Potential Slip Surface Research Articles

Comparative stability analysis of tailings dams using limit equilibrium and finite element methods

This paper presents a case study of stability assessment conducted on a tailings storage facility divider dam. The stability utilized limit equilibrium (LE) with Slope/W, incorporating various commonly used slip surface searching options, and the finite element method (FEM) with Plaxis2D under static peak and post liquefaction conditions. The results reveal a significant variation in the factor of safety (FoS) obtained from LE (FoSLE), depending on the selected slip surface searching options. Notably, the commonly used searching options in Slope/W can yield significantly higher FoS than those obtained from Plaxis2D. This observation prompted the adoption of the fully specified (FS) searching option in Slope/W, where the critical slip surface was aligned with that determined by Plaxis2D, resulting in comparable results to Plaxis2D. The FoSLE obtained by FS closely approximated FoSFEM, with a difference of 3.4% under static peak and 15.4% under post-liquefaction conditions. The results indicate that certain slip surface searching options in LE may fail to accurately identify the critical slip surface, leading to an overestimation of the FoS for a given geometry. The FEM, on the other hand, can provide valuable insights by identifying potential critical slip surfaces that may not be identified in LE.

Development of Potential Slip Surface Identification Model for Active Deep-Seated Landslide Sites: A Case Study in Taiwan

Identifying locations of landslide slip surfaces provides critical information for understanding the volume of landslides and the scale of disasters, both of which are essential for formulating disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies. Based on hydrogeological survey data from 24 deep-seated landslide-prone sites in Taiwan’s mountainous regions, this study developed the hydraulic conductivity potential index (HCPI) using principal component analysis to quantify the hydraulic properties of disturbed rock formations with six geological factors. Then, regression analysis was performed to construct a permeability estimation model for the geological environment of landslides. Finally, the established model was utilized to develop an identification method for potential slip depths in landslide-prone sites. Results indicated a strong relation between HCPI and hydraulic conductivity with a determination coefficient of 0.895. The relation equation confirmed that the data it generated concerning the depths of significant changes in hydraulic conductivity could be used to identify potential slip surfaces. Additionally, this study successfully established a rule for identifying potential slip zones by summarizing data concerning the generated hydraulic conductivity profiles, stratigraphic lithology, existing inclinometer slip depth records, and groundwater level of landslide sites. This identification method was then applied to predict potential slip depths for ten landslide sites where slip surfaces have not yet occurred. These findings offer a new alternative to having early information on potential sliding depths for timely disaster management and control implementation.

Cascading Landslide: Kinematic and Finite Element Method Analysis through Remote Sensing Techniques

Cascading landslides are specific multi-hazard events in which a primary movement triggers successive landslide processes. Areas with dynamic and quickly changing environments are more prone to this type of phenomena. Both the kind and the evolution velocity of a landslide depends on the materials involved. Indeed, rockfalls are generated when rocks fall from a very steep slope, while debris flow and/or mudslides are generated by fine materials like silt and clay after strong water imbibition. These events can amplify the damage caused by the initial trigger and propagate instability along a slope, often resulting in significant environmental and societal impacts. The Morino-Rendinara cascading landslide, situated in the Ernici Mountains along the border of the Abruzzo and Lazio regions (Italy), serves as a notable example of the complexities and devastating consequences associated with such events. In March 2021, a substantial debris flow event obstructed the Liri River, marking the latest step in a series of landslide events. Conventional techniques such as geomorphological observations and geological surveys may not provide exhaustive information to explain the landslide phenomena in progress. For this reason, UAV image acquisition, InSAR interferometry, and pixel offset analysis can be used to improve the knowledge of the mechanism and kinematics of landslide events. In this work, the interferometric data ranged from 3 January 2020 to 24 March 2023, while the pixel offset data covered the period from 2016 to 2022. The choice of such an extensive data window provided comprehensive insight into the investigated events, including the possibility of identifying other unrecorded events and aiding in the development of more effective mitigation strategies. Furthermore, to supplement the analysis, a specific finite element method for slope stability analysis was used to reconstruct the deep geometry of the system, emphasizing the effect of groundwater-level flow on slope stability. All of the findings indicate that major landslide activities were concentrated during the heavy rainfall season, with movements ranging from several centimeters per year. These results were consistent with numerical analyses, which showed that the potential slip surface became significantly more unstable when the water table was elevated.

