Inclusion Of Poultry By-product Meal Research Articles

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by poultry by-product meal on the growth performance, immunity, and intestinal health of juvenile red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkia

The present study was conducted to investigate the dietary replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant properties, and intestinal health of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). A diet containing 20% fish meal (FM) and complex plant ingredients as the main protein resources was set as the FM group (crude protein 32%, crude lipid 6%). Four diets replacing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% fish meal of the FM diet with PBM were set as the PBM25, PBM50, PBM75, and PBM100 groups, respectively. Compared to the FM group, the PBM100 diet significantly decreased growth performance and feed utilization of crayfish, while markedly increasing the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase. The immune response was depressed in crayfish fed the PBM100 diet as the activities of serum lysozyme and phenoloxidase, gene expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (alf), cyclophilin A (cypa), crustin, and hemocyanin-1 (hep-1) in hepatopancreas were remarkably decreased. The activities of antioxidases and expression of antioxidant-relevant genes in the hepatopancreas were not influenced by PBM inclusion. Crayfish fed different diets exhibited no obvious symptoms of enteritis, but the PBM100 diet destructed intestinal morphology by significantly decreasing the average length of longitudinal ridges. The α-diversity and overall community structure were not significantly influenced but variations were found in the relative abundance of some genera by PBM inclusion. In summary, CAP could successfully replace 75% dietary FM in a basal diet containing 20% fish meal, while higher CAP level compromised growth performance, immunity, and intestinal histology of crayfish.

Poultry by-product meal as a replacement to xylose-treated soybean meal in diet of early- to mid-lactation Holstein cows.

The objectives were to compare the effectiveness of poultry by-product meal (PBM) with xylose-treated soybean meal (x-SBM) as a conventional protein source and rumen-undegraded protein (RUP):rumen-degraded protein (RDP) ratio on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and production of early- to mid-lactation Holsteins. Twelve multiparous cows averaging (mean ± SD) 50 ± 9days in milk were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period was 28days in length. Treatments were RUP sources (PBM or x-SBM) with either a high or a low RUP:RDP ratio (high ratio = 40:60 or low ratio = 36:64; based on % of crude protein (CP)). Experimental diets were balanced to be similar in protein and energy contents (CP = 16.7% of DM; NEL = 1.67Mcal/kg DM). Prior to diet formulation, an in situ pilot experiment was conducted to estimate the RUP fractions of x-SBM and PBM as 63.9% and 54.1% of CP, respectively. Treatments had no effect on ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and molar percentage of individual VFAs. Treatments had no effect on total tract apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), with the exception of N that was greater in diets with a low RUP:RDP ratio (68.2 vs. 70.1% of DM). DM consumption was 0.70kg/day higher when cows were fed PBM diet compared with x-SBM diet. No treatment effect was observed on milk yield and milk composition; however, milk protein yield and milk urea N were greater in cows fed PBM. Inclusion of PBM in the diet in substitution to x-SBM resulted in increased blood levels of urea N, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). There was no interaction between the RUP source and the RUP:RDP ratio for urinary and fecal N excretion. Efficiency of N utilization expressed as milk N secretion as a proportion of N intake tended to be greater in cows fed PBM. Feeding diets with a low ratio of RUP:RDP increased efficiency of milk production expressed as milk yield as a proportion of total N excretion (fecal and urinary N). Feeding a diet with PBM supported milk production comparable with x-SBM and had positive effects on feed intake, milk protein yield, and milk N efficiency.

Poultry by-product meal as an alternative to fish meal in the juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diet

