n = 9) slaughterhouse wastewater in Iran.MethodsCiprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution assay. Phylogroups and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were identified using PCR. Mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and amino acid alterations were screened through sequencing assay. The effect of efflux pump inhibitor (PAβN) on ciprofloxacin MICs in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates was investigated using the microdilution method.ResultsIn total, 28.03% of E. coli isolates were phenotypically resistant to ciprofloxacin. Based on sources of isolation, 64.63%, 51.51%, 33.33%, 14.70%, 10.22% and 8.33% of isolates from clinical specimens, hospital wastewater, livestock wastewater, municipal wastewater, healthy children and poultry wastewater were ciprofloxacin-resistant, respectively. Eighty-one point eighty-one percent (Ser-83 → Leu + Asp-87 → Asn; 78.78% and Ser-83 → Leu only; 3.03% (of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates showed missense mutation in GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase, while no amino-acid substitution was noted in the GyrB subunit. DNA sequence analyses of the ParC and ParE subunits of topoisomerase IV exhibited amino-acid changes in 30.30% (Ser-80 → Ile + Glu-84 → Val; 18.18%, Ser-80 → Ile only; 9.10% and Glu-84 → Val only; 3.03%0 (and 15.38% (Ser-458 → Ala) of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates, respectively. The PMQR genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrB, oqxA, oqxB, and qepA were detected in 43.29%, 74.22%, 9.27%, 14.43%, 30.92% and 1.03% of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, respectively. No isolate was found to be positive for qnrA and qnrD genes. In isolates harboring the OqxA/B efflux pump, the MIC of ciprofloxacin was reduced twofold in the presence of PAβN, as an efflux pump inhibitor. The phylogroups B2 (48.45%) and A (20.65%) were the most predominant groups identified in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates.ConclusionsThis study proved the high incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates in both clinical and non-clinical settings in Iran. Chromosomal gene mutations and PMQR genes were identified in ciprofloxacin resistance among E. coli population.

Influence of Microwave Radiation on Pollutant Removal and Biomethane Production Efficiency in Anaerobic Treatment of High-Load Poultry Wastewater

The growing consumption of poultry meat has spurred the development of meat-processing plants and an associated rise in wastewater generation. Anaerobic digestion is one of the preferred processes for treating such waste. The current push towards biogas upgrading and out-of-plant use necessitates new, competitive ways of heating digesters. One such alternative is to use electromagnetic microwave radiation (EMR). The aim of the study was to assessment how EMR used as a heat source impacts the anaerobic processing of high-load poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (H-LPSW) and its performance. Microwave heating (MWH) was found to boost the CH4 fraction in the biogas under mesophilic conditions (35 °C) as long as the organic load rate (OLR) was maintained within 1.0 kgCOD/dm3·d to 4.0 kgCOD/dm3·d. The best performing variant—EPM heating (55 °C), OLR = 3.0 kgCOD/dm3·d, HRT = 5 days—produced 70.4 ± 2.7% CH4. High COD and TOC removal, as well as the highest biogas yields, were achieved for loadings of 1.0 gCOD/dm3·d to 4.0 gCOD/dm3·d. Effluent from the EMR-heated reactors (1.0 gCOD/dm3·d) contained, on average, 0.30 ± 0.07 gO2/dm3 at 55 °C and 0.38 ± 0.10 gO2/dm3 at 35 °C. The corresponding COD removal rates were 97.8 ± 0.6% and 98.1 ± 0.4%, respectively. The 5.0 gCOD/dm3·d and 6.0 gCOD/dm3·d OLR variants showed incremental decreases in performance. Based on the polymerase chain reaction results of 16S rDNA analysis, diversity of bacterial communities were mostly determined by OLR, not way of heating.

A Sequential Membrane Process of Ultrafiltration Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis for Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

To address some challenges of food security and sustainability of the poultry processing industry, a sequential membrane process of ultrafiltration (UF), forward osmosis (FO), and reverse osmosis (RO) is proposed to treat semi-processed poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) and water recovery. The pretreatment of PSWW with UF removed 36.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 38.9% of total phosphorous (TP), 24.7% of total solids (TS), 14.5% of total volatile solids (TVS), 27.3% of total fixed solids (TFS), and 12.1% of total nitrogen (TN). Then, the PSWW was treated with FO membrane in FO mode, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode, and L-DOPA coated membrane in the PRO mode. The FO mode was optimal for PSWW treatment by achieving the highest average flux of 10.4 ± 0.2 L/m2-h and the highest pollutant removal efficiency; 100% of COD, 100% of TP, 90.5% of TS, 85.3% of TVS, 92.1% of TFS, and 37.2% of TN. The performance of the FO membrane was entirely restored by flushing the membrane with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. RO significantly removed COD, TS, TVS, TFS, and TP. However, TN was reduced by only 62% because of the high ammonia concentration present in the draw solution. Overall, the sequential membrane process (UF-FO-RO) showed excellent performance by providing high rejection efficiency for pollutant removal and water recovery.

