Potential Source For Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Assessment of Ailanthus altissima seed oil as a potential source for biodiesel production using nickel oxide nanoparticles catalyst

The identification of suitable non-edible plant feedstock is crucial not only to meet energy demands but also to be environmentally friendly. This study aimed to synthesize nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and use these for synthesizing biodiesel from the non-edible feedstock Ailanthus altissima. The confirmation of NiO synthesis and its characteristics were studied using XRD and SEM. The biodiesel synthesis and its physicochemical characteristics were confirmed using GC–MS, NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopies. The fuel characteristics were examined using ASTM standard procedures. The results confirmed that the nanoparticles were crystalline, spherical to cuboidal in shape, and had an average diameter of 24 nm. The suitable set of parameters for the optimum biodiesel yield (95 %) was the oil-to-methanol ratio of 1:24, 25 mg of catalyst, 60 °C temperature, and a reaction time of 90 min. The majority of the fuel's characteristics fell within ASTM D-6751 acceptable ranges. 14 distinct kinds of FAMEs are present, according to the GC–MS results. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the successful synthesis of biodiesel, which displayed significant peaks for several functional groups. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrums confirm the conversion of biodiesel synthesis. The environmental friendliness of AAB (Ailanthus altissima biodiesel) and its competitiveness as a feedstock for biodiesel production on a commercial scale are confirmed by its physicochemical properties.

Pengaruh Densitas dan Viskositas terhadap Sudut Injeksi Biodiesel Jatropha-Jagung (1:4 dan 4:1)

Biodiesel has attracted attention as an alternative fuel in efforts to reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Among various potential sources for biodiesel production, jatropha and corn oil have stood out due to their availability and high yield potential. However, each has unique characteristics that affect their performance as fuels. Jatropha oil has relatively high viscosity, while corn oil is generally used as a food ingredient. This study aimed to explore the potential of combining jatropha and corn biodiesel in different proportions and its impact on fuel characteristics and diesel engine spray injection. Both types of oil were processed into biodiesel through esterification and transesterification processes. Subsequently, biodiesel mixtures were created in ratios of 1:4 and 4:1. Each mixture was then varied with diesel to produce B5, B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, B35, and B40. Each sample was tested for its physical properties such as density and viscosity, and injection spray angle. The results of this study indicated that the density and viscosity values of the 1:4 jatropha-corn biodiesel mixture were lower than those of the 4:1 jatropha-corn biodiesel mixture. There was a significant relationship between viscosity and density with the injection angle. The higher the density and viscosity, the narrower the injection angle.

Process evaluation and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from marine macroalgae Codium tomentosum

In the current study, a seaweed Codium tomentosum was used as a source for the production of biodiesel. The maximum oil from marine macroalgae was recovered using ultrasound-assisted pretreatment. The oil yield was found to be maximum at optimal conditions such as 5% biomass wetness, 0.18 mm biomass size, 6:1 extraction solvent: biomass ratio, extraction temperature, and time as 55 °C and 140 min respectively. The extracted oil was transesterified using solidsolid nanocatalyst produced from waste clay doped with Zn. The maximum biodiesel conversion was found to be 90.5% at optimum conditions. The marine macroalgae C. tomentosum was found to be one of the potential sources for biodiesel production. The techno-economic analysis of the overall biodiesel production (20 MT/batch) process was investigated. The plant payback period is 8.59 years with a positive NPV of 1381 M$/yr.

Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil.

Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC-MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3 O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (-13°C), cloud point (-9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.

Study on the lipid biosynthesis of twooleaginous yeast strains Rhodosporidium toruloidesVTCC 20689 and VTCC 20765

The yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is capable of lipid biosynthesis and accumulation up to more than 30% of dried cell biomass. It is a potential source for biodiesel production. Recent studies have shown that the applications of culture technologies can promote increased lipid accumulation in R. toruloides. In this study, the authors investigated the lipid biosynthesis ability of two yeast strains R. toruloides VTCC 20689 and VTCC 20765 isolated in Vietnam. The results indicated that both strains have the ability to accumulate lipids up to approximately 45% of the dried biomass of cells when cultured at 30oC for 48 h in the culture medium with pH 5.5. Cultivation of these two yeast strains on some different carbon sources showed that sugarcane molasses can be used as a low-cost carbon source for efficient lipid biosynthesis. When growing both strains on the medium with sugarcane molasses, the lipid biosynthesis reached about 44%, which is equivalent to in the medium with glucose.

