Pottery Forms Research Articles

Pottery Production Changes During the Transition from Byzantine to Umayyad Rule

Pottery is the most affected tool by the changes in human societies; this is due to its flexibility during forming. In order to estimate the effect of the transition of inhabitants of the urban center of Umm Qais (Gadara), north Jordan, from Byzantine (Christianity) to Umayyad (Islam) rule on pottery production traditions, a total of 29 cooking pots and sherds of pottery jars were selected. The samples were dated according to stratigraphy, archaeological context, and parallel examples to the proposed periods. The samples were investigated following the typological and archaeometric approaches. The raw materials and firing technology of the pottery during the two periods were determined following chemical and mineralogical methods using petrography, XRD, ED-XRF, and EDX-SEM techniques. The results revealed that many styles and forms of pottery continued to be produced and some new styles emerged at the urban center of Gadara. Technically, the potters inherited the knowledge of selecting the available raw materials and firing conditions of pottery during the Byzantine and Umayyad periods. During these periods, Umm Qais potters used the local raw materials—non-calcareous ferruginous illite clays mixed with medium to high amounts of coarse quartz grains and fired at temperatures around 1000° in an oxidizing atmosphere to produce cooking pots. They used the available medium to highcalcareous ferruginous illite clays and fired them at temperatures between 850° and 950° in an oxidizing atmosphere to produce the jars. Importing fine fabric jars and cooking pots during the seventh century from Jarash are indicated too. Thus, the types and forms of everyday use pottery were more affected by the political and religious changes than the technical aspects.

Preliminary result of archaeological and petrographic classification of Neolithic pottery from Bahçelievler settlement in Northwestern Anatolia

In prehistoric archaeology, pottery is a significant fragment in defining and making sense of the culture. The pottery forms and the differences in the variety of decorations are used together with other archaeological elements in the stratification of the settlement at the local scale. Bahçelievler settlement is located in the southeast of the Marmara Sea and in a mountainous area, unlike many other settlements with similar cultural characteristics. Bahçelievler Neolithic settlement was inhabited for the first time between 7192 and 7052 BCE and continued to be used until 6063–5971 BCE. Therefore, the settlement in question has a crucial role in the beginning and development of the Pottery Neolithic Period, especially in Northwestern Anatolia. Both the differences in form variation and the change in decoration preferences, as well as the changes in undefined stone, limestone, quartz, volcanic rock, basalt, etc. additives, provide meaningful results in the settlement stratigraphy. As a result of petrographic research, Bahçelievler Neolithic potteries are divided into four main groups and are very compatible with the archaeological classification. Clay and clay paste used in pottery are almost entirely consistent with local clays. It has been understood that the tempered material, which is strictly compatible with the geology of the immediate environment, is preferred for pottery. Although different forms and ware groups were selected chronologically to evaluate all the data together, it can be quickly asserted that the samples were of local production.

Kerajinan Gerabah di Desa Melikan Kecamatan Wedi Klaten Jawa Tengah

Abstract This research aims to describe pottery crafts in Melikan village, Wedi sub-district, Klaten, Central Java, including the basic ideas for creating pottery, the materials and tools used, and the form of Wedi pottery crafts. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, the instrument in this research is the researcher. To strengthen the research, researchers used observation, interview and documentation guidelines. The object of this research is the pottery craft industry in Wedi, Klaten, Central Java, and the research subjects are pottery craftsmen in Melikan village, Wedi subdistrict. The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive qualitative and uses stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on research results on pottery crafts in Wedi Klaten, Central Java, namely: The basic idea of creating pottery is motivated by market share or market orientation and also following the tastes of people who always demand maximum product production. The materials and tools used are Wedi clay as raw material for making pottery and munggur leaves as smoking material. The equipment used is mostly homemade, including a rotary table, gypsum mold, coconut leaf iron, cutting iron, scraper, tape measure, cutting wire, foam, boards and mosquito netting. The forms of pottery produced are eating and drinking utensils such as plates, bowls, teapots, piggy banks, then decorations such as flower vases, statues and jars.