Sustainable microalgal cultivation in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater for biorefinery products and pollutant removal

Microalgae's ability to grow in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSHWW) is attracting interest for low-cost biomass production and wastewater treatment. In this study, PSHWW is evaluated by the cultivation of Chlorella sp. andNeochloris sp. for biomass,bioproducts, and nutrient removal. Results showed that Neochloris sp.produced the maximum of 1.4 g L−1 biomass and 38% lipids compared toChlorella sp. (1.3 g L−1 and 36%). The maximum carotenoids, proteins, and carbohydrates obtained from Neochloris sp. are 38 mg/g DW, 41.7%, and 29%, respectively. COD, nitrite, and phosphate removal efficiencies of 96.8%, 95%, and 79%, respectively, by Neochloris sp. and 89%, 93.5%, and 64.5%, respectively, by Chlorella sp. FTIR confirms the role of functional groups in pollutant absorption by microalgae. The predominant fatty acids found were C16, C18, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:5, and C22:6. The research demonstrated that microalgae can be used for the treatment of wastewater, nutraceuticals, food additives, and biofuels.

Advanced treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using electrocoagulation and peroxidation: parametric analysis and process optimization

Advanced treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using electrocoagulation and peroxidation: parametric analysis and process optimization

Production, Application, and Efficacy of Biodefoamers from Bacillus, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Comamonas spp. Consortium for the Defoamation of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Activated sludge (AS) treatment systems’ major limitation is the nuisance foaming at the surface of the aeration basin in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This foam can be stabilized by biofoamers and surfactants in the wastewater to be treated. In order to control foam, synthetic defoamers are used; however, these defoamers are toxic to the environment. This study aimed to optimize the production of biodefoamers by quantifying foam reduction efficiency and foam collapse by the isolate pervasive to poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). Before their identification and characterization, nine bacterial isolates were isolated and assessed for foam reduction efficiency. These organisms produced minute biodefoamers under various conditions generated on the response surface methodology (RSM). The isolates that produced biodefoamers with high foam reduction efficiency and at a lower foam collapse rate were Bacillus, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, and Commamonas spp. consortia. At 4% (v defoamer/v PSW), the crude defoamers produced by the consortium had 96% foam reduction efficiency at 1.7 mm/s foam collapse rate, which was comparable to 96% foam reduction efficiency and 2.5 mm/s foam collapse rate for active silicone polymer antifoam A/defoamer by Sigma-Aldrich, a synthetic defoamer. At 2.5 mm/s, all of which were achieved at pH 7 and in less than 50 s. The application of the biodefoamer resulted in sludge compacted flocs, with filament protruding flocs observed when a synthetic defoamer was used. The biodefoamer showed the presence of alkane, amine, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, which indicated a polysaccharide core structure. The 1H NMR analysis further confirmed that the biodefoamers were carbohydrate polymers. This study reports for the first time on the efficiency and comparability of a biodefoamer to a synthetic defoamer.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor-based treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater: Microbial community adaptation and antibiotic resistance gene profiles

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are becoming an increasingly attractive basis for industrial wastewater treatment. Slaughterhouse wastewaters in particular are complex waste streams that have high energy recovery potential. The effectiveness of AnMBR-based treatment for such wastewaters, however, is directly dependent on the adaptability of their functional microbial communities. The present study investigated changes in the microbial consortia of a lab-scale AnMBR upon introduction of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) source. The work also evaluated the AnMBR’s effluent for potentially pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance-related elements. 96% COD removal and 73% biogas methane content were achieved, making net energy recovery from the system possible. Microbial communities of the reactor biomass shifted notably during the course of PSW treatment, with the family Syntrophaceae increasing in relative abundance from 2% to 24%. This was accompanied by a change in the dominant methanogenic groups from hydrogenotrophic (Methanocorpusculum) to acetoclastic (Methanothrix). Multiple antibiotic resistance genes detected in the effluent (including sul1, sul2, and ampC) peaked by over an order of magnitude immediately after PSW introduction, with a notable decline thereafter. This coincided with a similar peak in intI1, suggesting that a horizontal gene transfer event was likely induced. This work provides insight into the microbial groups that can enhance treatability of PSW by AnMBR while also advancing the potential for abatement of emerging microbial risks.

