Antioxidant Potential Research Articles

Methionine and vitamin E supplementation improve production performance, antioxidant potential, and liver health in aged laying hens

Sulfur metabolites of methionine (Met) and vitamin E (VE) have antioxidant potential and can maintain liver health in chickens. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of Met sources, the ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine (TSAA: Lys), and VE levels on production performances, antioxidant potential, and hepatic oxidation in aged laying hens. Eight hundred and sixty-four, Hy-Line Brown laying hens (70-week age) were divided into 12 treatment groups, each having 6 repeats and 12 birds/each repeat. The dietary treatments consisted of DL-Met (DL-Met), DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (OH-Met), 3 ratios of TSAA: Lys (0.90, 0.95, and 1.00), and 2 levels of VE (20 and 40 g/ton). Albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at a lower level of VE (P < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (CAT) in the liver significantly reduced at 0.95 TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 alpha (CPT-1α) also upregulated at this TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Compared with the DL-Met group, the OH-Met group had lower Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) and higher TC, LDL, and VLDL concentrations (P < 0.05).The expression of FAS,CPT-1α), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and Nrf2 were significantly higher in OH-Met compared with the DL-Met group (P < 0.05). OH-Met at 0.95 and DL-Met at 0.90 TSAA: Lys ratio showed higher CAT and lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, OH-Met at 0.90 and DL-Met at 0.95 of the TSAA: Lys ratio had a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that OH-Met source with a lower level of VE positively influenced production performance and improved liver health in aged laying hens through improved lipid metabolism and hepatic antioxidant function.

Geometrical isomers of lutein and fucoxanthin: Unveiling their antioxidant potentials and skin-related biological activities

Although carotenoids are most commonly found in dietary sources as all-E-isomers, some carotenoids accumulate in the skin as Z-isomers; their roles are largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of E/Z-isomers of lutein and fucoxanthin, two xanthophyll carotenoids, on their antioxidant potential and skin-related biological activities. Evaluation of ultraviolet (UV)-blocking abilities demonstrated the superior performance of Z-isomer-rich lutein and fucoxanthin against UV-A and UV-B radiation, with Z-isomer-rich lutein exhibiting higher UV-B protection. Antioxidant assays revealed that all-E- and Z-isomer-rich lutein and fucoxanthin had potent singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Moreover, Z-isomer-rich lutein and fucoxanthin exhibited enhanced lipid peroxidation scavenging compared with their all-E counterparts. Both isomers of lutein and fucoxanthin exhibited potent skin-antiaging and skin-whitening effects in several in vitro assays, including anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase activities. These findings suggest that geometric isomers may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of carotenoids in skin care applications.

Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of Cordyceps militaris in vitro culture extracts

Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic fungus with therapeutic potential in humans. The focus is on its hydroalcoholic extracts, which were obtained from biomass cultured in vitro in molasses. The media were subjected to a colourimetric chemical screening, an in vitro antioxidant potential evaluation by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, and a cytotoxicity test by MTT assay. The results evidenced the presence of reducing sugars, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, and sesquiterpene lactones in both extracts. Additionally, tannins and quinones were identified exclusively in EHM. EHG exhibited a higher concentration of phenolic compounds (6.6 µg GAE/mg), while EHM demonstrated a higher concentration of phytates (40 µg PAE/mg), and both exhibited similar amounts of saponins (2.55±0.18 µg DGE/mg).The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed using the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The results demonstrated that EHG exhibited a greater effect in both assays, with 60.98 % and 80.70 % inhibition, respectively. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the DPPH assay, with an average inhibition of 77.83 %. Both extracts exhibited no cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested, demonstrating 100 % viability (LC50 > 300 µg/mL). It was concluded that the use of different carbon sources in both enriched media for the in vitro culture of C. militaris resulted in a modified chemical profile of the obtained biomass, which exhibited greater phytochemical complexity when cultured with molasses. In contrast, the biomass cultured with glucose showed a notable antioxidant potential in vitro, and no extract exhibited cytotoxicity in the tested cell lines.

Synthesis, DPPH Radical Scavenging, Cytotoxic Activity, and Apoptosis Induction Efficacy of Novel Thiazoles and Bis-thiazoles.

