Poultry Meal Research Articles

Determination of the protein value of novel poultry meal ingredients for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the digestible protein value of three novel poultry products (Pea/Lentil‐PM, Hen on Hen‐PM, and soybean meal (SBM)‐PM), then a growth trial with a 2 × 5 design was conducted where SBM‐PM was included at five levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30% in both a fish meal (FM)‐based diet and a plant protein (PP)‐based diet. Thirty rainbow trout (initial size = 10.7 ± 0.15 g; Troutlodge Inc, Sumner, WA) per tank were stocked into a 15°C recirculating system. Fish in triplicate tanks were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 12 weeks. SBM‐PM had no effect on final weight (p = 0.3665; FM 233 vs. PP 237) or growth rate (p = 0.4703; FM 2070% vs. PP 2097%). Significant interactions between dietary protein and SBM‐PM for both intake (p = 0.0080) and FCR (p = 0.0081) indicate increased intake of fish fed the plant protein‐based diet without SBM‐PM. Regression modeling of this effect yields a polynomial model with an R‐square of 0.78; p < 0.0001 explained by the relationships: and , respectively. These values suggest that the SBM‐PM can be included up to 30% in rainbow trout feeds to reduce feed costs without negatively impacting performance.

Harmonizing Campylobacter risk assessments across European countries – can the pooled process hygiene criteria data be used in the Danish risk assessment model?

This study investigated the possibility of harmonizing quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) for Campylobacter spp. across European (EU) countries. French Campylobacter data (2020–2021) from neck skin (NS) pools, sampled at slaughterhouses under the European surveillance component for Food Business Operators (FBOs), were adapted to inform a QMRA model that, among others, has been used within the Danish Action Plan against Campylobacter, on the basis of single leg skins (LS) data. Datasets included culture results (in colony forming unit per gram, CFU/g) from 1,284 broiler flocks slaughtered at 13 slaughterhouses representing broiler production in western France. Five pools (of 2–4 NS samples each) per flock were tested. One pool per tested flock was randomly chosen for the analysis. After conducting descriptive statistics (on flock prevalence and meat contaminations across months and years), three contamination transformation factors (CTFs) were estimated to translate NS pools contaminations into single LS contamination, based on data from French and Danish studies. A reference simulation scenario (ScenRef) was set with CTF = 3.2 (i.e. NS pool concentration divided by 3.2); while other 13 scenarios represented an alternative scenario analysis to investigate the impact of: the CTF value (ScenMin with CTF = 2 and ScenMax with CTF = 10), censored test results (ScenUncens) and random choice of pool per flock (ScenSampling-1 to 10), on the risk estimates. The average monthly/annual risk of human disease per poultry meal and the monthly/annual relative risk (RR) of 2021 compared to 2020, were estimated. In ScenRef, the annual RR was 1.22, suggesting an increase of risk of ≈ 22 % in 2021 compared to 2020. The impact of CTFs, censored data and randomized pool sampling per flock, on the annual and (most) monthly RRs, appeared limited. This study gives an overview of the strengths and limitations to be considered for adapting the French FBO data into the Danish model and to harmonize risk assessments across EU countries, accordingly. To reduce uncertainty in risk estimates, it could be considered increasing representativeness of NS tested flock populations and/or using LS rather than NS samples; because LS samples are more representative of actually retailed meat contaminations. If NS pools are maintained, the relationships between concentrations on NS pools and those on consumed meat requires further investigation.

Long-term dietary intervention of the hydrolyzed feather meal on microbiota composition of adult female dogs

This research delves into the impact of substitution of 7% of poultry meal (PM) with hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) on the animal performance and fecal microbiota of dogs. The study was conducted on six adult female English setter dogs, split into control (CTR), and treated (TRT) dietary treatment groups, with similarity for age, initial body weight, and body condition score. During 45-days, body weight, body condition score, muscle condition score, fecal consistency score and microbiota were monitored at the beginning of the trial and after 3, 7, 15 and 45 days. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for these parameters over the whole period of the trial, neither in relation to diet, nor to time, nor to the interaction diet x time. Significant differences were observed for alpha between diets and the TRT group displayed higher evenness compared to the CTR group. Beta diversity analysis revealed distinctions in microbiota composition between the CTR and TRT groups, with the former demonstrating higher biodiversity. Discriminant analysis highlighted 9 significant taxa and 6 of them were significantly different at the Kruskal Wallis test between diets. The results showed an increase in relative abundance (RA) for the CTR group of Streptococcus, Colinsella stercoris, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Bacteroides coprophilus. Conversely, higher RA was observed in the TRT group for Peptostreptococcaceae and Bacteroides uniformis. These findings indicated that the inclusion of hydrolyzed feather meal in the diet of dogs is well accepted and do not have adverse effects in the parameters analyzed.

