Potential Drug Delivery System Research Articles

Impact of Cross‐Linking on the Physicochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) Grains Starch

Barnyard millet starch (Echinochloa frumentacea) has been investigated for its potential in drug delivery systems due to its unique properties. This study examined the physicochemical and physiological properties of cross‐linked barnyard millet starch (BMS) using varying concentrations of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Physicochemical and physiological properties of the cross‐linked starches are analyzed. Cross‐linking resulted in reduced swelling capacity and solubility of starch samples. Morphological analysis revealed rough surfaces with cavities and minute cracks in cross‐linked starches. Acute and sub‐acute toxicity studies in test animals indicated no adverse effects, with LD50 values within acceptable limits at 2000 mg kg−1. Hematological, biochemical, and lipid profiles showed no significant alterations compared to the control group. The study demonstrated a low acute toxicity level and favorable safety profile for STPP‐cross‐linked starch. These findings highlighted the potential of cross‐linked barnyard millet starch as a carrier in drug delivery system and for food applications. This study supports the potential of cross‐linked barnyard millet starch in pharmaceutical formulations.

Risperidone/cyclodextrin inclusion complex electrospun nanofibers for fast-disintegrating antipsychotic drug delivery

In this paper, the inclusion complexes (ICs) of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and risperidone were electrospun into nanofibrous film for potential fast-disintegrating drug delivery system. Risperidone is used to treat bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and mood swings from autism. However, it is practically insoluble in aqueous medium. On the other hand, the encapsulation of risperidone into HPβCD cavity by inclusion complexation can enhance water solubility of this drug molecule. Here, the IC systems were prepared with 4/1 and 2/1 M ratio (HPβCD/risperidone). The highly concentrated HPβCD aqueous solutions (200 %, w/v) were used for the fiber formation. Finally, the system having 4/1 M ratio resulted in a clear and homogeneous solution showing that the HPβCD and risperidone completely formed IC. However, HPβCD/risperidone-IC having 2/1 M ratio was turbid and contained some small clumps of un-complexed risperidone. Even so, free-standing and thin nanofibrous films were obtained for both systems with an average fiber diameter of ∼315 nm and ∼280 nm for 2/1 and 4/1 systems, respectively. Both HPβCD/risperidone-IC nanofibers were produced with approximately 100 % preservation of risperidone within the nanofiber matrix without the loss of risperidone during electrospinning process, that is, HPβCD/risperidone-IC nanofibers retained the initial M ratio of 2/1 and 4/1 as in electrospinning solution. Both HPβCD/risperidone-IC nanofibrous films showed fast-disintegration and fast-release characteristics in artificial saliva and aqueous medium verifying their potential as a fast-disintegrating oral drug delivery system for risperidone.

Alginate Nanoparticles Containing Cuminum cyminum and Zataria multiflora Essential Oils with Promising Anticancer and Antibacterial Effects.

Cancer and bacterial infections are major global health concerns driving the need for innovative medicines. This study investigated alginate nanoparticles loaded with essential oils (EOs) from Cuminum cyminum and Zataria multiflora as potential drug delivery systems. The nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zetasizer, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Their biological properties against two human skin cancer cell lines (A-375 and A-431) and three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) were also evaluated. Alginate nanoparticles containing C. cyminum and Z. multiflora EOs exhibited sizes of 160 ± 8 nm and 151 ± 10 nm, respectively. Their zeta potentials and encapsulation efficiencies were -18 ± 1 mV and 79 ± 4%, as well as -27 ± 2 mV and 86 ± 5%, respectively. The IC50 values against the tested cell lines and bacteria revealed superior efficacy for nanoparticles containing Z. multiflora EO. Considering the proper efficacy of the proposed nanoparticles, the straightforward preparation method and low cost suggest their potential for further in vivo studies.

Nonintuitive Immunogenicity and Plasticity of Alpha-Synuclein Conformers: A Paradigm for Smart Delivery of Neuro-Immunotherapeutics.