Heterocyclic materials-containing thiazoles exhibited incredible importance in pharmaceutical chemistry and drug design due to their extensive biological properties. Synthesis of thiazoles and bis-thiazoles from the reaction of 2-((6-Nitrobenzo[ d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide with hydrazonoyl chlorides in dioxane and in the existence of triethylamine as basic catalyst. The antioxidant, in vitro antiproliferative, and cytotoxicity efficacy of thiazoles and bis-thiazoles were measured. In this work, novel series of 5-methyl-2-(2-(-(6-nitrobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene) hydrazinyl)-4-(aryldiazenyl)thiazoles (4a-f) were prepared via the reaction of hydrazonoyl chlorides 2a-f with 2-((6-nitrobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (1) in dioxane and employing triethylamine as basic catalyst. Following the same procedure, bisthiazoles (6, 8, and 10) have been synthesized by utilizing bis-hydrazonoyl chlorides (5, 7, and 9) and carbothioamide 1 in a molar ratio (1:2), respectively. The distinctive features in the structure of isolated products were elucidated by spectroscopic tools and elemental analyses. The antioxidant, in vitro anti-proliferative, cytotoxicity, and anti-cancer efficacy of thiazoles and bis-thiazoles were evaluated. Compounds 4d and 4f were the most potent antioxidant agents. Gene expression of apoptosis markers and fragmentation assay of DNA were assessed to explore the biochemical mechanism of synthesized products. Thiazoles significantly inhibited cell growth and proliferation more than bis-thiazoles. They induced apoptosis through induction of apoptotic gene expression P53 and downregulation of antiapoptotic gene expression Bcl-2. Moreover, they induced fragmentation of DNA in cancer cells, indicating that they could be employed as anticancer agents by inhibiting tumor growth and progression and can be considered effective compounds in the strategy of anti-cancer agents' discovery. Synthesis, DPPH Radical Scavenging, Cytotoxic activity, and Apoptosis Induction Efficacy based on Novel Thiazoles and Bis-thiazoles.

Ehretia laevis mitigates paracetamol- induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in rats

Hepatotoxicity is caused due to intake of drug or any chemical above the therapeutic range or as overdose. Current therapies for the management of hepatotoxicity are associated with several side effects. The present study was envisaged to explore the hepatoprotective potential of Ehretia laevis (E. laevis) in paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. All the plant extracts and fractions were evaluated for antioxidant and antiproliferative potential using various in vitro assays. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using a standardized single oral dose of PCM (3 g/kg). The aqueous fraction of E. laevis (AFEL) exhibited significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity as compared to methanol extract of E. laevis (MEEL) in vitro. Moreover, treatment with AFEL (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) decreased serum hepatic markers, attenuate the oxidative stress, inflammation and histopathological changes. LC-MS analysis of AFEL showed the presence of rutin, quercetin and kaempferol. Rutin was found to be in higher concentration, therefore it was docked on TNF-α. Its overall binding mode supports its capability to make complex with TNF-α. The finding of the study suggested significant antioxidant, antiproliferative, and hepatoprotective potential of E. laevis in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity which could be attributed to the presence of various polyphenols.

Multifunctional hydrogels loaded with tellurium nanozyme for spinal cord injury repair

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in severe neurological deficits due to disrupted neural pathways. While the spinal cord possesses limited self-repair capabilities, recent advancements in hydrogel-based therapies have shown promise. Polyphenol-based hydrogels, known for their neuroprotective properties, offer a suitable microenvironment for neural regeneration. In this study, a novel poly(lipoic acid)/poly(dopamine) adhesive hydrogel was developed as a versatile platform for delivering therapeutic agents. This hydrogel was loaded with methylcobalamin, a neurotrophic factor, and tellurium nanoenzymes, potent antioxidants. The nanoenzymes effectively mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation, while methylcobalamin promoted nerve regeneration. The combined therapeutic effects of the nanoenzymatic hydrogel demonstrated significant efficacy in repairing spinal cord injuries, highlighting its potential as a promising strategy for treating this debilitating condition.

Bioactivity-guided Separation of Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Subfractions from Alkaline Chloroform Fraction of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in an Animal Model