44 Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of mannanase on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed a low-cost formulated diet

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the nutritional and functional roles of mannanase on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed a typical or low-cost formulated diet reducing the inclusion of highly digestible protein ingredients. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs at 6.2 ± 0.5 kg initial body weight (BW) were allotted to three dietary treatments based on a randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. Pigs were fed for 37 d in three phases (P1, P2, and P3) and weighed at the end of each phase. Low-cost formulation was achieved by reducing the use of animal protein (fish meal, poultry meal, and blood plasma) and processed soybean meal whereas increasing the use of soybean meal from 13% in typical diets to 28% in P1, from 15% to 32% in P2, and 20.5% to 35% in P3. Treatments were 1) control diet (CON, typical nursery feed), 2) low-cost formulated diet (LCD), and 3) LCD + mannanase inclusion (0 vs. 100 g/t of Natupulse, BASF, providing 800 Thermostable Mannanase Unit, TMU, per ton of feed). On d 37 of feeding, all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosal tissues were taken to analyze intestinal health parameters, and gene expression of tight junction proteins and mucins. Pigs fed LCD had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the overall period and increased (P < 0.05) fecal score during P3. The LCD decreased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde and the gene expression of Zona occludens-1 (ZO-) in the jejunum and increased (P < 0.05) serum insulin. The inclusion of mannanase in LCD tended to increase (P = 0.059) BW at d 37, increased (P < 0.05) ADFI during P1, increased (P < 0.05) ADG and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the overall period, reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score during the overall period, and decreased (P < 0.05) the viscosity of jejunal digesta. However, no effects were observed on intestinal immune response at d 37. In conclusion, feeding LCD negatively affected growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. The inclusion of mannanase to the LCD (800 TMU/t feed) mitigated the negative effects of lowering feed quality observed in growth performance by reducing digesta viscosity and fecal score.

Black soldier fly larvae meal in an extruded food: effects on nutritional quality and health parameters in healthy adult cats

Abstract We aimed to evaluate the effects of including black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) meal in a dry extruded food on nutritional quality and some health aspects in healthy adult cats. Two dry extruded foods with either poultry meal (control) or 37.5% BSFL meal were fed to eight (3.8-5.2 kg BW; 2.3-y.o.) cats in a cross-over design with two 28-day periods. Food acceptance was recorded throughout the study and samples were collected during the last 7 days of each period for assessment of apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, faecal consistency, fermentation products and microbiota, and blood biochemistry and haematology. Foods were well-accepted and faeces were well-formed with optimal consistency scores. Digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and gross energy were considered high for the BSFL meal-based food but lower than for the control food (). Unexpectedly, inclusion of BSFL meal had a profound impact on the intestinal microbial activity and composition as illustrated by increased faecal short-chain fatty acids () and biogenic amines concentrations () and reduced bacterial diversity () and shifts in multiple genera (e.g. more Bifidobacterium) in the faeces (). Minor changes in haematology and serum biochemistry parameters were found and deemed not clinically relevant. Overall, this study showed that a BSFL meal-based extruded dry food is readily accepted by healthy adult cats, yields optimal faecal consistency, had suitable nutrient digestibilities and can support their health when fed for 28 days with new leads for impact on feline gut health.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from animal feed in Japan.