Despite the extensive research successes and continuous developments in modern medicine in terms of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, the lack of clinically useful disease-modifying drugs or immunotherapeutic agents that can successfully treat or prevent neurodegenerative diseases is an ongoing challenge. To date, only one of the 244 drugs in clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has been approved in the past decade, indicating a failure rate of 99.6%. In corollary, the approved monoclonal antibody did not demonstrate significant cognitive benefits. Thus, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing rapidly. Therefore, there is an urgent need for creative approaches to identifying and testing biomarkers for better diagnosis, prevention, and disease-modifying strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression of the endogenous α-synuclein has been identified as the driving force for the formation of the pathogenic α-synuclein (α-Syn) conformers, resulting in neuroinflammation, hypersensitivity, endogenous homeostatic responses, oxidative dysfunction, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the conformational plasticity of α-Syn proffers that a certain level of α-Syn is essential for the survival of neurons. Thus, it exerts both neuroprotective and neurotoxic (regulatory) functions on neighboring neuronal cells. Furthermore, the aberrant metastable α-Syn conformers may be subtle and difficult to detect but may trigger cellular and molecular events including immune responses. It is well documented in literature that the misfolded α-Syn and its conformers that are released into the extracellular space from damaged or dead neurons trigger the innate and adaptive immune responses in PD. Thus, in this review, we discuss the nonintuitive plasticity and immunogenicity of the α-Syn conformers in the brain immune cells and their physiological and pathological consequences on the neuroimmune responses including neuroinflammation, homeostatic remodeling, and cell-specific interactions that promote neuroprotection in PD. We also critically reviewed the novel strategies for immunotherapeutic delivery interventions in PD pathogenesis including immunotherapeutic targets and potential nanoparticle-based smart drug delivery systems. It is envisioned that a greater understanding of the nonintuitive immunogenicity of aberrant α-Syn conformers in the brain's microenvironment would provide a platform for identifying valid therapeutic targets and developing smart brain delivery systems for clinically effective disease-modifying immunotherapeutics that can aid in the prevention and treatment of PD in the future.

Hybrid adipocyte-derived exosome nano platform for potent chemo-phototherapy in targeted hepatocellular carcinoma

The high prevalence and severity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) present a significant menace to human health. Despite the significant advancements in nanotechnology-driven antineoplastic agents, there remains a conspicuous gap in the development of targeted chemotherapeutic agents specifically designed for HCC. Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore potent drug delivery systems for effective HCC treatment. Here we have exploited the interplay between HCC and adipocyte to engineer a hybrid adipocyte-derived exosome platform, serving as a versatile vehicle to specifically target HCC and exsert potent antitumor effect. A lipid-like prodrug of docetaxel (DSTG) with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable linker, and a lipid-conjugated photosensitizer (PPLA), spontaneously co-assemble into nanoparticles, functioning as the lipid cores of the hybrid exosomes (HEMPs and NEMPs). These nanoparticles are further encapsuled within adipocyte-derived exosome membranes, enhancing their affinity towards HCC cancer cells. As such, cancer cell uptakes of hybrid exosomes are increased up to 5.73-fold compared to lipid core nanoparticles. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that HEMPs not only enhance the bioactivity of the prodrug and extend its circulation in the bloodstream but also effectively inhibit tumor growth by selectively targeting hepatocellular carcinoma tumor cells. Self-facilitated synergistic drug release subsequently promoting antitumor efficacy, inducing significant inhibition of tumor growth with minimal side effects. Our findings herald a promising direction for the development of targeted HCC therapeutics.

The application of phenylboronic acid pinacol ester functionalized ROS-responsive multifunctional nanoparticles in the treatment of Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by the complex interactions between the host immune system and the microbiota of dental plaque. Oxidative stress and the inflammatory microenvironment resulting from periodontitis are among the primary factors contributing to the progression of the disease. Additionally, the presence of dental plaque microbiota plays a significant role in affecting the condition. Consequently, treatment strategies for periodontitis should be multi-faceted. In this study, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive drug delivery system was developed by structurally modifying hyaluronic acid (HA) with phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBAP). Curcumin (CUR) was encapsulated in this drug delivery system to form curcumin-loaded nanoparticles (HA@CUR NPs). The release results indicate that CUR can be rapidly released in a ROS environment to reach the concentration required for treatment. In terms of uptake, HA can effectively enhance cellular uptake of NPs because it specifically recognizes CD44 expressed by normal cells. Moreover, HA@CUR NPs not only retained the antimicrobial efficacy of CUR, but also exhibited more pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress functions both in vivo and in vitro. This provides a good potential drug delivery system for the treatment of periodontitis, and could offer valuable insights for dental therapeutics targeting periodontal diseases.