Contribution to the Study of Traces of Psychotropic Substances Inside Miniature Vessels and Collared Flasks of the Eneolithic Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) from Poland

The text presents the results of laboratory analyses conducted on vegetal intoxicating substances identified on the walls of selected pottery forms discovered at Polish sites attributed to the south-eastern group of the FBC. The samples taken from miniature vessels and collared flasks were examined using the GC-MS/MS method (triple quadrupole) and then the reference method LC-MS/MS (linear ion trap). As a result of the research, psychotropic substances were identified in four samples: papaverine, scopolamine and atropine.

Forming Techniques of Ychsma Cephalomorphic Bottles and Cara-Golletes from Pachacamac, Peru

Ychsma was a hierarchical society centered on the Lurín and Rímac valleys of Peru’s central coast during the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1470 CE). During the Late Horizon (1470–1532 CE), it was the subject of intense investment and transformation by the Inka, most notably in the administrative and pilgrimage center of Pachacamac. Using X-radiography to evaluate forming methods and techniques, we compare two similar Ychsma forms of pottery: cephalomorphic bottles, dating to earlier Ychsma periods, and cara-golletes, dating to later Inka periods. We find that these forms, though similar in shape and appearance, were formed using very different methods.

A Study on Challenges of Small-Scale Industries in India

A form of art that demonstrates skills of artisans in the form of metal and pottery can be termed as ‘craftwork’. Also referred to as crafts, it could also include work that can be done on flower, paper, leather, fiber to name a few. In a developing country like India, this finds its presence as a Small Sector Industry (SSI herewith). In the last seven and a half decades of independence, this sector has seen its share of ups and downs and managed to weather many challenges. Two most challenging areas has always been the rise in population and consequently unemployment. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a better understanding of the SSI industry by outlining its features, difficulties, and possibilities for development and improvement. We believe that stakeholders, legislators, and entrepreneurs will find our work useful in their pursuit of launching and growing successful businesses in the modern day.

Multi-purpose pots: Reconstructing early farmer behaviour at Lydenburg Heads site, South Africa, using organic residue analysis

About 2000 years ago, Bantu-speaking people introduced an agro-pastoral lifeway into southern Africa and lived in northern and eastern lowland parts of the region by 700 CE. Also defined as the ‘southern African Iron Age’, pottery is the most common and diagnostic artefact category. The soil chemistry of several farming sites resulted in poor faunal preservation and especially within Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, the possibilities for dietary reconstructions based on bone assemblages is very limited. Furthermore, the majority of ceramic research on early farming communities (ca. 200–900 CE) has focused on typology and ethnoarchaeological interpretations. This study represents the first application of Organic Residue Analysis (ORA) applied to southern African early farming pottery to gain a deeper understanding of past human behaviour and subsistence patterns. We investigate the potential and evaluate future prospects of applying this method to southern African early farming pottery. A combined lipid biomarker (GC-MS) and compound specific isotope approach (GC-C-IRMS) was applied to pottery sherds (n = 40) from the Lydenburg Heads site (LHS), dating to the 7th century CE (Mzonjani facies) and 9th to 11th centuries CE (Doornkop facies), to test for lipid preservation, trace possible vessel use and dietary changes through time and embed the research data within the faunal and botanical record available. Our study provides first evidence for the processing of dairy products by early farmers in southern Africa. Both facies imply multi-purpose functionality of the ceramics tested, demonstrated by the mixing of animal fats and plant oils. The obtained ORA data from LHS confirms the processing of ruminant carcass fats within both occupation facies, likely representing domestic animal fats, as well as the processing of wild non-ruminant carcass fats within the earlier Mzonjani facies. The identification of ricinoleic acid in two vessels of the Doornkop facies, provides evidence for potential medicinal use. Preliminary data also indicate that dung could have been involved in different forms of pottery sealing and/or mending during both occupation facies. In this study, we begin to explore biomolecular evidence for dietary choices made by early farmers in southern Africa, shedding light on previously unexplored key products.