The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria is a global health problem at the human, animal, and environmental interfaces, which necessitates the "One Health" approach. AMR of bacteria in animal feed are a potential cause of the prevalence in livestock; however, the role remains unclear. To date, there is limited research on AMR of bacteria in animal feed in Japan. In this study, a total of 57 complete feed samples and 275 feed ingredient samples were collected between 2018 and 2020. Enterococcus spp. were present in 82.5% of complete feed (47/57 samples), 76.5% of soybean meal (62/81), 49.6% of fish meal (55/111), 33.3% of poultry meal (22/66), and 47.1% of meat and bone meal (8/17) samples. Of 295 isolates, E. faecium (33.2% of total isolates) was the dominant Enterococcus spp., followed by E. faecalis (14.2%), E. hirae (6.4%), E. durans (2.7%), E. casseliflavus (2.4%), and E. gallinarum (1.0%). Of 134 isolates which were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to kanamycin was the highest (26.1%), followed by erythromycin (24.6%), tetracycline (6.0%), lincomycin (2.2%), tylosin (1.5%), gentamicin (0.8%), and ciprofloxacin (0.8%). All Enterococcus spp. exhibited susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. Of 33 erythromycin-resistant isolates, only two showed a high minimum inhibitory concentration value (>128 μg/mL) and possessed ermB. These results revealed that overall resistance to antimicrobials is relatively low; however, animal feed is a source of Enterococcus spp. It is essential to elucidate the causative factors related to the prevalence of AMR in animal feed.

Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo digestibility of potential feed ingredients for juvenile Yellowtail Snapper

AbstractObjectiveThe carnivorous Yellowtail Snapper Ocyurus chrysurus has the potential for production in aquaculture. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the digestibility of ingredients needed to formulate balanced diets for this species.MethodsThe in vitro protein digestibility of fish meal (FM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), poultry meal (PM), protiblend, canola meal (CM), soybean meal, and wheat gluten was evaluated using the pH‐stat technique. The in vivo digestibility was determined by formulating test diets with a 70:30 ratio of the reference diet and the test ingredients.ResultIn terms of in vitro digestibility, FM, PBM, and PM exhibited the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH). Conversely, PBM displayed the lowest apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADCprotein) in the in vivo digestibility test. Meanwhile, FM, PM, and CM demonstrated higher values of protein digestibility. Beta regression between ADCprotein and the DH and ash content of the ingredients resulted in a high correlation (R2 = 0.94).ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that Yellowtail Snapper efficiently digested and absorbed FM, PM, and CM ingredients, which contain a lower content of ash.

Can black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) be reared on waste streams for food and feed? – A safety perspective

Abstract The use of insects as feed and food can be part of the solution towards a circular economy, in case the safety of insect products is assured. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) can be reared on different waste streams. However, before BSFL can be legally reared on these streams, the safety of BSFL for feed and food should be assessed thoroughly. This study aimed to investigate several food safety aspects of BSFL grown on waste streams. Therefore, BSFL were reared for 7 days on substrate mixtures of waste streams with similar protein and moisture content. These waste streams included fast food waste (FF), mushroom stem (MS), pig manure solids (PS), poultry meal (PM) and slaughter waste (SW). The substrates, BSFL and the frass were analysed for the presence of metals and veterinary drugs. The substrates and BSFL were also analysed for presence of DNA of ruminant, pig and chicken. Some of the metals accumulated in BSFL, although the concentrations in BSFL (as these would be manufactured as feed) were below maximum limits for feed. Only traces of some of the analysed veterinary drugs were found in the BFSL and no accumulation thereof was observed. DNA of ruminant and pig was traced back in BSFL samples, however, chicken was not. A good understanding of the presence of food safety hazards and possible variance thereof in potential substrates, such as waste streams, and their possible residues in insects is necessary for implementation of this circular way of insect feeding in the food chain.

Effects of Dietary Plant Protein Replacement with Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals on the Liver Health and Serum Metabolites of Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