Facile in situ synthesis of CuO nanoparticles through the copper-crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel bead: a potential implantable anticancer drug delivery system

Facile in situ synthesis of CuO nanoparticles through the copper-crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel bead: a potential implantable anticancer drug delivery system

Exploring the Transformative Potential of In Situ Gels: An Overview of Thermosensitive and pH‐Sensitive Gel Systems for Biomedical Applications

AbstractIn situ gel systems have emerged as promising drug delivery platforms due to their numerous benefits, including increased patient compliance and decreased administration frequency. The potential of in situ gel extends beyond its formulation benefits, with the ability to transform medical treatment by enhancing drug delivery, offering personalized therapies, and introducing innovative approaches. Ongoing research and the efforts of pharmaceutical companies are dedicated to exploring the vast opportunities presented by in situ gel, pushing the limits of innovation in the field of drug delivery. The selection of suitable polymers is critical for the development of in situ gel formulations. Additionally, consideration of drug‐polymer compatibility ensures the stability and efficacy of the drug within the gel matrix. Formulation considerations play a pivotal role in the development of effective in situ gel systems. They have shown great potential in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The ability to prolong gastric retention time, targeted delivery, and localized drug release are among the advantages offered by in situ gels. Although in situ gel technology has shown significant advancements, challenges remain, including stability and shelf‐life issues, biocompatibility and safety concerns, and the need for further research and development. Future directions focus on overcoming these challenges and exploring new applications and advancements in the field. In conclusion, in situ gel systems provide a versatile and promising drug delivery and tissue engineering platform. However, further research and development are essential to address the challenges and fully harness the potential of this innovative technology.

Advancements in nanohybrids: From coordination materials to flexible solar cells

This comprehensive review explores the forefront of nanohybrid materials, focusing on the integration of coordination materials in various applications, with a spotlight on their role in the development of flexible solar cells. coordination material-based nanohybrids, characterized by their unique properties and multifunctionality, have garnered significant attention in fields ranging from catalysis and sensing to drug delivery and energy storage. the discussion investigates the synthesis methods, properties, and potential applications of these nanohybrids, underscoring their versatility in materials science. Additionally, the review investigates the integration of coordination nanohybrids in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), showcasing their ability to enhance the performance and stability of next-generation photovoltaic devices. the narrative further expands to encompass the synthesis of luminescent nanohybrids for bioimaging purposes and the development of layered two-dimensional (2D) material-based nanostructured hybrids for energy storage and conversion. the exploration culminates in an examination of the synthesis of conductive polymer nanostructures, elucidating their potential in drug delivery systems. lastly, the article discusses the cutting-edge realm of flexible solar cells, emphasizing their adaptability and lightweight design. Through a systematic examination of these diverse nanohybrid materials, this review sheds light on the current state of the art, challenges, and prospects, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology, and renewable energy.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lipid-based Nanoformulation of Itraconazole

The powdered form of itraconazole is white, flavorless, and stable, but it dissolves slowly in water. In comparison to palmitic acid, stearic acid has a stronger affinity (2.57), as shown by the partition coefficient test. UV-visible spectra analysis reveals critical compound insights. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) identifies significant peaks in itraconazole and related compounds. tween 80 is selected for solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) based on their appearance. Optimization using 0.5% w/v tween 80 yielded better particle capture. Thermal analyses display distinctive characteristics of itraconazole, palmitic acid, and polyvinyl alcohol. Viscosity studies mirror tear film behavior. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images demonstrate SLN’s potential ocular application without irritation. Antifungal studies exhibit effective inhibition of Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus growth. SN-7 reveals strong encapsulation efficiency, mean vesicle size, and sustained drug release over 12 hours. Pharmacokinetic studies shed light on SLNs’ influence on drug absorption and distribution, indicative of potential in drug delivery systems. These findings offer promising prospects in formulating enhanced drug delivery mechanisms and understanding their impact on drug pharmacokinetics. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed SN-7’s singular peak at 6.59 minutes. Both formulations showcased skin penetration and stability over three months under varied conditions. Skin irritation tests on rats indicated minimal reactions, affirming low irritancy, which is crucial for patient comfort and acceptance in topical drug delivery. These assessments ensure safety and effectiveness in treating fungal infections.