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the eventual possibility of fish meal (FM) substitution in the diet of farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by poultry by-product meal (PBM) and to verify PBM suitability in aquafeeds. Inclusion of PBM in the seabream diet was therefore investigated by a multidisciplinary analysis to evaluate its possible effects on fish growth performance, fish welfare and fillet quality. A control diet and two experimental diets, Feed A and Feed B containing PBM with 50% and 100% of FM substitution respectively, were formulated. All diets were isoproteic (45%), isolipidic (20%) and isoenergetic. The growth trial lasted 110 days, including 20 days of fish acclimatization. Juvenile gilthead seabream with an initial average weight of 73.57 ± 10.47 g were allotted at random in nine tanks (three replicates per diet), fed once a day by hand (feeding rate 1%).As a result, average weight gain increased in all fish groups without any statistically significant difference (P > .05). Measured zootechnical parameters were similar among fish groups, the condition factor as an indicator of fish condition was around 2 and the survival rate was 100%. Investigations through haematological parameters, digestive enzymes and liver histology analyses demonstrated that no statistical difference existed among dietary treatments and this clear evidence attests that PBM inclusion in seabream diets did not have a negative effect on fish welfare. Protein patterns obtained from fish fed the control diet and PBM diets showed a similar expression of structural proteins such as actin, tropomyosin, myosin light chain 1 (MLC1), myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) and fast skeletal myosin light chain (MLC3). Results for fish fillet compositions were comparable in all fish groups with some exceptions for fatty acid composition. The gross energy content of seabream muscle was also not affected by PBM.The present study demonstrated that the total substitution of FM with PBM in the commercial diet of gilthead seabream (S. aurata) is achievable without compromising fish growth performance, fish welfare and fillet quality and suggests that PBM could be considered as a good sustainable raw material for fish food.

Inclusion of poultry by-product meal in the diet of Sparidentex hasta: Effects on production performance, digestibility and nutrient retention

A 60-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta). PBM replaced 0, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55% of dietary FM in the isoproteic (500 g kg−1) and isocaloric (21 kj g−1) experimental diets. Sobaity sea bream with an average initial weight of 29.27 ± 0.06 g were randomly assigned to 18 tanks (6 treatments with triplicates each) at an initial stocking density of 20 fish per tank. The final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen retention efficiency were higher in fish fed PBM15, 25 and 35 diets than in fish fed the control, PBM45 and 55 diets. Feed conversion ratio, nitrogen and phosphorus wastage did not show significant differences in PBM0, 35, 45 and 55. Increased retention of arginine, lysine, methionine, histidine and taurine was observed at lower dietary content of the respective amino acids. The morphometric indices, body proximate composition and amino acid profile were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, lipid and calcium in fish fed PBM diet did not show significant differences with PBM0. Protein ADC was significantly decreased with increased PBM level from 35%. Our results indicated that using fish meal and PBM in combination lead to improved growth and feed utilization of sobaity sea bream when compared to treatments using FM alone as the dietary protein source. Fish meal protein could be replaced up to 55% by PBM in the formulated diets of S. hasta juveniles without any negative effects on growth performance, feed utilization and whole body amino acid profile.

Replacement of Fishmeal with a Blend of Poultry Byproduct Meal and Soybean Meal in Diets for Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

AbstractA feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.

Effect of supplementing exogenous protease in low protein poultry by-product meal based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers

A 3×2×2 experiment using 3 levels (0, 30 and 60g/kg) of poultry by-product meal (PBM), two levels (180 and 190g/kg) of crude protein (CP) and two levels of exogenous protease (with and without) was undertaken using factorial arrangement under completely randomized design. The birds (n=1920) were randomly divided into 48 replicates with four replicates under each treatment (40 birds/replicate). Six isocaloric diets (ME 11.93MJ/kg) were formulated with 2 CP (180 and 190g/kg) levels. Each diet was supplemented with or without exogenous enzyme and fed to experimental birds from day 1–35. The dietary supplementation of exogenous protease increased feed intake (P<0.001) and body weight gain (P<0.001). The feed: gain was also improved by supplementation of protease during day 1–21 and day 1–35. However, feed intake and body weight gain (P<0.001) decreased with decreasing level of CP during day 1–21 and day 1–35. Similarly increasing the level of PBM from 30 to 60g/kg decreased feed intake and body weight gain (P<0.001) during day 1–21. The feed: gain was also poor (P<0.05) during this period. No effect of reducing CP level on AME, apparent digestibility co-efficient for nitrogen, and AMEn was noted. However, nitrogen retention (Nret) was decreased (P<0.001) when CP level was decreased. Inclusion of PBM also had no effect on nutrient digestibility. A significant interaction (P<0.05) of PBM and CP was noted on AME, Nret and AMEn. However, addition of enzyme improved all these parameters. In conclusion, CP level can be reduced to 190g/kg with 30g/kg PBM inclusion by supplementing exogenous protease.