The liver health of Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass, fed with fish meal-free diets, including various proportions of plant proteins, as well as insect and poultry by-product meals, was investigated through biochemical and histological analyses using a new liver index (LI) formula. Four isoproteic (45% Dry Matter, DM) and isolipidic (20% DM) diets were compared, including a plant-based control diet (CV) and three other test diets, in which 40% of a plant protein-rich ingredient mixture was replaced with meals from Hermetia illucens (H40) or poultry by-product (P40) alone, or in combination (H10P30). The trials lasted 12 and 18 weeks for sea bream and sea bass, respectively. The results obtained thus far highlighted species-specific differences in the physiological response to dietary changes. In sea bream, the biochemical and histological responses suggest favorable physiological and liver health statuses, with higher serum cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TAG) levels, as well as moderate hepatocyte lipid accumulation, with the H10P30 diet compared to the CV (p < 0.05). In sea bass, all diets resulted in elevated serum TAG levels and lipid accumulation in the liver, particularly in fish fed the P40 one (p < 0.05), which resulted in the highest LI, coupled with a higher frequency of severe lipid accumulation, hypertrophy, cord loss, peripheral nuclei displacement, and pyknosis. In conclusion, sea bream adapted well to the test diets, whereas sea bass exhibited altered hepatic lipid metabolism leading to incipient liver steatosis, likely due to the high lipid contents of the diets, including the insect and poultry meals. The LI formula developed in this study proved to be a reliable tool for assessing the effects of dietary changes on the liver health of sea bream and sea bass, consistent with biochemical and histological findings.

Autoclaving time-related reduction in amino acid digestibility of poultry meal in broiler chickens and growing pigs.

Poultry meal, a rendered byproduct of poultry slaughter, is a valuable protein source in swine and poultry diets because of its highly digestible protein content and balanced amino acid (AA) profile. Rendering of poultry meal may reduce its AA digestibility because of heat damage to the byproduct. The effect of heat damage on AA digestibility of poultry meal may be different between broiler chickens and growing pigs. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of autoclaving time on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in poultry meal fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180min to produce seven heat-treated samples. Eight experimental diets were formulated. Poultry meal served as the sole source of nitrogen in seven diets that each contained one of the heat-treated byproducts and a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to assess basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. In experiment 1, 656 male broiler chickens (initial body weight = 719 ± 97g) at day 18 post hatching were assigned to the eight diets in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor. On day 23, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and dissected for the collection of ileal digesta. In experiment 2, 16 barrows (initial body weight = 23.3 ± 0.7kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with the eight diets and four periods. Each experimental period consisted of 5-day adaptation and 2-day ileal digesta collection periods. Data for experiments 1 and 2 were pooled and analyzed as a 2 × 7 factorial treatment arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., pigs and broiler chickens) and autoclaving time (i.e., 0 to 180min) as the two factors. Increasing autoclaving time decreased SID of nitrogen and all AA in both species, but the decrease in SID values except for leucine was greater (interaction, P < 0.05) or tended to be greater in pigs compared with broiler chickens. Given the species differences in AA utilization response to the severity of heat damage, target species should be considered when using SID of AA values of poultry meal in diet formulation.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDS ON THE GROWTH OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

The present experiment was conducted in a rectangular aquarium for three months to evaluate the growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Growth performance of Common Carp were studied under four different feed supplements i.e. Feed contained Rice and Wheat bran (CG), Fish meal (T1), Poultry meal (T2) and waste proteins (T3). These four different supplementary feed were supplied to fish which were kept in four different tanks at Aquarium (Fisheries Lab) in Zoology department UAJ and K Muzaffarabad, at the rate of 0.25 gm/per day. Initially, at the time of stocking, the morphometric characteristics, viz, average body weight and average body length was measured. After initiation of experiment, these morphometric characteristics as well as physico-chemical parameters (pH and water temperature) of the water were recorded on daily basis throughout the study period. Average Body weight of Common Carp was recorded as, 13.91±1.592, 10.88±0.617, 11.96±0.967, 10.841±0.725 gm under treatment T1, T2 and T3 and Control group respectively. The final body weight of fish in Control group and treatment groups showed that fish kept in T1 (P-Value=0.003) have gained the maximum body weight, while other treatment groups showed no significant statistical difference. Final Body Length of Common Carp was recorded as 7.44±0.169, 11.28±1.407, 8.031±0.473, 9.293±1.490cm under Control group, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The final body length of fish in Control group and treatment groups showed that fish kept in T1 (P-Value = 0.001) gained more length followed by T3 (P-Value = 0.007). There is no significant statistical difference in Control group and T2. These results suggest that T1 containing the 30% wheat and rice bran supplementary diets can increase the fish maximum body weight and body length.