Surface wave monitoring using ambient noise for detecting temporal variations in underground structures in landslide area

The temporal variation in subsurface structure of a landslide area was monitored using spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) as a simple and robust seismic observational method. The SPAC method is often used in civil engineering to estimate one-dimensional (1D) subsurface structures. However, in this study, we monitor the temporal variation in the SPAC coefficient deviation to evaluate environmental change effects and changes in the subsurface velocity structure. We used a seismic array comprising 10 seismometers in a landslide-prone area in Morimachi Town, western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and continuous observations were performed from October 2020 – May 2022. We obtained a 1D velocity structural model as a reference using the multi-mode SPAC (MMSPAC) method with the averaged SPAC coefficients at different distances for all observation periods. We calculated the daily variation in SPAC coefficient relative to the average for all observation periods. We then applied cluster analysis to the SPAC coefficient deviation, which revealed weekly changes likely due to human activity and the effect of stream surges on nearby streams. After removing stream surge clusters and correcting for the weekly change, we reapplied cluster analysis to identify two major clusters. The differences between the two clusters can be attributed to structural changes in the very near surface (∼5 m) and deeper parts (∼20 m), likely influenced by shallow groundwater due to rainfall. By investigating the location of the landslide mass near the observation site, we suggest that structural changes around 20 m deep may correspond to the depth of potential slip surfaces.

Study on Slope Monitoring and Stability Based on Bolt–Cable Combined Support

To provide reference for the design and construction of anchoring measures in slope reinforcement and treatment projects, this article presents the on-site monitoring and analysis of the stress changes in anchor rods and anchor cables in a high-level layered rock slope of a deep excavation highway. Anchor rods and anchor cables are widely used reinforcement measures in slope reinforcement due to their simplicity and economy. In this article, we took the layered rock slope of a deep excavation highway as the monitoring object and installed monitoring equipment on slopes of different levels. Based on the monitoring data of slope anchor rods and anchor cables, the rationality of slope reinforcement and treatment measures was analyzed. This study shows that active support anchor cables have better reinforcement effects than the passive protection of anchor rods. The approximate position of the potential slip surface in the slope mass can be inferred according to the monitoring of slope anchor stress, which can guide a slope reinforcement and treatment project. Finally, FLAC3D V6.0 was used for numerical simulation analysis, which showed that the slope was in a stable state under the support of anchor rods and anchor cables.

Construction of Buildings in Soft Clay Deposits: A Case Study in a Public School in Florianópolis/SC, Brazil

The gradual increase in the risks of constructions without structural planning in hillside areas characterizes the expansion of urbanization in Brazil. In this process of territorial occupation, constructions on soft clay soils represent significant structural hazards. This study aimed to evaluate structural instabilities in a public school in Florianópolis (SC, Brazil), using integrated geology, geotechnics, and geophysics data. This is a case study in an area characterized by the urbanization process of the West Side of the Costeira do Pirajubaé Massif. Geologically, the study area is composed of granitic rocks, soft clay deposits, and colluvial soils, in an environment of the upper third to the middle of the slope. For data analysis, geophysical, geotechnical, and geological methods were used. In the results, it was identified upstream colluvium, evidenced by the wide variety of soils (sandy, yellowish silt clay, of medium consistency), as well as gray clay deposits, ranging from very soft to hard, with distinct characteristics of the residual soils of the granitoid downstream, which are normally medium consistency brown to yellowish clays, expected for the B horizon. The results indicate a potential slip surface, which corresponds to a layer of soft clay deposits. Thus, it can be concluded that the observed instabilities, characterized by footing displacement, cracks, and subsidence demonstrate subsoil fragilities related to human interventions and the insufficiency of the drainage system, even when existing.