Alternative Feeding Strategies to Maximize Fish Oil and Fish Meal Sparing in Largemouth Bass Culture while Maintaining Production Performance and Product Value

AbstractFeeding trials were conducted to determine (1) the optimal inclusion of poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and poultry fat (PF) as alternatives to fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in diets for Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and (2) whether the poultry‐based formulations could be used in conjunction with FO‐based finishing feeds in a strategy to minimize the use of marine‐derived ingredients while maintaining performance and fillet composition. In trial 1, fish (mean ± SE = 16.0 ± 0.5 g) were reared for 9 weeks on diets (∼40% protein, ∼10% lipid) containing graded levels of FM (0, 7.5, or 15%) and FO (0, 3, or 6%), with PBM and PF replacing FM and FO, respectively. The results indicated that complete replacement of marine feedstuffs with PBM and PF had no significant effects on production performance; all diets yielded equivalent weight gain (mean ± SE = 277 ± 45%), feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.4 ± 0.4), and feed consumption (39 ± 6 g/fish), although fillet fatty acid profile reflected the diet. Based on these results, the 7.5% FM–0% FO and 0% FM–0% FO diets were further evaluated. In trial 2, fish (mean ± SE = 39 ± 3 g) were reared for 16 weeks on the 7.5% FM–0% FO or 0% FM–0% FO feeds, followed by an additional 12 weeks on the assigned diet or a 15% FM–6% FO finishing diet. The performance and fillet composition of these fish were compared with those of their counterparts that only received the finishing feed or a commercially available Largemouth Bass feed. All approaches yielded equivalent weight gain (mean ± SE = 496 ± 65%), FCR (2.0 ± 0.2), and feed consumption (407 ± 65 g/fish). Fillet fatty acid profiles reflected dietary intake, but finishing significantly increased the n‐3 fatty acid and long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. The use of poultry‐byproduct‐based Largemouth Bass feeds may offer cost savings, and undesired effects on fillet nutritional value may be attenuated by the use of finishing feeds.

Effect of Dietary Fish Meal Replacement by Poultry By-Product Meal with Different Grain Source and Enzyme Supplementation on Performance, Feces Recovery, Body Composition and Nutrient Balance of Nile Tilapia

The efficacy of replacing Fish Meal (FM) with Poultry By-product Meal (PBM) in Nile tilapia diets on an ideal protein basis with different grain sources and enzyme supplementation was evaluated under condition of cement pond culture. An experimental diet was formulated contain 30% crude protein, 5% ether extract and 3355 Kcal ME/Kg. Four other diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric as the basal diet No. 1, in which FM protein was substituted completely by PBM protein (Basal diet No. 2), while diet No. 3, 4 and 5 sorghum grain replaced 100% of wheat grain (w/w) or 100% of corn grain or 50% of both wheat and corn for the three diets respectively. The fish experimental diets were fed to the fish without or with enzyme supplementation. Statistical analysis of data revealed that inclusion of PBM instead of FM with wheat or sorghum grain plus corn (group 2 and 3) in Nile tilapia diet had no significant (p>0.05) effect on Body Weight (BW), Daily Body Gain (DBG), Daily Feed Intake (DFI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Efficiency of Energy Utilization (EEU) when compared with the control. While corn replacement by sorghum (group 4) or 50% of both corn and wheat by sorghum (group 5) had no effect on DFI, but significantly (p 0.05) affected when FM replaced by PBM with different grain sources. Carcass chemical composition data indicated that there is no significant effect of different experimental diets on fish body dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and carbohydrate and phosphorus contents. PBM as FM alternatives has a high potential as feed ingredients replacing FM. Nutrients balances and fecal recovery data showed that PBM with corn + wheat or corn + sorghum results in good fish performance for a similar replacement of FM on protein percent basis. However, they result as well in slightly higher waste loads, in particular of N and C to the system. Sorghum grain as alternative to corn (weight/weight) results in lower fish production and higher nutrient fecal and non fecal losses and prefer to rejected because it has a negative impact on the system. Moreover, enzyme supplementation highly improved the fish performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and fecal recovery and reduces the excessive losses of the nutrient to the environment.