Techniques applied to ancient pottery forms before notation

This research is concerned with studying the techniques that were applied to pottery forms in the ages before blogging in Iraq in search of the goals inherent in it. About the techniques that were applied in the forms of pottery of an era before writing and revealing them, the methods and methods of their application, and identifying the tools and materials that were employed in it.The results of the research, including: The ancient potter showed deep experience through expression in colors, as the figure did not include prominent or recessed motifs, but only painted on the surface, and this indicates the high ability of the ancient potter and his coloring power in determining the drawings.

A systematic survey of Ardashir Palace’s Stronghold at Tol-e Khezr, Firuzabad Plain in Fars Province, Iran

This research investigated the archaeological site of Tol-e Khezr in Firuzabad with the purpose of establishing a relative chronology. This site is among those whose pottery has been less extensively studied, and it also boasts a strategic location. Therefore, the site of Tol-e Khezr was selected for systematic sampling and investigation of its structures to ascertain its relative chronology and usage as accurately as possible. A methodical approach was chosen for the investigation of Tol-e Khezr, consisting of three steps: mapping, sampling, and documentation of the findings (including washing the pottery, registering the pottery fragments, entering the information of the findings into SPSS software, selecting the diagnostic samples, drawing the diagnostic samples, and photographing the samples). In this methodical way, 50% of all grids were sampled, with the form of every other grid. This included 30 grids of 10 x 10 meters. The number of all gathered pottery comprised 644 pieces. To interpret the pottery, we considered 12 variables for them, and the information on each piece was entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) according to these variables. One of the most essential classifications relates to the typology of Tol-e Khezr pottery forms, which parallels various surveyed and excavated areas' findings in Iran and beyond. Furthermore, the survey revealed that, in addition to typical pottery, three distinct types of ceramic were identified: coarse with raised bands, glazed (alkaline), and ceramics with a dark slip coating. At this firm, architecture and its details in visible and exposed areas were documented, described, analyzed, and compared.

Molecular evidence for new foodways in the early colonial Caribbean: organic residue analysis at Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico

Ceramic objects account for over 90% of the cultural material recovered from archaeological sites in the Caribbean. However, little research has been conducted on molecular evidence for past food production from these same vessels. Forty ceramic sherds from Isla de Mona have been analysed by GC–MS and GC-C-IRMS in order to address questions surrounding foodways in the Greater Antilles prior to and post European arrival. We evaluate evidence for dietary changes to illuminate aspects of cultural exchange between Indigenous populations and the first generations of Spanish colonists. Here, we show that plant residues are found in a variety of pottery forms, with some evidence for non-ruminant and ruminant fats. The dearth of marine biomarkers is curious given the volume of fish bones found in archaeological contexts on Isla de Mona and may offer evidence for spit-roasting, pit-roasting, or the use of a ‘barbacoa’ to cook fish on the island. The ubiquity of plant residues in a variety of pottery forms may relate to the large-scale cultivation and export of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas.

Strategi Komunikasi dalam Tradisi Pembuatan Gerabah Banyuning

Banyuning pottery seems to have decreased in quantity in the modern era, due to very high competition with similar products made with modern technology. If there is no good inheritance system in the pottery-making tradition, it is likely that the tools in the form of pottery will be shifted by tools produced in a modern way, and lead to the extinction of the tradition. In this case, there needs to be a good communication so that the inherited tradition can continue. The purpose of this study was to find out the communication strategy carried out by craftsmen in the sustainability of the pottery-making tradition in Banyuning Village and what the implications of this strategy were. In this study using qualitative methods, data collection was done through observation, literature study and conducting interviews. Primary and secondary data were then analyzed and presented descriptively. The theory used in dissecting the research problem is the theory of social learning and the theory of diffusion of innovation. The results of the study show that the craftsmen have inherited persuasive communication to the younger generation in order to grow a sense of belonging and want to continue the tradition of making pottery. Craftsmen also began to innovate and make creative pottery crafts following current trends. The implications of communication strategies in the inheritance of the Banyuning pottery-making tradition are being able to raise awareness of one's own culture, the emergence of a sense of belonging to cultural products, the growing interest in pottery making, so that the pottery-making tradition in Banyuning Village can survive.