Centrifuge and analytical modeling of counterweight retaining walls under translation mode

Counterweight retaining walls (CRWs) are a variant of gravity-retaining walls that feature a pressure relief platform (RP) on the backfill side to reduce total earth pressure, offering a cost-effective option compared to traditional forms. However, the intricate interactions between CRWs and backfill, coupled with the lack of clear design guidelines, have restricted their use. This study examines the behavior of CRWs in translation mode using three different centrifuge model tests, each with varying fill heights. Observations show a slightly concave slip surface through the wall heel and a nearly planar slip surface extending from the edge of the RP to the back of the wall in an active limit state. Backfill movement can be classified into translation, sliding, and stable zones. Earth pressure distribution on the upper wall follows a trapezoidal pattern, whereas the pressure on the lower wall exhibits a triangular distribution. Earth pressure on the RP is approximately linear, peaking near the RP’s edge. Introducing a friction angle mobilization factor for the potential first slip surface improves accuracy in calculating earth pressure. The tests were replicated to validate the analytical model for earth pressure calculations, using the adaptive finite-element limit analysis method.

Dynamic analysis of MSE wall subjected to surface vibration loading

Abstract Extensively used Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls in Rail Transportation System (RTS) are vulnerable to surface vibrations generated by moving vehicles. Hence, it is necessary to consider the effects of surface vibrations during the design of MSE walls for RTS. Steel-reinforced panel-type MSE walls are shown to perform well during vibration loading, but costly steel materials have led to greater reliance on affordable and readily available geosynthetics for reinforcement. Limited research exists on the behavior of panel-type MSE walls with geosynthetics considering RTS-induced vibrations frequencies. Thus, this study employs Finite Element software PLAXIS 3D to simulate the impact of surface vibration frequencies on panel-type MSE walls. The qualitative study encompasses two reinforcement cases (geogrids and steel strips) of 4 m MSE wall height and four harmonic loading frequencies representing RTS-induced surface vibrations for simulation. The dynamic responses of MSE wall are presented in terms of lateral wall displacements and lateral earth pressure distributions. Furthermore, the distributions of tensile strain and the identification of potential slip surface locations are presented. The findings indicated that MSE wall and reinforcement responses are governed by RTS-induced vibrations and fundamental frequency of backfill soil. This highlights the need for consideration of both the fundamental frequency of the backfill soil and RTS-induced vibrations in the design of MSE walls.

Stability analysis of unsaturated soil slopes with cracks under rainfall infiltration conditions

Pre-existing (open) cracks at slope crests, especially tension cracks, are a significant factor in the transition from shallow to deep-seated landslides in unsaturated soil slopes induced by rainfall. This paper presents an analytical framework to assess the stability of unsaturated soil slopes for deep-seated rotational failure considering arbitrary crack depths and unsteady infiltration, and its effectiveness is verified by previous literature and finite element analysis. A closed-form formula is proposed for the maximum depth of cracks in unsaturated soils by the stability of the vertical crack boundary. A parametric study is performed to investigate the impact of some key parameters on the stability of unsaturated soil slopes with cracks. Dimensionless stability charts are developed, which can calculate the factor of safety for the slopes with cracksof any depth and can reflect that the potential slip surfaces through or without passing through the crack tip. In addition, given the existence of a critical crack depth and maximum crack depth, with a ratio ranging from 0.5 to 0.6 based on the stability charts, deep-seated rotational failure is more likely to occur than failure caused by a crack boundary.

Application research of comprehensive geophysical prospecting in a typical slope of abandoned open-pit in Beijing, China

New government policy in China has facilitated research on the hazards in open-pit mine slopes. Remote sensing, geological, geophysical, and computer simulation techniques have been applied to obtain better information in slope investigation. In this study, we investigated the slope of the Qianlingshan open-pit mine area in Beijing, China. Electrical resistivity tomography and ground-penetrating radar were used, and the results were compared with borehole data to ascertain the slope structure, potential slip surface, and deformation zone. A geological model of the slope was established, and the slope stability was analyzed by numerical simulation. The results showed that the slope had an unstable surface layer over bedrock, and probable creep sliding-tension deformation. In addition, the slope would become less stable in wet conditions. The geological methods used in this study will provide a useful reference for further slope stability analysis and prevention. We took the Qianlingshan open-pit slope in Beijing, China, as the research object, by comprehensive application of historical remote sensing images analysis, field investigation, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR), and comparative analysis with borehole data, to obtain the slope parameter such as resistivity and velocity of electromagnetic wave, and to ascertain the slope structure, potential slip surface and deformation zone. On this basis, the geological generalisation model of slope was established, and the failure mechanism and stability of slope were analyzed by numerical simulation.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Failure Potential of a Motorway Landslide in Dabu County, China