Growth performance and feed utilization of Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848) fed partial or total replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Tilapia zillii fed diets where poultry by-product meal replaced fish meal protein at 0, 50 and 100% levels in high energy diets. This is the first research study conducted to evaluate poultry by-product as an alternative feed source for T. zillii. Experimental diets were prepared isonitrogenously and isocalorically (55% CP; 20.5 kJ GE g-1). Ninety fish (mean weight 2.45 ± 0.04 g) were cultured in glass aquariums containing brackish water (25°C average temperature and 11‰ salinity) for a period of 45 days. At the end of the trial, relative growth rate, specific growth ratio and daily dry protein intake in fish fed diet 1 (control) and 2 (50% poultry by-product meal inclusion) were similar and appeared significantly (p conversion ratio was significant different among diet 2 and diet 3 (p zilli can be cultured in brackish water with feeding a diet containing 50% poultry by-product meal without any adverse effect on growth performance of fish.

Farinha de vísceras de aves na alimentação de alevinos de lambari

O lambari, Astyanax altiparanae, é uma espécie muito comum em rios nacionais, com grande potencial para a piscicultura nacional. Ele apresenta crescimento rápido e carne de excelente sabor, sendo muito apreciado com petisco e como isca viva para a pesca esportiva. A farinha de vísceras de aves é uma importante fonte protéica de origem animal. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves (FV) em rações para alevinos de lambari. Foram utilizados 125 alevinos, apresentando peso e comprimento inicial médio de 0,080±0,002g e 1,86±0,20cm, respectivamente, distribuídos em 25 aquários. As rações foram formuladas de forma a conter 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FV na dieta. O arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia, na forma farelada e à vontade. O valores médios de peso final (1,47, 1,92, 2,02, 2,11 e 2,15g) e comprimento final (4,40, 4,78, 4,92, 4,92 e 5,08cm) dos alevinos de lambari apresentaram aumento linear (P&lt;0,05) diretamente proporcional aos níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FV) nas rações. A sobrevivência (88, 96, 92, 76 e 88%) e a conversão alimentar aparente (4,58, 3,29, 3,25, 3,92 e 3,34) não apresentaram diferença (P&lt;0,05) entre os níveis de FV na dieta. A inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves em rações à base de ingredientes de origem vegetal melhora o desempenho e o teor protéico da carcaça.

Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets formulated for the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to examine the possibility of replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) at high inclusion levels in the diets of the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, a carnivorous marine tropical fish. Six isolipidic (12%) and isoproteic (50%), experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of PBM. Fish meal protein was replaced with a feed-grade PBM at 50, 75 or 100% level (FPBM50, FPBM75, FPBM100, respectively), or a pet food grade PBM at 75 or 100% replacement level (PPBM75 and PPBM100, respectively). The control diet contained Danish fish meal as the sole protein source. The experimental diets were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to triplicate groups of humpback grouper fingerlings (12.4±0.2 g). The grouper fingerlings were randomly distributed into groups of 15 fish in cylindrical cages (61 cm depth and 43 cm diameter) and placed in a 150-ton seawater polyethylene tank. Except for fish fed the FPBM100 diet, growth performance, survival, and feed utilization efficiency for fish fed PBM-based diets were not significantly lower (P>0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet. The PBM source and dietary level did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the hepato- and visero-somatic indices or the condition factor of fish. Dry matter and protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets decreased with increasing dietary PBM, and ranged from 64.3–71.5% and 86.2 to 91.2%, respectively. High values (91.7 to 96.7%) for lipid ADC were observed in all diets, with no significant differences among dietary treatments. Whole-body moisture and lipid contents of the fish were not affected by the inclusion of PBM in the diets. With the exception of fish fed the FPBM100 diet, whole-body protein of fish fed the PBM-based diets was slightly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. There was a trend of increased whole-body ash with the increase in dietary levels of PBM. The results from this study indicate that good quality terrestrial PBM can successfully replace more than half the protein from marine fish meal in the diets for humpback grouper. However, total replacement of fish meal with PBM might be constrained by lowered nutrient digestibility and limiting essential amino acids, especially lysine and methionine.