Study and microbial evaluation of homemade meat meals sold in the markets of the city of Al Bayda – Libya

Background: Home-cooked meals were frequently linked to foodborne diseases. Microbial contamination of meals depends on many factors: handling and preparing of foods, the environment and quality of raw materials, and also habits of cooks. People who sell such meals for customers with lower income in the street are at risk from foodborne diseases and a need for periodical control to protect them. Deleterious microorganisms present in food may produce toxins and other harmful substances; some may spoil foods and cause off-odors and off-flavors. Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate microbial contamination in home-made meat and meals sold in the markets of the city of Al-Bayda – Libya Methods: This study evaluated 40 samples of home-prepared meat in the city of Al-Bayda(20 red meat meals and 20 poultry meat samples). All samples were tested for the total number of viable bacteria, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, psychoactive and Anaerobic bacteria, mold count, and yeast count Results: The study showed that the average number of home meals red meat and processed poultry were 14.63 x 106, 19.19 x 105,10.35 x 510, 16.04 x 105, 104 x 3.8, and 7.39 x 105 CFU/g, respectively. The percentage of Staphylococcus aureus is 46.4% and 40% in processed red meat and poultry meals, respectively. Conclusion: The research showed that aerobic Bacteria did not grow in all the meals that were tested, and these results demonstrated the importance of this, which gave a serious indication that all home-prepared meat is dangerous to human health.

Black Soldier Fly Larvae Feed with Fermented Bamboo Culms Enriched with Lactic Acid Bacteria

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae have been a promising protein source use in fish and poultry meal effectively replacing plant-based protein source. Currently, there is no study on the effects of fermented bamboo culms by lactic acid bacteria to improve the nutrition of BSF larvae. The main objective of this study is to determine the protein:fat ratio and growth rate of BSF larvae fed with fermented bamboo culm fibres (Bambusa beecheyana) enriched with lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum and Brevibacillus parabrevis were successfully isolated from BSF larvae gut aged 16 days and fermentation of bamboo culms fibre were successfully carried out for 21 days. Our results showed the plot VEG217 consist of Lactobacillus plantarum and Brevibacillus parabrevis (1:1) mixed with fermented bamboo culms fibre and vegetable waste have greater average weight (111%) and length (30%) compared to negative control that only consist of BSF larvae fed with vegetable waste. Interestingly, BSF larvae fed with fermented bamboo enriched with lactic acid bacteria also pupariated in much shorter time (less than 13 days) compared to negative control (18 days). All the larvae fed with fermented bamboo and lactic acid bacteria also showed improvement in the protein and fat ratio when compared to negative control (5:3). The plot VEG111 consist of Brevibacillus parabrevis mixed with fermented bamboo and vegetable wastes have the best protein:fat ratio (4:1). This result shows the potentioal of using fermented bamboo culm fibres enriched with lactic acid bacteria to improve the growth rate of BSF larvae.

Use of passive acoustic monitoring to evaluate the effects of a feed effector on feeding behavior, growth performance, and salinity stress tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei

Pacific whiteleg shrimp is the topmost aquacultured species produced in the world. However, shrimp feeding behavior results in unnecessary expenditures, as some of the feed offered is not entirely consumed. Nowadays, aquaculture has become more accepting of using animal by-products such as poultry meal as a protein source to replace fishmeal. Unfortunately, such by-products might affect shrimp acceptance of the offered feed. The present work evaluates the use of a chemosensory feed effector with attractive properties on the feeding behavior, growth performance, and salinity stress tolerance in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Nine diets were formulated to contain either poultry meal (6%), or fishmeal (6% or 12%) as animal protein source, with feed effector supplemented at 0, 0.1, and 0.2%. The various diets were offered to naïve and non-naïve shrimp to evaluate feed consumption. Concurrently, shrimp feeding behavior was monitored using passive acoustic monitoring. Afterwards, a 42-days growth trial was performed followed by a salinity stress trial were performed to evaluate the effect of the feed effector in shrimp diets on animal growth, survival, and stress tolerance. Results of the present study indicate significant positive relationships between the number of clicks and feed consumed after 30 min (p < 0.001, r = 0.46 to 0.69). Additionally, shrimp offered the poultry meal-based diets produced significantly more “clicks” when the diets were supplemented with the feed effector, compared with the rest of the diets. However, the shrimp consumed poultry meal-based diets similarly to the fishmeal-based diets, only when supplemented with the feed effector. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in terms of final biomass, final average individual weight, weight gain, FCR, or survival. However, salinity stress trial results indicate significantly better survival when offered diets supplemented with the feed effector, regardless of the level of inclusion. Results of the present work suggest that supplementing the feed effector to shrimp diets improves palatability and shrimp acceptance of diets formulated with poultry meal as sole animal protein source, as well as improves shrimp tolerance to salinity fluctuations. In an era of limited resources, supplementation of poultry meal-based shrimp diets with feed effector improves overall profitability by obtaining good shrimp growth with less expensive diets, and despite of stressors.