CLAY VESSELS’ SHAPES AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY OF THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF ALANS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE DON REGION

Alans are one of the ethnic components of the Saltovo-Mayatsk archaeological culture. Antiquities associated with this group are found in the Middle Don basin. The article studies the cultural characteristics of the Alanian groups that left behind the burial sites of this region, on the example of pottery. The object of study are the shapes of clay vessels. The study was carried out according to the methodology developed within the framework of the historical-and-cultural approach to the study of ancient pottery, proposed by A.A. Bobrinsky. The article considers the quantitative composition of unmixed traditions of shaping forms of pottery on sites associated with the Alan component of the Saltovo-Mayatsk culture. The three most numerous categories of ware are analyzed: jugs, mugs and pots. The communities that left behind the catacomb burial grounds of the eastern regions of the Don forest-steppe were culturally more heterogeneous than the communities from the western part. The materials of the Mayatsky complex, Yutanovsky and Podgorovsky burial grounds present unique and inherently mixed sets of morphological traditions. Based on the data of the study of ceramics and their comparison with burial traditions, we consider the Yutanovsky, Podgorovsky, Mayatsky burial grounds as cemeteries of communities that included settlers from the western part of the Don forest-steppe, whose traditions mixed up in new places of residence. The most probable reason for the resettlement of a certain part of the Alanian population to the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region can be considered the construction of a series of stone and brick fortresses on the Tikhaya Sosna River, as well as the need to control this section of the Slavic-Khazar frontier. In accordance with the concept, proposed by G.E. Afansiyev, these fortifications were built in the 30-40s of the 9th century. The author suggests that it is these events that can explain the influx of the Alanian population into the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region and the formation of more culturally heterogeneous groups in the new places of residence of these people than among the “neighbors” from the western regions of the Don forest-steppe.

Agarabi pottery production in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea

The only pottery known to have been produced in the New Guinea Highlands is associated with communities speaking Agarabi, a non-Austronesian language in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of Agarabi pottery forms and production processes, combining published sources with previously unpublished records, notes, sketches and photographs from ethnoarchaeological fieldwork amongst Agarabi speakers in the Kainantu District in 1987. Agarabi vessels are characterised by their ovoid elongated shape with gently pointed bases and out-curving rims. Decoration, where it is present, occurs on the rims and / or around the neck and consists of incisions or punctate impressions, often from multi-toothed combs. These characteristics clearly distinguish Agarabi ware from pottery produced in communities speaking Austronesian languages in the neighbouring Upper Markham and Middle Ramu valleys. The multi-faceted description of Agarabi pottery production presented here provides a foundation for further enquiry into the cultural processes and historical trajectories that have shaped this unique Highlands ceramic ware.

The shapes of clay vessels of the Srednedonskaya Neolithic culture from site Dobroe 9 on the Upper Don

The paper describes the main types of pottery forms and some results of their analysis for vessels of the Srednedonskaya Neolithic culture from site Dobroe 9. Until recently, only a few settlements of the Srednedonskaya Neolithic culture with a traced stratigraphic position on the Upper Don were studied. At site Dobroe 9, a homogeneous lithological layer was revealed, containing only the materials of this culture: pottery, bones, stone products. At the moment, 109 m of the site were researched by the excavations. We established the date of the pottery collection of the site as the last quarter of the VI millennium BC. Earlier, A.T. Sinyuk put forward the thesis that the cylindrical shape of vessels with a relatively smooth transition of the walls to a sharp bottom is characteristic of the Middle Don culture, but in the collection of site Dobroe 9 closed-type vessels predominate. The comparative analysis of the shapes of ceramic vessels of two settlements with the greatest variety of vessel shapes (site Universitetskaya 3 and site Dobroe 9) of the Srednedonskaya Neolithic culture has shown that its material culture influenced by other archaeological cultures is not particularly homogeneous. This is manifested not only in ceramics, but also in stone tools.