Because the failure potential of a landslide is difficult to assess, a motorway landslide that has obviously deformed was used as a case study in this research. Several multi-integrated geotechniques, including field investigation, drilling, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), stability analysis, and numerical simulations, were used to achieve this goal. Field investigation with drilling was used to roughly determine the failure potential mass boundary and the material composition ERT technique was further used to distinguish the structure and composition of underground materials; the results agreed well with the field investigation, as well as the drilling data in the lithology judgement. The above investigations also showed the failure potential mass is in a slow sliding state and the slip surface roughly follows the contact zone between the upper soil and bedrock. Next, stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium method (LEM) was used to judge the current stability status of the slope, and its factor of safety (FOS) was 1.2 under the natural condition, 1.05 under the earthquake condition, and 1.15 under the rainfall condition. Based on the assessed potential slip surface and digital elevation data, a three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model was used to simulate the failure potential process. The dynamic information of the run-out behavior, including velocity, movement distance, and frictional energy, can be obtained, which is useful for hazard prediction.

Efficient slope reliability analysis based on representative slip surfaces: a comparative study

Slope reliability analysis can be conducted based on representative slip surfaces (RSSs) more efficiently than the conventional analysis based on many potential slip surfaces (PSSs). Various methods for selecting RSSs are proposed to enhance the efficiency of slope reliability analysis. These methods, however, generally require a complex calculation procedure (e.g., evaluation of reliability index for each PSS and/or correlation coefficients among PSSs) that cannot adaptively single out the RSSs, and the selected RSSs by these methods are commonly related to the statistics of soil properties. This leads to the question of how to efficiently and adaptively identify the RSSs of a slope for a subsequent reliability analysis with many parametric studies. To answer this question, an adaptive K-means clustering-based RSSs (AKCBR) selection method has been recently developed that is able to select the RSSs adaptively and efficiently from many PSSs. The RSSs identified by AKCBR do not vary with the variation of soil statistics, such as the inherent spatial variability that is beneficial to slope reliability analysis involving many parametric studies. As such, limitations of the available methods are tackled in AKCBR. A comprehensive comparative study is conducted in this paper to explore in detail the strength and weaknesses of the AKCBR against the available methods. Four slope examples that represent four kinds of slope stability problems are considered. Results show that AKCBR provides reliability results comparable with the available methods in terms of probability of failure and the most dominant failure modes, and it is generally more efficient. The AKCBR can adaptively identify the RSSs of slopes belonging to different types, and the RSSs are statistically robust against the statistics of soil properties, which is beneficial to reliability analysis involving many parametric studies.

Mechanical Property of Lateral Piles for Pile Composite Foundation Loaded by Model Test

Under vertical load, the composite foundation may be damaged due to insufficient lateral restraint capacity. If the lateral restraint pile is added to the edge of the composite foundation, the lateral stability can be effectively enhanced. This new reinforcement scheme is called a combined composite foundation. For the combined composite foundation, the lateral restraint piles will bear a certain force when the composite foundation is loaded, and the force may cause the piles horizontal displacement, instability, or even failure. After preload on the composite foundation, the mechanical behavior of lateral restraint piles will be more sophisticated. To study the mechanical behavior of lateral restraint piles under such condition, a laboratory model test was conducted. The results are suggested as follows: Axial force distribution curves tend to be “S” shape with two peak values at the upper and lower parts, respectively. The negative axial force is distributed at the upper part, and the positive axial force is distributed at the lower part. The bending moment and lateral soil pressure distribution of piles appear with the regularity of “increase-decrease” along the depth. Such a phenomenon is associated with the expansion of a potential slip surface. In accordance with the relative location of the potential slide surface and the piles, the lateral restraint piles can fall into three sections. Different sections get different stresses. The reinforcement scopes have an impact on the stress of different lateral restraint piles. With the increase of the reinforcement scope, the axial force, soil pressure, and bending moment show the regularity of increase. The values of axial force, the lateral soil pressure, and the bending moment increase with load growth and become stable when the load is larger than 60 kN. This is associated with the piles in the composite foundation, which verifies the reinforcement effect to prevent the soil slide and the foundation deformation.