Study of Algal Species Isolated From River Ginzo in Katsina State, as a Potential Source for Biodiesel Production

An ecological study of algae at River Ginzo in Katsina town was carried out for six weeks at three different sites. In this study, various strains of native microalgae were identified and isolated. The water's physicochemical properties were analyzed at Kofar Marusa, Kofar Sauri, and Kofar Durbi of River Ginzo in Katsina State. The physicochemical parameters studied showed temperature and pH range of 28oC to 31oC and 6.42 to 7.36. A total of eighteen (18) algal species were identified, out of which Ten (10) species belong to the Class Chlorophyceae with Spirogyra species having the highest cell counts, five (5) species belong to the Class Cyanophyceae with Oscillatoria species having the highest cell count and three (3) species belong to the Class Bacillariophyceae with Nitzchia spp having the highest cell counts. Among the isolates, Chlorella species showed an increased growth rate with higher biomass productivity of (88.67±2.57) X 104 (cell/ml) after six days of incubation. The results showed that Chlorella, Spirogyra, and Oocystis species could be a possible candidate species for producing oils for sustainable biodiesel production, based on their high growth rate and presence in all the locations.

Biodiesel production potential of an indigenous South African microalga, Acutodesmus bajacalifornicus

In this study, a South African indigenous microalga Acutodesmus bajacalifornicus was evaluated in different cultivation media. Eleven potential cultivation media were identified and tested on A. bajacalifornicus, a potential source for biodiesel production. A. bajacalifornicus had the highest growth rate in the JG medium (in-house formulation), with a competitive average specific growth rate of 0.47 d−1. The highest biomass productivity was in the Hase medium, but with relatively low productivity of 53.1 mg.L−1.d−1.Analysis of the biomass lipid content and profile of each cell culture, using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) gas chromatography (GC) showed that the lipid content varied between cultivation media, with minimum lipid content of 20% (w/w) and an average close to 47% (w/w). Utilising biodiesel property predictive formulas, and the lipid profiles obtained in this study, it was possible to predict the properties of biodiesel that could be generated from A. bajacalifornicus. It was found that biomass from eight of the media adhered to South African summer grade biodiesel standards.As such, A. bajacalifornicus is a potential candidate for microalgal biodiesel production in South Africa. However, the bioenergy yield rate would need to be improved to have a similar attractiveness to other studies.

Morfoanatomía del tallo con crecimiento secundario de especies de Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) nativas de la Región Chaqueña Argentina y su relación con el ambiente

Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) is a morphologically diverse genus with pantropical distribution. It includes 180 species growing worldwide and has a broad range of uses: medicinal, ornamental and biodiesel production. In Argentina there are ten native species, distributed from the north to the center of the country, and one adventitious. However, the morphoanatomy of the native species of Jatropha is scarcely known, and so far, no anatomical studies of the stem with secondary growth have been performed in any of the native species. In this work, we analyzed the anatomy of the stem with secondary growth of three native species: J. excisa, J. hieronymi and J. macrocarpa, considering aspects related to the arid environment in which plants live, to provide information that it is useful for their conservation and possible sustainable use. Woody branches of each species were collected and fixed to perform temporary histological preparations of transverse and longitudinal sections of stems. We described their morphoanatomy under a light microscope. The following variables were analyzed: xylem area/total area of the stem, number of vessels per mm2, vessel diameter and length of conductive elements. Indices were obtained to assess the drought vulnerability, the plant mesomorphy degree and to determine vessel clustering. The stems analyzed have several anatomical characters that are typical of plants that inhabit xerophytic environments, and that favor their development despite the scarce rainfall and high temperatures, including: suber and phelodermis with thickened cell walls; inner cortex with various cell layers; presence of chollenchyma; presence of chlorenchyma; ergastic substances in the cortex, vascular tissues and medullary parenchyma (latex, crystals and starch granules); short, narrow, numerous and grouped xylem vessels. The evaluated indexes suggest that the three taxa have a safe and efficient conduction system for water movement, being J. macrocarpa the most drougth resistant. This study provides novel information about these three species of biological, industrial, and economic importance, which are potential sources for biodiesel production.

Characterization of microalgae from lowlands in South Sumatera (Indonesia) as a potential source for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production technology from microalgae is widely considered as a potential and efficient method. This research was conducted to characterize microalgal species isolated from some lowlands in South Sumatera and investigated their potential for biodiesel production. Five microalgal culture isolate were selected and identified as strains of Chlorella sp PKB, Chlorella sp PPP, Chlorella sp SB, Crucigenia quadrata PTA and Scenedesmus sudetica PTA. These isolates were determined the growth rates, biomass and total lipid content. Under similar environmental condition, dried weight biomass of isolate were 1,30; 0,88; 0,74; 0,5; 0,26 respectively. Total lipid content of isolates were 35,2; 28,5; 25,6; 17,8; 8,4 respectively. Chlorella sp PKB showed the highest lipid content comparison others, whereas Chlorella sp SB showed the highest dried biomassa. The results suggest that only Chlorella sp PKB can be a possible candidate species for biodiesel production.