Improved fecal particle size profile in Rainbow Trout fed feeds containing different ratios of animal meal and plant protein concentrates: Effect on nitrogen and phosphorus partitioning

AbstractObjectiveOur objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of fish meal replacement with plant and animal protein sources accompanied by a feed binder on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) partitioning in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss feces.MethodsThree diets in which fish meal (FM; reference diet) was completely replaced with a combination of poultry meal (PM), corn protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, and guar gum (binder) were evaluated to determine the portioning of N and P in fecal particle size‐classes (fines: &lt;0.6 mm; mid‐size particles: 0.6–1.2 mm; large particles: &gt;1.2 mm) and compared with a commercial feed for Rainbow Trout. Feces were evaluated for particle size composition and the content of total N (TN) and total P (TP) in each size‐class.ResultThere was a significant difference in fecal particle size composition for trout fed the experimental diets compared to those given the commercial feed. Fish that received the four experimental diets produced feces with approximately 43% large particles and 24% fines compared to 6% and 67% for trout that were fed the commercial diet. The TN in feces was significantly higher for trout that were fed the FM diet (3.84%) than for trout fed the FM‐free diets, and TN also declined linearly (2.68, 1.91, and 1.59%) as the content of PM was replaced with plant‐based protein. A diet × particle size interaction effect on fecal N content was also observed in which a significant increase in TN from large particles compared with fines occurred for the experimental FM diet, but there was little difference between size‐classes for the non‐FM‐based feeds. The feces of trout fed the FM diet contained more TP (100,007 μg/g) than the feces of fish receiving the FM‐free diets (46,751–72,659 μg/g), likely due to higher dietary P content of FM. However, TP concentrations followed a similar trend as TN in the FM‐free feeds, declining as the proportion of plant protein sources increased (and as PM decreased). The large fecal particles (72,235 μg/g) contained more TP than the mid‐size particles (68,926 μg/g) or fines (61,974 μg/g), which could be due to leaching in the latter two particle size‐classes, as the potential for solubility likely increased as particle size decreased.ConclusionThese findings may have important implications for improving the fecal particle size profile for sedimentation and removal of regulated nutrients through the formulation of Rainbow Trout feeds in replacement of FM with plant protein.

Plant nutritional value of aquaculture water produced by feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) alternative protein diets: A lettuce and basil case study

Societal Impact StatementRefining circular multitrophic food production methods, which integrate plant, fish, and insect outputs, is imperative for environmental sustainability. Our findings suggest that the right protein choices in fish feed, like black soldier fly meal and poultry meal, can notably enhance the nutrient profile of fish waste water. This, in turn, is conducive for hydroponic cultivation, enhancing the nutritional attributes of plants like basil and lettuce. As we reduce environmental impact and optimize resource use, it is evident that our food ecosystems are deeply intertwined. Harnessing these synergies could redefine our approach to food production, paving the way for a more sustainable global future.Summary Optimization of nutrient use efficiencies in circular multitrophic food production systems (i.e., plant, fish, and insect production) is crucial for sustainability. This study tested how protein ingredient choice in fish feed influences the plant nutritional value of the fish waste water when used for hydroponic crop production. Waste water samples were obtained from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in which Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed different single protein source diets—black soldier fly meal (BSFM), poultry by‐product meal (PM), poultry blood meal (PBM), and fish meal. Water was analyzed for plant nutrients and used for lettuce and basil cultivation to evaluate their suitability for hydroponic crop production—viz. yield, mineral nutrient, and selected secondary metabolite levels. BSFM RAS water had the highest concentrations of K, Mg, and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn) of the RAS waters, whereas PM RAS water contained the highest P concentration and had a mean pH of 6.5 closer to the optimum pH for hydroponic plants. These RAS waters consequently lead to the highest yields in basil and lettuce indicating the importance of the aforementioned factors. From a plant production perspective, BSFM appears promising as a protein source in fish feeds for aquaponics. Usage of RAS waters for plant production helps reduce (i) environmental impact of RAS water and (ii) resource input in plant production. Longer term RAS trials should be conducted to determine the maximum nutrient concentrations achievable during fish production with diets including BSFM as the main protein source.