Abstract 5759: Design of Au-graphene quantum dot nanocomposite as a potential drug delivery system to solubilize Tetrandrine

Abstract Prostate cancer, along with various other types of cancer, has been a prominent focus in medical and clinical discussions for many years due to its high fatality rates and significant health risks. To enhance oncological healthcare, various methods and technologies, such as drug delivery systems (DDS), have been extensively studied. Developing an effective DDS offers distinct advantages compared to other approaches to anticancer drug treatment. Some anticancer drug molecules possess unfavorable properties that directly impact metabolism and solubility, issues that DDS aims to address. Recent progress in nanomaterial synthesis has introduced innovative and efficient drug systems, providing a new perspective on cancer treatments. Gold nanoparticles, particularly in conjunction with semiconductor graphene quantum dots (GQDs), play a role in creating a unified carrier system applicable to multiple therapeutic methods. The choice of graphene quantum dots is based on their widespread applications and diverse benefits, ranging from compatible size and core-shell chemistry richness to substantial progress in achieving signal homogeneity by reducing the distance between molecules and substrate. The selected model for the DDS is the hydrophobic alkaloid Tetrandrine. Despite its use in treating conditions such as hypertension, and arthritis, and exhibiting anti-cancer activities, Tetrandrine is highly insoluble as an anti-cancer drug, with a solubility of 24.1 μmol/L [15 μg/mL] in water and only 5mM in ethanol and DMSO. This research aims to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic Tetrandrine by incorporating it into gold graphene quantum dot nanocomposites, serving as a potential drug delivery system for combating prostate cancer. The synthesis of nanocomposites (Au-GQD, Au-NGQD, Au-SGQD) and Tetrandrine-loaded products (AuGQD-T, AuNGQD-T, AuSGQD-T) will be examined. Additionally, the properties of Tetrandrine loaded onto the nanoparticles will be scrutinized and characterized using NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectrum analyses. Citation Format: MiaSara Perez Salvá, Nataniel Medina-Berrios, Brad Weiner, Gerardo Morell Marrero. Design of Au-graphene quantum dot nanocomposite as a potential drug delivery system to solubilize Tetrandrine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5759.

Liposome as a Potential Drug Delivery System in Addressing Skin Diseases: A Review

Abstract: It was asserted that the manufacturing of liposomes, which was first disclosed in 1961, was a useful technology for drug encapsulation. Furthermore, there are several cosmetic items on the market now that include liposomes. The liposomes are novel drug carrier systems due to their similarity in lipid composition with the epidermal membrane. As a result, they penetrate the epidermis to a greater extent, showing enhanced skin absorption and increased effectiveness of the encapsulated drug molecule. This review briefly addresses the skin's anatomy, skin conditions, and the topical delivery of drugs for the treatment of skin diseases with emphasis on psoriasis by utilizing liposomes and other vesicular drug delivery systems along with challenges and opportunities in the treatment of skin diseases. When compared to alternative distribution methods, their resemblance to biological membranes enables entry into the epidermal barrier. Liposomes are good at penetrating the skin more deeply and reducing therapeutic side effects, which offers hope for the successful treatment of skin problems. Applying liposomes topically has several benefits, including better skin bioavailability and targeting, increased skin hydration by surface adhesiveness, protection of skin structure from external stress, and prolonged dermal release. Further, they have got potential to target the encapsulated drug molecule into pilosebaceous structure, making them an ideal candidate for the treatment of hair follicles and sebaceous gland disorder.