An Integrated Approach for Simulating Debris-Flow Dynamic Process Embedded with Physically Based Initiation and Entrainment Models

Recent studies have indicated that the accurate simulation of debris flows depends not only on the selection of numerical models but also on the availability of precise data on the initial source location and depth. Unfortunately, it is currently difficult to obtain quantitative data on source locations and depths during field investigations or model experiments of debris flow disasters. Therefore, in this study, we propose an integrated approach for simulating the debris-flow dynamic process that includes the physically based slope initiation source estimation and the entrainment-incorporated process simulation. We treat the potential slip surfaces’ locations and depths as random variables to search for the critical surface corresponding to the minimum stability factor by Monte Carlo simulation. Using the spatial variation interval of the soil parameters, we estimate the range of possible critical slip surfaces and the interval of the initiation source volume. Moreover, we propose a wet/dry front treatment method applied to the finite difference scheme and integrate it into our entrainment-incorporated model to improve the stability and accuracy of the numerical solution over complex topography. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through a case study of the 2010 Hongchun debris flow event in Yingxiu town. The result indicates that our method is effective in simulating debris flow dynamics, including slope initiation source estimation and dynamic process simulation.

High Steep Rock Slope Instability Mechanism Induced by the Pillar Deterioration in the Mountain Mining Area

In hilly regions, landslides or slope failures are very common phenomena, when underground mineral resources are excavated. In this study, some landslide disasters in a mountain mining area were analyzed. The engineering geological and instability reason were investigated. The numerical simulation of a high steep rock slope disturbed by a room and pillar mine was established. The failure process of a high steep rock slope induced by the pillar deterioration was analyzed to reveal the characteristics of deformation and sliding. The results show that the pillar plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the slope, if the pillar can support the overlying rock mass, only a tiny deformation will be induced. When the pillar fails and the roof caves, the overlying rock mass above the room and pillar goaf will rapidly subside, and the crack evolution of slope is induced, forming the potential slip surface. The landslide mass gradually moves. When the rock mass at the middle and lower of the slope is squeezed out, slope sliding will be induced. The failure process can be divided into four stages as follow: tiny displacement is caused by the mining, roof collapse is caused by the pillar failure, the potential slip surface is formed from the crack evolution; the slope sliding is induced by the fracturing of rock mass at the middle and lower of the slope.

Identification of Landslide-Prone Areas in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan using GIS and Resistivity Method

Currently, the weather in Indonesia has been greatly affected by climate change. This is evidenced by extreme weather events in early 2020 which are predicted to occur more frequently in Indonesia. Bad weather in the form of high rainfall will potentially cause hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and landslides. To anticipate the occurrence of landslides that have the potential to disrupt regional development, it is important to conduct research to map landslide-prone areas in the province of West Kalimantan. This research is in line with UNTAN's strategic research plan to contribute to disaster management and climate change. This research combines overlay and measurement methods with geoelectric methods. The overlay method is used as a method to map landslide susceptibility based on scoring calculations from land parameters. The mapping is expected to produce a map of the landslide-prone zone which can then be studied further. Assessment of landslide potential through slip plane analysis using resistivity geoelectric method. From the mapping and direct observation, it is proved that the high landslide susceptibility values correlate with the landslide occurrence in Sabang Merah, Sanggau. Based on the resistivity measurement there found the potential landslide slip surface that is connected with the dip of rock layers in the area.

Slope monitoring optimization considering three-dimensional deformation and failure characteristics using the strength reduction method: A case study

The potential deformation and failure of a slope with typical 3D shapes involve 3D characteristics, such that these factors cannot be simulated using 2D methods. If 3D characteristics are not considered in expressway slope monitoring, an excessive number of monitoring points may be arranged in the stable/safe part, whereas insufficient monitoring points may be arranged in the unstable/dangerous part. In this study, the 3D deformation and failure characteristics of the Lijiazhai slope of the Shicheng–Ji'an Expressway in Jiangxi Province, China were analyzed by 3D numerical simulations using the strength reduction method. The potential 3D slope surface displacement trends, initial position of failure, and maximum depth of potential slip surface were simulated and discussed. The deformation of Slope A was generally small. The slope ranging from the third platform to the slope top was located in Region I, where the deformation was approximately equal to zero. The deformation of Slope B was located in Region V, where the displacement generally was larger than 2 cm in the range from the first–third platforms to the slope top, and the deformation of the trailing edge exceeded 5 cm. The surface displacement monitoring points should be arranged in Region V. Monitoring was then optimized considering the 3D characteristics of the deformation and failure of a slope. Accordingly, surface and deep displacement monitoring networks were effectively arranged in the unstable/dangerous part of the slope. Results may be used as references for similar projects.