PSVIII-14 Improved Palatability and Digestibility in Dry Dog Food Using a Porcine Intestinal Mucosa Hydrolysate

Abstract A proper diet for a dog is one that provides all the required nutrients and is highly digestible. In order for the ingredients to be delivered to the organism, this diet should be highly palatable. Currently, research is being conducted on the possibility of introducing new sources of animal protein, thus replacing traditional meat meals. A new source of protein, together with increasing the digestibility and palatability of dry pet food while maintaining the price of the recipe, is an expected success. Porcine intestinal mucosa hydrolysate (PIMH) products are high-quality, sustainable, and inexpensive protein sources obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa as byproduct of the heparin manufacturing process. PIMH are being used as alternative protein sources in several animal species. The present study aimed to determine the effects of incorporating 3% PIMH (Palbio HP, Bioiberica SAU, Palafolls, Spain) as replacement for poultry meal on digestibility and palatability of dog dry food. The palatability test was conducted on a professional, independent panel of dogs. The test lasted 4 days with 20 adult dogs. Apparent digestibility and feces quality were also assessed in a digestibility test under the supervision of veterinarians in a 10-day experiment. The tested diets which serve as reference of a commercial dry dog food (Control diet) and a diet in which 3% PIMH was incorporated as replacement for poultry meal (PIMH diet). Palatability evaluation was performed in a two-pan setting in which first choice and consumption ratio were quantified and compared over four days. A Chi square test was used for the statistical analysis and a P-value of &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. An improvement in palatability was observed with the PIMH diet. More specifically, first choice results were greater during the four days of the study with PIMH (82%, 88%, 89% and 100%, respectively) compared with Control. Likewise, consumption ratio was also greater with PIMH over the four study days (84%, 87%, 86% and 93%, respectively). On the other hand, the PIMH diet showed a greater digestibility (77.98%) compared with the Control diet (73.95%), as well as a better feces score (0% unacceptable feces vs 4.2% in the Control group).In conclusion, using 3% Palbio HP PIMH in dry dog food as replacement for poultry meal leads to enhanced palatability and digestibility, while it has no negative impact on feces quality or diet costs.

121 Use of Specialty Soy Products as Alternatives to Poultry Meal and Spray-Dried Blood Plasma in Nursery Pig Diets

Abstract A total of 2,260 pigs (initial BW = 6.7 ± 0.3 kg) were used to evaluate specialty soy protein sources as alternatives to poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma on nursery pig performance. At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments based on initial weight in two research nurseries. In the first facility there were 20 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. In the second facility, there were 21 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment for a total of 22 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets during phase 1 (d 0 to 7) and phase 2 (d 7 to 21) followed by a common diet for an additional 21 days (d 21 to 42). Dietary treatments included a control diet containing 9.5% poultry meal (AV-E Digest, XFE Products, Des Moines, IA) and 4.13 (Phase 1) or 2.75% (Phase 2) spray-dried blood plasma (Appetein, APC Inc., Ankeny, IA) and a 2 × 2 factorial with a novel soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Plainfield, IN) or microbial enhanced soy protein (MEPro; Prairie Aquatech; Brookings, SD) replacing poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma. Protein sources were added to the diet to maintain a similar level of soybean meal and balance for SID amino acids. Thus, soy protein sources were added to the diet at 6 and 13 (Phase 1) or 10.75% (Phase 2) to replace poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma, respectively. Dietary treatment structure allowed the opportunity to compare each protein source to each other, soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal, and soy protein sources as a replacement to spray-dried blood plasma. During the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed novel soy protein concentrate had improved (P &amp;lt; 0.001) G:F with no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in ADG or ADFI compared with pigs fed microbial enhanced soy protein (Table). Pigs fed either soy protein as a replacement of poultry meal had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet. Additionally, pigs fed either soy protein source as a replacement of spray-dried blood plasma had improved (P = 0.044) G:F compared with pigs fed either soy protein without replacing spray-dried blood plasma, with no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in ADG or ADFI. In summary, utilizing a specialty soy protein source as a replacement for poultry meal improved growth performance. Further replacing poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma with the specialty soy proteins improved feed efficiency during the experimental period. The novel soy protein concentrate improved feed efficiency compared with microbial enhanced soy protein during the experimental period with no effect on ADG or ADFI.