A GIS Approach Land Suitability and Availability Analysis of Jatropha Curcas L. Growth in Mexico as a Potential Source for Biodiesel Production

Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) commercial plantations in Mexico, one of the most important JCL origin centers, have failed due to a variety of biological, political and technical factors affecting their productivity. This study explores feasible sites of JCL cultivation as a potential source for biodiesel production in Mexico, given agroclimatic and agroecological considerations. We propose a GIS-based approach for estimating suitable and available lands to grow JCL by integrating an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the ArcGIS software. Spatial analysis combined multiple data, different evaluation criteria, three land availability classes (high, medium and low potential) and took into account ecological, ethical, and political restrictions, and considering two scenarios with different restriction levels. Suitability and availability maps were generated using agroclimatic information (climatic, land use/soil, and climate change and extreme weather events risk) together with other socioeconomic factors. Approximately 15.3% of Mexican territory is available for JCL production yielding a biodiesel production of 9.683 Mm3/year. Amelioration of the available land is necessary to improve land selection. GIS-based analysis represents a first approach to establish a successful biodiesel project that avoids, competition with food or feed production, maintains biodiversity conservation, and promotes biofuel supply chain development. This procedure would also be applicable to other energy crops such as oil palm and Ricinus communis.

Hybrid genome assembly and functional annotation reveals insights on lipid biosynthesis of oleaginous native isolate Parachlorella kessleri, a potential industrial strain for production of biofuel precursors

The need for mass production of biofuels has been pushed up by rising energy demand in the world population. In this context, microalgae have emerged as a potential source for biodiesel production because of its high lipid content and ability to grow on minimal media sources. However, the knowledge of the metabolic processes in these systems is fairly naive and therefore hinders the genetic progress that can be proven to improve the development of biofuel precursors. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of an indigenous oleaginous microalgae P. kessleri has been performed, using hybrid assembly of both short Illumina and long Nanopore read, leading to assembly of a highly contiguous 64.90 Mb genome with 8371 functional genes and 874 putative transcription factors. The genome reconstruction is complemented using phylogenetic analysis of acyl lipid metabolism revealed the evolutionary conservation of these proteins among various microalgal species. Henceforth, understanding and reconstruction of global metabolic pathways will provide clues towards engineering of algal strains for enhanced production of biomass, biofuels and bioproducts (B3).

Coconut fatty acid distillate as novel feedstock for biodiesel production and its characterization as a fuel for diesel engine

The coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD) was used as a novel feedstock for biodiesel production in this investigation. Its characterization as fuel in diesel engine was also studied. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92.6% was obtained, when esterification is performed with 10:1 methanol to oil ratio, 2.5% sulphuric acid at 60 °C for 90 min. This is followed by transesterification with optimized parameters of methanol to oil ratio 8:1, 1.5% potassium hydroxide at 60 °C for 90 min. 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% of CFAD biodiesel (CFAB) was added to diesel to form blends CFAB20, CFAB40, CFAB60 and CFAB100. Engine test results showed that the performance of CFAB20 is closer to diesel than the other CFAB blends. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of CFAB20 was found to be 4.7% lesser than diesel. Nitrogen oxide emission is higher for all biodiesel blends due to enhanced combustion characteristics. However, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke were reduced by 50%, 36.6% and 42.9% respectively for CFAB100 when compared to diesel at full load. Thus it is inferred that the CFAD is a potential source for biodiesel production. CFAB20 can be used in diesel engines with acceptable BTE and reduced emissions without any engine modification.

Production & optimization of biodiesel from rubber oil using BBD technique

With the increase in pollution and the rate at which the conventional fuel sources are being exploited there is a serious need to shift to Renewable energy sources. Biodiesel has become one of the essential fuels in the present and future scenario. Biodiesel can be obtained from both edible and non-edible resources in the world. Biodiesel has nearly 10–11% of oxygen content in it, so it easily burns. Countries like China and India are taking interest for the use of bioethanol and biodiesel. Indian government is giving more emphasis on non-edible sources for biodiesel production. Rubber being a non-edible oil crop can be a potential source for biodiesel production. India state of Kerala have huge rubber plantation and production thus providing the essential raw material for biodiesel production. This work provides the detail of optimization process of biodiesel yield using Box Behnken design technique. Twenty-nine set of experiment have been performed for optimization of the process. The result of the study shows that biodiesel yield of 98.71% is obtained when methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst amount of 0.6 wt% at temperature of 30℃ in 75.31 min.