Investigating the function of late-Neolithic ‘husking trays’ from Syrian Jazira through integrated use-alteration and phytolith analyses

The so-called husking tray is a pottery shape attested during the 7th and the first half of the 6th millennium BC in the Near East. These vessels are large trays with internal surfaces crossed by scored patterns. In this article we scrutinize the hypothesis that this type of ceramic forms were used for cereal-processing and bread baking, further supported by ethnographical and experimental evidence.Fragments belonging to this pottery form have been found at several archaeological sites in the Syrian Jazira. During the late Neolithic period the area was inhabited by societies based on agriculture as evidenced by storage facilities, harvesting and processing implements and archaeobotanical remains.The results of use-alteration and phytolith analyses from a selection of husking tray assemblages from settlements of this area Tell Sabi Abyad I, Tell Halula, Tell Kashkashok II, Khaneke, Tell Khazna II are discussed here. Use-alterations distributions over their surfaces showed patterns related to the detachment of plant foods such as ‘bread-like’ materials, according to experimentally-produced records. In turn, phytolith results indicated the nature of the plant material adhered to the vessel surfaces which is dominated by Pooideae grasses. Multicellullar or anatomical connected phytoliths from the husks of wheat and barley were common in these assemblages. Overall, these results suggest a functionality related to the processing of cereals into bread. This integrated approach further supports the hypothesis that husking trays were used for baking. In conclusion, it allows a better understanding of Late Neolithic culinary practices.

A preliminary analysis of pottery from the Dantu site, Shandong, China: Perspectives from petrography and WD-XRF

Chemical compositional analysis using WD-XRF and qualitative petrographic analysis of pottery from the Dantu site in eastern Shandong Province, China, show that from the late Dawenkou (4100 – 2600 BCE) to the late Longshan periods (2600 – 1900 BCE) most pottery was produced using local raw materials. At the same time, small numbers of talc-tempered wares and white wares were circulated into Dantu from the surrounding region. Despite significant changes in pottery forms and surface treatments between the Dawenkou and Longshan periods, there is clear continuity in paste recipes, likely pointing to continuity in production knowledge and choices over hundreds of years.

A study of the Dathan Inscription

The biographies and historical identities of the Tamils are given prominence in the form of inscriptions, manuscripts and pottery. There are many inscriptions and manuscripts in Batticaloa and Tamil Nadu in Sri Lanka. Thus, the Dathan inscription is one of the major inscriptions referring to the Batticaloa Prehistory and the Batticaloa Manmiyam. This inscription identifies Dathan who came to Batticaloa during the reign of Ethirmannasingan, the Kalinga king who ruled Batticaloa. Dathan, who came from Kongu Naadu in India and belonged to the Vaishnava religion, came here to teach the Pandavas about the exile. The Pandiruppu Thiraupadi Amman Temple is a continuation of this. In such a context, the Pandiruppu Thiroupathi Amman Temple is the first temple in Sri Lanka. Following this many Thiroupathi Amman temples were established in Batticaloa Tamil Nadu. Bharatanatyam is spread in the background of this Dathan inscription and one can also see the rhymes associated with the story of bharatha Ammanai that have arisen here. Following that, the goddesses are also beginning to write Bharat Goddess Ammanai, Vaikuntha Goddess Reading. All these goddesses have arisen in Batticaloa Tamil Nadu with the input of story of bharatham. It also shows the history of the Sinhala king Vimaladharmasooriya I who ruled Kandy and clarifies the grant given by the emperor to the Pandiruppu Thiroupathi Amman temple.