Development of lactic acid based chain extender and soybean oil-derived polyurethanes for ecofriendly sustained drug delivery systems

In the present study, a range of sustainable, biocompatible and biodegradable polyurethanes (PU-1 to PU-4) were synthesized using different combinations of biobased polyol (obtained through the epoxidation of soybean oil, followed by ring opening with ethanol) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and isophorone diisocyanate. The sustainable chain extender used in this study was synthesized by the esterification of lactic acid with ethylene glycol (EG). The synthesized PU samples were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) spectroscopy. Wetting ability and thermal degradation analysis (TGA) of the samples were also studied. Subsequently, these PUs were examined as potential drug delivery systems using Gabapentin as a model drug, which was loaded in the polymer matrix using the solvent evaporation method. The drug release studies were carried out in 0.06 N HCl as a release medium according to the method outlined in the United States Pharmacopeia. The maximum drug release was observed for sample PU-P1, which was found to be 53.0 % after 6 h. Moreover, a comparison of different PU samples revealed a trend wherein the values of drug release were decreased with an increase in the PEG content.

Low fouling and pH-responsive poly(N-vinyl imidazole)/poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymer gels for colon targeted diclofenac sodium delivery

Protein and cell adhesion onto drug delivery matrices interferes with the predesigned drug delivery profile to the targeted site. Antifouling surfaces are needed to overcome this problem and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of drug delivery systems. Copolymers of N-vinyl imidazole (NVI) with poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) (PEGMA) were synthesized via free radical polymerization under cryogenic conditions as potential pH-responsive drug delivery systems resistant to protein and cell adhesion. FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis (DSC), mechanical tests, contact angle, surface energy, and SEM analysis provide the physicochemical properties of the samples. Static adsorption/adhesion experiments show that the copolymer cryogels resist BSA adhesion. Furthermore, the copolymer cryogels demonstrate anti-cell adhesion behavior against colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) cells. They are non-cytotoxic toward HDFa fibroblasts. Diclofenac sodium (DS) - loaded copolymer cryogels show pH-dependent sustained drug delivery. The release studies show a limited release in stomach pH (2.0). On the other hand, enhanced release is observed in pH 5.0 and pH 7.4 within 15 h. The quantities of diclofenac sodium released from the copolymer cryogels are sufficient to show anti-inflammatory activity.

Injectable Hydrogels for Nervous Tissue Repair-A Brief Review.

The repair of nervous tissue is a critical research field in tissue engineering because of the degenerative process in the injured nervous system. In this review, we summarize the progress of injectable hydrogels using in vitro and in vivo studies for the regeneration and repair of nervous tissue. Traditional treatments have not been favorable for patients, as they are invasive and inefficient; therefore, injectable hydrogels are promising for the treatment of damaged tissue. This review will contribute to a better understanding of injectable hydrogels as potential scaffolds and drug delivery system for neural tissue engineering applications.

Curcumin encapsulated in milk small extracellular vesicles as a nanotherapeutic alternative in experimental chronic liver disease

Curcumin is a natural molecule widely tested in preclinical and clinical studies due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Nevertheless, its high hydrophobicity and low bioavailability limit in vivo applications. To overcome curcumin´s drawbacks, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as potential drug delivery systems due to their non-immunogenicity, nanometric size and amphiphilic composition. This work presents curcumin cargo into milk sEV structure and further in vitro and in vivo evaluation as a therapeutic nanoplatform. The encapsulation of curcumin into sEV was performed by two methodologies under physiological conditions: a passive incorporation and active cargo employing saponin. Loaded sEVs (sEVCurPas and sEVCurAc) were fully characterized by physicochemical techniques, confirming that neither methodology affects the morphology or size of the nanoparticles (sEV: 113.3±5.1 nm, sEVCurPas: 127.0±4.5 nm and sEVCurAc: 98.5±3.6 nm). Through the active approach with saponin (sEVCurAc), a three-fold higher cargo was obtained (433.5 µg/mL) in comparison with the passive approach (129.1 µg/mL). These sEVCurAc were further evaluated in vitro by metabolic activity assay (MTT), confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, showing a higher cytotoxic effect in the tumoral cells RAW264.7 and HepG2 than in primary hepatocytes, specially at high doses of sEVCurAc (4%, 15% and 30% of viability). In vivo evaluation in an experimental model of liver fibrosis confirmed sEVCurAc therapeutic effects, leading to a significant decrease of serum markers of liver damage (ALT) (557 U/L to 338 U/L with sEVCurAc therapy) and a tendency towards decreased liver fibrogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition.