Waste Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil as a potential source for biodiesel production in the presence of a novel mixed metallic oxide catalyst

Waste <scp> <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> </scp> seed oil as a potential source for biodiesel production in the presence of a novel mixed metallic oxide catalyst

Identification and culturing of cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater bodies of Sri Lanka for biodiesel production.

The present study was carried out to investigate cyanobacteria as a potential source for biodiesel production isolated from fresh water bodies of Sri Lanka. Semi mass culturing and mass culturing were carried out to obtain biomass for extracting total lipids. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel was produced from extracted lipid by trans-esterification reaction. FAME component was identified using gas chromatography (GC). Atotal of 74 uni-algal cultures were obtained from Biofuel and Bioenergy laboratory of the National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Kandy, Sri Lanka. The total lipid content was recorded highest in Oscillatoria sp. (31.9 ± 2.01% of dry biomass) followed by Synechococcus sp. (30.6 ± 2.87%), Croococcidiopsis sp. (22.7 ± 1.36%), Leptolyngbya sp. (21.15 ± 1.99%), Limnothrixsp. (20.73 ± 3.26%), Calothrix sp. (18.15 ± 4.11%) and Nostoc sp. (15.43 ± 3.89%), Cephalothrixsp. (13.95 ± 4.27%), Cephalothrix Komarekiana (13.8 ± 3.56%) and Westiellopsisprolifica (12.80 ± 1.97%). FAME analysis showed cyanobacteria contain Methyl palmitoleate, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester, Cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, Cis-10-heptadecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl myristate, Methyl pentadecanoate, Methyl octanoate, Methyl decanoate, Methyl laurate, Methyl tridecanoate, Methyl palmitoleate, Methyl pentadeconoate, Methyl heptadeconoate, Linolaidic acid methyl ester, Methyl erucate, Methyl myristate, Myristoloeic acid, Methyl palmitate, Cis-9-oleic acid methyl ester, Methyl arachidate and Cis-8,11,14-ecosatrieconoic acid methyl ester. The present study revealed that cyanobacteria isolated from Sri Lanka are potential source for biodiesel industry because of their high fatty acid content. Further studies are required to optimize the mass culture conditions to increase thelipid content from cyanobacterial biomass along with the research in the value addition to the remaining biomass.

Thymelaea hirsuta and Echinops spinosus: Xerophytic Plants with High Potential for First-Generation Biodiesel Production

The negative impacts of fossil fuel on the environment should be replaced by clean and sustainable energy sources worldwide. Therefore, the use of biodiesel as a clean energy source is crucial. Biodiesel is produced from various natural resources through a transesterification process. Considering the importance of this topic, this study focuses on the assessment of oil properties of Thymelaea hirsuta and Echinops spinosus as primary sources for biodiesel production. The two investigated plants were collected from the Western Desert of Egypt. The results showed that the lignocellulosic content was about 57.3 and 79.8 g/100 g in E. spinosus and 59.1 and 82.8 g/100 g in T. hirsuta, respectively. The two investigated samples showed variable lipid contents (30.2–76.1%). The GC-MS fatty acid profile characterized seven FAs in E. spinosus and twelf FAs in T. hirsuta. The greatest CN was calculated in T. hirsuta (379.2) compared to the lowest in E. spinosus (229.9). Furthermore, the values of saponification number (SN) were 27.9 in E. spinosus and 16.07 in T. hirsuta. The value of higher heating value (HHV) was about 47.5 MJ/kg in E. spinosus and 48.3 MJ/kg in T. hirsuta. Meanwhile, T. hirsuta exhibited a higher induction period (IP) value (19.3 h) comparable to that of E. spinosus (4.3 h). The results revealed that both plants are potential sources for biodiesel production according to various international standards for biodiesel production, and this work appears to be one of the first reports regarding such wild xerophytic plants as promising new primary sources for biodiesel production in Egypt.

Assessing the robust growth and lipid-accumulating characteristics of Scenedesmus sp. for biodiesel production.