Funerary Diversity and Cultural Continuity: The British Beaker Phenomenon Beyond the Stereotype

The Beaker phenomenon in Britain is typically represented by a particular form of pottery and its inclusion in graves with flexed or crouched inhumations referred to as Beaker burials. Analysis of the full range of burial evidence, however, reveals a high degree of variability in funerary rites including cremation and skeletal disarticulation. Summed probability distribution analysis of radiocarbon dates provides evidence for continuity of these other, atypical rites from the pre-Beaker Late Neolithic (c.3000–2450 calbc) through the Chalcolithic (c.2450–2200 calbc) and into the Early Bronze Age (afterc.2200 calbc). Regional diversity is apparent in Beaker period funerary treatments and grave good provision between these typical and atypical rites, as is differential selection of rites on the basis of age and biological sex. This evidence for within and between community funerary diversity has implications for understanding the large-scale processes of cultural and genomic transformation across this period of major transition in British prehistory.

Komparasi Metode Single Moving Average dan Double Exponential Smoothing untuk Peramalan Penjualan Produk Gerabah pada UD. Amerta Sedana

One of the areas producing creative industries in Bali is Tabanan Regency which produces creative industries in the form of pottery. In the community, earthenware products are usually known in the form of objects that function as containers, for example flower vases, pots, barrels, jugs, jars and so on. Sales of pottery products at the UD company. Amerta Sedana every month experiences erratic fluctuations. In planning sales, the company only estimates the number of sales without using the scientific method as a benchmark to assist the company in determining the next sales. This causes the company to be unable to maximize sales for the following month and fulfill consumer demand for goods. One solution that can be used is to do forecasting. Forecasting is a picture of the state of the company in the future and this picture is very important for the company. There are various types of methods that can be used to perform forecasting calculations. This study uses a comparison of the Single Moving Average and Double Exponential Smoothing methods for forecasting sales of small pot number 1, pot lion white, and pot monkey. The results showed that the calculation with the smallest error value was the sale of small pot number 1 with the 2-month Single Moving Average method with an MSE value of 56.1 and an MAD value of 4.942857, a lion white pot with a 2-month Single Moving Average method with an MSE value of 707.3214. and the MAD value is 18.82857, the monkey pot uses the 2-month Single Moving Average method with a value of 247.8786 and a MAD value of 11.32857

Керамика XVIII в. из материалов археологических разведок на Царицынской сторожевой линии

The research subject is the 18th century ceramics discovered in the course of the reconnaissance excavation at the Tsaritsyn guard line, the 18th century fortification monument, conducted in 2020. The object of study is the “Rampart of the Tsaritsyn guard line (Rampart of Anna Ioannovna)” which is a military engineering complex created in the Volga-Don interfluves in 1718–1720. Archaeological work with research purposes was carried out there at first time. Archaeological explorations led to the discovery of pottery fragments dating back to this period in a new location of the Tsaritsyn guard line. The research purpose is to present and characterize newly discovered 18th century ceramic materials found at the territory of the Tsaritsyn guard line. The research methods include description, typological analysis, statistical characteristic and comparison with the material found at the well-known 18th century archaeological complexes of so-called Cossack towns along the Don River. Identification of a new 18th century location of artefacts, statistical processing, archaeological drawings of found pottery fragments, graphic reconstructions of pottery forms are practical outcomes of the study. The main conclusion of the study is that the discovered ceramic complex in the new location of the Tsaritsyn guard line is similar in type, manufacturing technique, ornamentation and statistical ratio to materials from Cossack towns on the territory of the Volgograd region (Ilovlinsky, Kachalinsky, Starogrigorievsky) which are dated by coins of the first third of the 18th century. The new archeological materials are interpreted in the known data context and supplement the currently quite limited statistical framework of archaeological finds from the Volga-Don region of the early 18th century. The found pottery types can be used to further develop a typology of this period ceramics.