Production of nanostructured crystalline composite using residual ashes from flocculated sludge burning process in a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system

Nanostructured crystalline composite (activated carbon) was synthesized from residual ashes of the burning process of the sludge generated in the flotation step of a poultry slaughterhouse and was used for Allura red dye adsorption. The ashes were chemically activated using two types of reagents, H2O2 and H3PO4, and the structure, morphology, and surface of the adsorbents were characterized by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and Barret-Joyner-Hallenda (BJH) method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MID/FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the point of zero charge (PZC). The adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 at 400 ºC displayed the best performance in removing dye molecules in 10 mg.L-1 solution, with a removal rate of approximately 100% when using a concentration of 2 g.L-1 in particle size of 0.42 mm. Besides that, the adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 had a particle diameter of approximately 15 Å, a size corresponding to the nanometer range, presented a crystallinity structure with well-defined phases such as quartz and the major elements in the composition were carbon and silicon. The surface area of the ashes enlarged from 14.71 to 448.1 m2.g-1 when H3PO4 was used as an activator, producing a high-quality adsorbent, with an excellent cost-benefit, being it possible to be produced for a price of 9.35 USD.kg-1, a price lower than the commercial activated carbon, making it a promising candidate for application in an industrial environment.

Pore Size in the Removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Polymeric Nanofiltration Membranes

Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are among the water quality parameters that cannot be easily removed from wastewater. Unfortunately, the excessive accumulation of nutrients in water can lead to numerous health issues for humans and the environment in general (including aquatic life). This study looked into the potential use of polymeric nanofiltration membranes to remove total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The wastewater samples were subjected to three different treatment systems determined by pore sizes (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 nm) as well as an integrated system composed of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration as the main units. The results of the study showed that pore size can significantly affect a nanofiltration system’s overall performance for removing nutrients from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The phenomenon was supported by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, which showed that the treated effluent’s concentrations of the investigated water quality parameters at different pore sizes produced p-values that were less than 0.01 (statistically significant). According to the results of the removal efficiency analysis, the combination of ammonia and a 0.8 nm pore size demonstrated the lowest removal efficiency, with a removal rate of around 54.57%. However, the combination of nitrate and a 0.4 nm pore size showed the best removal efficiency of about 90.5%. On the other hand, the integrated treatment was observed to be highly effective in the removal of the investigated parameters with a removal efficiency ranging from 97.8 to 99.71%. The study’s findings offer useful information about the potential use of nanofiltration treatment systems for wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses.

AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTEWATER WITH ADVANCED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY SONO-PHOTOCATALYSIS

<p>Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) is a crucial concern fundamentally due to extensive generation and related substantial amounts of recalcitrant organic content due to high COD and oil and grease (O&G) levels. Hybrid advanced oxidation processes are promising, green, and innovative options to treat various industrial wastewater; to date, this potential has not been implemented to high-strength wastewater from the poultry industry. This work aims to investigate the combination of ultrasound and photocatalysis processes in the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater for the removal of COD and O&G under different operating conditions such as catalyst type (TiO2 and ZnO), irradiation type (UVA365 and UVC254), catalyst dosage (0.5-2.5 g/L), pH (2–10), hydrogen peroxide concentration (0-10 mM) and operation time (30-180 min). Taguchi’s experimental design based on the L36 orthogonal array was adequately applied to optimize the process. The finding results presented that ZnO concentration of 2.5 g/L, pH 2, and operation time of 180 min under UVC254 were optimum parameters to achieve maximum COD removal while, ZnO concentration of 1.5 g/L, pH 6, H2O2 concentration of 5 mmol/L and operation time of 30 min under UVC254 were optimum parameters to achieve maximum oil and grease removal. With these optimum conditions, the best attained COD and O&G removal yields were 54% and 99%, respectively.</p>

Numerical Optimization of the Physico-chemical Process Used in the Treatment of Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Water Quality Improvement

Numerical Optimization of the Physico-chemical Process Used in the Treatment of Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Water Quality Improvement

Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Using an Integrated Biological and Electrocoagulation Treatment System: Process Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology

The feasibility of a biological (EcoflushTM) and/or electrocoagulation (EC) treatment system in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and fats, oils, and grease (FOG) from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) were studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the optimum operating condition for EC and its integration with EcoflushTM as a pre-treatment for the removal of lipids. The optimum operating conditions were obtained at a pH of 3.05, a current density of 66.9 A/m2, 74-min of treatment time, and without Ecoflush™. These conditions produced a high-quality clarified effluent after 92.4% COD reduction and 99% FOG reduction. The treatment with EcoflushTM only resulted in 85–99% FOG reduction, 20–50% COD reduction, and odourless effluent. However, the combination of both processes (EcoflushTM and EC) did not yield a significant difference (F test, p > 0.05) when compared to the performance of EC alone. Despite the low removal percentages of nitrogen and phosphorus, the present study proved that EC is an effective method for the removal of COD and FOG, rendering an effluent that meets the permissible discharge standards for the City of Cape Town. The novel Ecoflush™ also proved to be very efficient in the removal of FOG from PSW.