In the present investigation, different salts of nitrogen and carbon sources were tested for their potential to boost biomass and lipid content in Scenedesmus sp. IITRIND2. Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium bicarbonate/nitrate cultures showed maximum dry cell weight (DCW) of ~ 1.8g/L and lipid yield (~ 40%) while the addition of C6 sugars (glucose and mannose) and sodium acetate enhanced the DCW (~ 3g/L) and lipid accumulation (~ 40%) compared with disaccharides, C4 and C5 sugars. On evaluating the synergistic effects of the nitrogen and carbon sources, maximum DCW (3.66g/L) was obtained in ammonium bicarbonate + sodium acetate cultures with a lipid yield of 37.15%. The fatty acid profile of the derived biodiesel was similar to that of plant oils. The results clearly established the robust capability of the novel microalga to efficiently adapt, sustain, and grow in different carbon and nitrogen sources along with high lipid productivity, making it a potential source for biodiesel production.

Identification of novel nonedible oil seeds via scanning electron microscopy for biodiesel production.

Exploration of substitute energy feed-stocks is the much-debated topic in the scientific society due to increasing power crises and related ecological concerns. As a source of sustainable energy, biodiesel turns out to be the best alternative to petro fuels. In this context, nonedible oil-producing seeds might be a potential source for biodiesel production owing to their environment-friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. The current study, consequently, deals with the investigation and identification of micro-morphological characters between six novel nonedible oil-bearing seeds employing scanning electron microscopy as possible biodiesel feed-stocks. Light microscopic examinations show that seed size varies from 0.3 to 1.3 cm in width and 0.5 to 1.5 cm in. Additionally, a large difference in seed color ranges from dark brown, black, and various shades of light brown was also witnessed. The FFA content of the seeds ranges in 0.3-4.1 mg KOH/g, and the seed oil content fall in 30-65% (w/w) range. SEM-mediated seed ultrastructure investigations displays greater variation in seed size, shape, color, periclinal wall shape, and sculpturing and so on. All the seeds differ from rounded, ovoid, ovate, oblong, flattened, and elliptical shape. Greater variation in seed wall structure has been seen from angular, entire, irregular, straight, elongated, smooth, and polygonal. The periclinal wall arrangements show alteration from flat, depressed, elevated, smooth, pentagonal, bullate, and coarse seed margins. The results obtained from the current study suggest that scanning electron microscopy could be a beneficial tool in vitalizing the hidden micromorphological characters among various nonedible oil producing seeds, which eventually helps in exploration, correct identification, seed classification, and authentication in future.

Fe2O3 nanocatalyst aided transesterification for biodiesel production from lipid-intact wet microalgal biomass: A biorefinery approach

Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstock such as microalgae is gaining importance in present day, as they do not interfere with global food economy in addition to higher photosynthetic efficiency as compared to plants. Fresh water grown Neochloris oleoabundans UTEX 1185 is considered as a potential source for biodiesel production. The present study investigated different direct lipid extraction process from wet microalgal biomass through autoclaving, microwave, and ultrasonication pretreatments. Autoclave treatment showed a higher efficiency for lipid extraction as compared to other two pretreatments. Furthermore, transesterification process was carried out in presence of Fe2O3 catalyst and compared with conventional acid (HCl) and base (NaOH) catalysts. Fe2O3 nanoparticles used were synthesized from extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis by green procedure. The synthesized Fe2O3 catalyst played an important role in improving the biodiesel yield up to 81%, which is higher than that obtained with HCl (64%) and NaOH (48%). Thereafter transesterification process parameter like catalyst content, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized and finally 86% biodiesel yield was obtained. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profile analysis and fuel properties revealed the suitability of algal lipid for biodiesel production. 20.2% w/w of carbohydrate present in lipid extracted microalgal biomass was further converted into biohydrogen by dark fermentation and bioethanol under anaerobic condition using acidogenic mixed consortia and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (INVSC-1), respectively. The life cycle assessment study of the overall process was also done.

Synergism of clay with zinc oxide as nanocatalyst for production of biodiesel from marine Ulva lactuca

In the present work, Ulva lactuca, a marine macroalgae was used for the production of biodiesel. The ultrasound assisted extraction of oil from autoclaved algal biomass was found effective with maximum yield. The maximum oil was extracted at optimal conditions of 5% moisture content of algal biomass, 0.15 mm size of biomass, 6:1 solvent: solid ratio, at 55 °C in 140 min. The n-hexane with co-solvent methyl tertbutyl ether has shown higher oil when compared to other co-solvents. The extracted oil was transesterified into biodiesel using silica doped with zinc oxide as novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield of 97.43% was obtained at optimized conditions of 800 °C calcination temperature, 8% catalyst concentration, 9:1 methanol to oil ratio, 55 °C reaction temperature and 50 min reaction time. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction was also studied. The Ulva lactuca was found as a potential source for biodiesel production.