299 Poultry Meal Autoclaving Time-Related Reduction in Amino Acid Digestibility for Broiler Chickens and Growing Pigs

Abstract Poultry meal (PoMe), a rendered product of slaughtered poultry carcasses, is widely used in swine and poultry diets because of its highly digestible protein and balanced amino acid profile. Rendering may reduce amino acid digestibility of PoMe because rendering can induce heat damage to PoMe, and the effect of heat damage on amino acid digestibility in PoMe may be different between broiler chickens and growing pigs. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of autoclaving on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid in PoMe fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min for 7 samples. Eight experimental diets consisted of 7 diets containing each PoMe sample as a sole source of nitrogen and a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 1, 656 male broiler chickens (initial BW = 719 ± 97 g) at d 18 post hatching were assigned to the 8 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. On d 23, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and dissected for the collection of ileal digesta. In Exp. 2, 16 barrows (initial BW = 23.3 ± 0.7 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with the 8 diets and 4 periods. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods. Data for Exp. 1 and 2 were pooled together as a 2 × 7 factorial treatment arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., pigs and broiler chickens) and autoclaving time (i.e., 0 to 180 min). An Interaction between species and linear effect of autoclaving time was observed (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in SID of nitrogen, arginine, and threonine in PoMe. To be specific, the linear decrease in ileal digestibility of nitrogen and those AA with increasing autoclaving time was greater in pigs compared with broiler chickens. The SID of AA both linearly and quadratically decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) as autoclaving time increased. The SID of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in PoMe was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in growing pigs compared with broiler chickens regardless of autoclaving time. In conclusion, increasing autoclaving time decreases SID of amino acids in PoMe, and SID values in some indispensable amino acids are greater in growing pigs compared with broiler chickens.

Dietary ingredient composition affects faecal waste production and characteristics in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

This study investigated the effect of different animal-based ingredients on faecal waste production and characteristics in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Seven ingredients of animal origin were tested: KM – krill meal; SHM – shrimp head meal; NIM – natural ingredient meal consisting of freeze dried krill (Euphausia superba), sand eel (Ammodytes marinus), smelt (Atherina boyeri) and squid (Loligo patagonica) (all included at 25% on dry matter basis); PHA – poultry meal with high ash content; PLA – poultry meal with low ash content; HFM – hydrolysed feather meal and POM – pork meal. Ingredients were incorporated at 30% (HFM – 15% inclusion) in a basal diet, which was predominantly marine-based. Yellowtail kingfish (mean initial weight 41 g) were fed the experimental diets restrictively, in triplicate groups. Fish performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal waste production were investigated over a 35 day experimental period. In addition, faecal characteristics were visually evaluated, and faeces removal efficiency and particle size distribution (PSD) were measured. Organic matter digestibility (OM) differed between diets, hereby altering the amount of faecal waste produced (g OM/kg DM FI). Test ingredients affected faeces removal efficiency by settling (%) and the amount of non-removed faeces (g OM/kg DM FI). Effects of ingredients on faeces removal efficiency were small compared to effects on faecal waste production. SHM, inclusion resulted in an improved faeces removal efficiency, while other animal-based ingredients did not improve faeces removal efficiency. Overall, this study highlights the importance of ingredient digestibility (and thus faecal waste production) for solid waste management in yellowtail kingfish.