Discrete element analysis of deformation features of slope controlled by karst fissures under the mining effect: a case study of Pusa landslide, China

Karst landforms are widely distributed in the southwestern mountain areas of China, and the continuous underground mining activities lead to frequent occurrence of catastrophic collapses and landslides. Revealing the relationship between the development characteristics of the controlling karst fissures and the slope deformation process is crucial to understand the collapse and landslide phenomena. The Pusa landslide is selected as the geological prototype of discrete element analysis, and the universal distinct element code (UDEC) is applied to simulate the overall deformation response of the mountain containing extensive karst fissure during the mining process. The results show that under the action of mining, the roof above the goaf bends and subsides, and the middle of the roof even breaks and collapses. The separation fractures effectively block the upward transmission of the collapse state of the rock stratum. The bottom of the karst fissure is susceptible to cracking first in the process of coal seam mining due to stress concentration, and the area of severe deformation in the slope coincides with the mining pressurization area. The morphology of the karst fissure controls and determines the deformation characteristics of the rock mass at the slope top, and only the karst fissure located within the mining influence range is the object to be considered in the slope stability analysis. The limit karst fracture depth, about 1/3 of the slope height, is the limit value to determine whether the rock mass at the slope top is toppled or slipped. The relationship between the karst fissure and the free surface gradually changes from the directional or co-directional to the reverse, the motion state of the rock mass at the slope top changes from slipping to toppling, and the role of karst fissure changes from a potential slip surface to the cracking boundary. Although the deformation damage of the reverse structural slope is not very serious, the influence of the karst fissure on the stability of the slope still cannot be ignored. This study aims to provide basic theoretical support for the subsequent research on the failure mechanism of karst mountains under the combined action of multi-structural planes.

A comprehensive investigation of engineering geological characteristics of interlayer shear weakness zones embedded within Baihetan hydropower station

The interlayer shear weakness zones (ISWZs), which are a kind of large-scale infilled discontinuity, are frequently considered the most hazardous potential slip surface in the rock masses. Based on laboratory and field investigations, the engineering characteristics of ISWZs (i.e., genesis, fabric, structure, mineral composition, water-physical properties, shear strength properties, and engineering classification) embedded in and around the Baihetan hydropower station area are systematically examined.The results of the laboratory and field show that ISWZs have complex occurrence features, undulating and spatial inconsistency in thickness, and variation in mineral composition, fabrics, and structures. Moreover, based on variabilities in various features and extend, ISWZs are categorized into single-layer structures (Type-A) and multilayer structures (Type-B). An engineering geological classification approach for large-scale ISWZs is developed based on the two essential index such as clay proportion and infilled ratio. This classification method not only involves the influence of the undulating state of ISWZs on their shear properties but also considers the physical and mechanical properties of weak interlayer materials. The results of this investigation contribute to a proper understanding of mechanical properties and rock mass classification, especially for large-scale ISWZs.

Simplified method for analyzing soil slope deformation under cyclic loading

Reasonable assessment of slope deformation under cyclic loading is of great significance for securing the safety of slopes. The observations of centrifuge model tests are analyzed on the slope deformation behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The potential slip surface is the key for slope failure and follows two rules: (i) the relative horizontal displacement along the potential slip surface is invariable at an elevation, and (ii) the soil along the slip surface exhibits the same degradation pattern. These rules are effective regardless of the location of the potential slip surface throughout the entire deformation process of a homogeneous slope, ranging from the initial deformation stage to the failure process and to the post-failure stage. A new, simplified method is proposed by deriving the displacement compatibility equation and unified degradation equation according to the fundamental rules. The method has few parameters that can be determined through traditional element tests. The predictions from the proposed method agree with the centrifuge test results with vertical loading and shaking table loading. This result confirms that the proposed method is effective in predicting the full deformation process of slopes under different cyclic loading conditions.