Tetracycline hydrochloride loaded-alginate based nanoparticle-hydrogel beads for potential wound healing applications: In vitro drug delivery, release kinetics, and antibacterial activity

Novel hydrogel beads based on nanocomposite with outstanding antibacterial and swelling capabilities have been successfully produced as an efficient drug carrier for potential drug delivery systems in wound healing applications. The beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and EDX-Mapping analysis. Then, using tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as a model drug system, they were studied in vitro for their potential efficiency as pH and temperature dependent sustained drug delivery carriers. Moreover, they were assessed in terms of porosity, swelling degree, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release kinetics. Beads released drugs at their highest levels under alkaline circumstances (pH = 8) and at a temperature of 39 °C, with a cumulative TCH release of 96.2 % at 36 h and in accordance with the Weibull kinetics model (R2 = 0.98). Additionally, the disc diffusion experiment demonstrated the strong antibacterial activity of the synthesized beads and offered a feasible and cost-effective wound dressing material for treating infected wounds.

Design of liposomal nanocarriers with a potential for combined dexamethasone and bevacizumab delivery to the eye

Clinicians face numerous challenges when delivering medications to the eyes topically because of physiological barriers, that can inhibit the complete dose from getting to the intended location. Due to their small size, the ability to deliver drugs of different polarities simultaneously, and their biocompatibility, liposomes hold great promise for ocular drug delivery. This study aimed to develop and characterise a dual loaded liposome formulation encapsulating Bevacizumab (BEV) and Dexamethasone (DEX) that possessed the physicochemical attributes suitable for topical ocular delivery. Liposomes were prepared by using thin film hydration followed by extrusion, and the formulations were optimised using a design of experiments approach. Physicochemical characterisation along with cytocompatibility and bioactivity of the formulations were assessed. Liposomes were successfully prepared with a particle size of 139 ± 2 nm, PDI 0.03 ± 0.01 and zeta potential −2 ± 0.7 mV for the optimised formulation. BEV and DEX were successfully encapsulated into the liposomes with an encapsulation efficiency of 97 ± 0.5 % and 26 ± 0.5 %, respectively. A sustained release of BEV was observed from the liposomes and the bioactivity of the formulation was confirmed using a wound healing assay. In summary, a potential topical eye drop drug delivery system, which can co-load DEX and BEV was developed and characterised for its potential to be used in ocular drug delivery.

Synthesis and supramolecular behavior study of a novel amphiphilic compound for idebenone encapsulation

The synthesis of a new amphiphilic compound obtained from galactose and glycerol monostearate is described, applying an efficient and environmentally friendly technique as is click reactions. The physicochemical characterization was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution mass spectrometry. Indeed, the novel compound enhances the solubility of idebenone, a hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredient. Transmission electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation were used to visualize the self-aggregated molecules, and dynamic light scattering to analyze the size of the supramolecular structure that shows nano-sized aggregates, with dimensions of up to 200 nm. The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility assay using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells showed no cytotoxicity at the 0.1 and 0.05 mg/ml concentration tested. Water solubility of idebenone increased sixteen-fold in the presence of the synthesized compound. Idebenone loading suggests that amphiphilic compound could be used as a potential drug delivery system in medicinal applications.

Liquisolids: A Modernistic approach in Drug Delivery System

Liquisolid Technology aims to make drug entities more soluble that have low solubility and low permeability, through the cosolvency theory in a reasonably simple setup that doesn't require expensive technology. A non-volatile solvent is used to dissolve a medicine into molecular dispersion, which is then converted into a powder that has the appearance of being dry and is easily compressible. Extrudates are produced from the material by extrusion using an extruder. To create spherical particles known as Pellets, the extrudates are placed beneath the spheronizer. These pellets or granules can be filled in capsules or can be compacted into tablets according to their dose and can be utilized. Various evaluation parameters like Carr`s Index, Angle of Repose, FTIR, etc was studied. Overall, the study demonstrated that the liqui-pellet might improve a liquisolid formulation's poor flowability, which is thought to be a significant development in the concept's commercial viability. The current review aims to unfurl the utilization of liquisolid technology as a potential drug delivery system for BCS class 2 and 3 drugs.