Substituting fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets for black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica

A 60 days feeding experiment was carried out with Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica to determine the amount of poultry by-product meal (PBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) in formulated diets without reducing growth performance. Juvenile Black Sea turbot (initial average weight, 30 g) were fed five isoenergetic (gross energy, 20.5 ± 0.21 kJ g⁻¹ diet) and isonitrogenous diets (protein content, 550 ± 0.35 g kg⁻¹). The control diet used white FM as the sole protein source, the other four diets were prepared to replace FM protein at levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with PBM. The fish readily accepted all experimental diets and no mortality were recorded during the trial. There were no significant differences in growth performance of turbot (P < 0.05) fed the diets with 25% and 50% replacement levels compared with fish offered the control diet (100% FM), however, final body weight and specific growth rate values in the 50% replacement diet were about 8% lower than those of the control. Total nitrogen excretion in fish fed 50% replacement diet were about 10% higher than the control group, even though these parameters were not found to be statistically different. At the levels of 750 and 1000 g kg⁻¹ of the protein, PBM inclusion caused a severe decrease in growth performance, feed utilization, protein efficiency ratio and per cent nitrogen retention. The results in the present study indicate that up to 25% of FM protein can be replaced by PBM protein without causing reduction in growth performance, nutrient utilization and nitrogen retention.

Effects of inclusion of poultry by-product meal and enzyme-prebiotic supplementation in grower diets on performance and feed digestibility of broilers

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of level of inclusion of poultry by-product and enzyme-prebiotic supplementation on grower diet digestibility and the performance of broilers. 2. Six grower diets were formulated to provide a similar nutrient profile with the exception of using three graded levels of poultry by-product, namely 0, 25, 40 g/kg of the diet with and without supplementation of enzyme preparation at the rate of 1 kg per tonne of feed and prebiotic preparation at the rate of 2 kg per tonne of feed. The experimental diets were used from 3 to 6 weeks of age. 3. Body weights, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by poultry by-product; however, enzyme-prebiotic had a significant positive effect on feed conversion efficiency at 0 to 6 weeks in experiment 1. 4. Crude protein digestibility was decreased by feeding the diet containing poultry by-product while ether extract digestibility was increased by poultry by-product at the rate of 25 g per kg of feed only. Dry matter retention, crude fibre digestibility and organic matter retention were not affected by poultry by-product. Dry matter and organic matter retentions, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre digestibilities were not affected by enzyme-prebiotic. 5. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were increased by poultry by-product at the rate of 40 g per kg of feed and addition of enzyme-prebiotic.

The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout. Seven diets were each fed to four replicate lots of 300 first-feeding fry cultured in 75 l aluminum troughs for 8 weeks. Two basal diets were manufactured with approximately equal nutrient content, one using krill and squid meals and the other anchovy meal as the primary protein-containing ingredients. The meals used to manufacture the diets were separated into two fractions: lipid (ether-extractable); and protein/ash (non-ether-extractable) using a large soxhlet. The fractions were then recombined to create two additional diets; one containing anchovy protein/ash with krill/squid lipid, the other krill/squid protein/ash with fish lipid. A fifth diet recombined krill/squid protein/ash with krill/squid lipid to evaluate effects of the extraction process. Two additional treatments included a diet with a portion of the krill meal replaced by poultry by-product meal, and the basal anchovy meal diet supplemented with sodium, magnesium, and copper. Fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal as the primary protein source gained more weight ( P<0.05) than fish consuming krill/squid meal-based diets. Dorsal fin index (DFI, measured as mean dorsal fin height×100/total fish length) was greater ( P<0.05) for fish consuming diets containing krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction (DFI=9.9%–10.0%) than for fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal protein/ash fraction (DFI=4.9%–5.3%), regardless of lipid source. Supplementation of the anchovy meal diet with sodium, magnesium, and copper improved ( P<0.05) DFI by approximately 20%, but not to the level supported by the krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction diets. The cost of the krill meal diet was reduced by inclusion of poultry by-product meal without affecting dorsal fin condition. These data indicate that the dietary agent contributing to dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout is not present in the ether-extractable fraction of the diet, but rather in the protein or mineral fraction.