Background: Antinociceptive effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) has been reported in different animal models in response to various chemical or thermal stimuli. In a recent study, alkaline chloroform fraction (AKC) of this plant has exhibited the greatest analgesic effect. Objective: In the present study, to isolate the active component(s) from the plant, the subfractions resulting from AKC column chromatography were evaluated in an animal model for anti-nociception effect. Methods: From the 17 separated fractions, 5 major fractions (F4, F6, F14, F15 and F16) were used for the formalin test at three different doses (2.5, 5 10 mg/kg). Antioxidant activity of the most active subfractions was studied too. Results: Subsections F16 and F14 (5, 10 mg/kg) showed the greatest analgesic effect and reduced, which was similar to morphine and even stronger than morphine in some doses. The greatest antioxidant activity was observed by F14 (radical inhibition percentage of 17.34± 0.14 in DPPH assay, reduction power percentage of 74.05±4.23 in RPA versus green tea (91.68± 3.04 and 97.59± 6.24 in DPPH assay and RPA test respectively). The absorbance of F14 was 0.25±0.11 in the FTC method in comparison to ascorbic acid 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml (0.72±0.33 and 0.05±0.41 respectively). Conclusion: Separated subfractions exhibited more antinociceptive effect than AKC fraction, so further separation can lead to the acquisition of antinociceptive compound (s), while AKC fraction was found to be more potent antioxidant than separated sub-fractions in all three experiments. So, most likely, the anti-nociception effect of subfractions might be achieved via other mechanisms than antioxidant activity. Based on phytochemical screening, AKC and all sub-fractions especially F14, F15 and F16 were positive for the presence of alkaloids and only F14 was positive for flavonoids.

Therapeutic and Health Promoting Potential of Terminalia chebula: An Exploratory Literature Review

: The plant Terminalia chebula has been used traditionally in many regions of the world for its therapeutic properties, especially in India. Its therapeutic and health-promoting potential has been recognized for centuries, and modern research continues to unveil its numerous benefits. One of the most significant applications of this plant is its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The plant contains high levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which scavenge harmful free radicals in the body, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. This antioxidant action contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects, making it beneficial for a wide range of conditions, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, Terminalia chebula exhibits antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi, including those responsible for common infections. It has been used to treat respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin ailments. Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects make it a valuable natural remedy for combating microbial pathogens. Moreover, Terminalia chebula shows potential in managing diabetes and promoting cardiovascular health. Studies have indicated its ability to regulate blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce lipid abnormalities. These properties make it a promising adjunct therapy for individuals with diabetes or at risk of heart disease. In conclusion, Terminalia chebula possesses remarkable therapeutic and health-promoting potential. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and digestive benefits make it a valuable natural remedy for various ailments. While research on Terminalia chebula is ongoing, its long-standing use in traditional medicine and emerging scientific evidence solidify its status as a potent medicinal plant with diverse applications in promoting overall well-being.

Effect of microwave heat processing on nutritional, antioxidant, antinutrient, and sensory indices of soy flour enriched functional noodles

Soybean is considered a plausible carrier of health-promising potential phytonutrients; the soybean also contains higher magnitudes of antinutrients like tannins, phytates, trypsin, protease, and oxalates. Therefore, the present study was carried out to reduce the load of antinutrients using microwave (Mw) heat processing at 0.9 kW for 1.5 min, also assessing its effect on soy flour's nutritional, antioxidant, and value-addition properties. Results for nutritional composition of raw soy flour (RSF), microwave heat processed soy flour (MwSF) and supplemented noodles delineated the presence of higher ash (3%), dietary fibers (6.1%), proteins (42%), Zn (3.5 mg/100g), Ca (238 mg/100g), Mg (208 mg/100g) and K (355 mg/100g) in MwSF then RSF. However, MwSF supplemented noodles prepared at 2-6% supplementation levels (T1-T3) elucidated significant (p<0.05) improvement in ash (0.7-1.1%), fiber (3.7-4.1%), crude protein (10-17%), Zn (3.6-3.8 mg/100g), Ca (39-50 mg/100g), Mg (134-139 mg/100g) and K (440-446 mg/100g). Processing of raw soy flour by microwave heating was observed to reduce tannins, phytates, trypsin, protease, and oxalates by 88, 87, 93, 95, and 90%, respectively. The maximum supplementation of MwSF at 6% in the supplemented noodles significantly (p<0.05) improved the total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from 131-142 mg GAE/100g, 52-57 mg GAE/100g, 217-233 μmol/100g and 37-40%, respectively. Organoleptic evaluation of MwSF-supplemented noodles suggested the highest sensory acceptability at ≤4% supplementation level (T2). The study also suggests microwave heating as a viable approach to improve value-added goods' nutritional and antioxidant potential with the least safety concerns.

Development of Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) Extract Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles using Central Composite Design and its Characterization- Its In-vitro Anti-cancer Activity

Background: The prevalence of cancer is around the world and is identified as a multifactorial ailment. One of the most common causes of cancer in the world is oxidative stress, and this can be overcome by taking herbal plant wheatgrass in any form. As colloidal carriers with particle sizes of 50-1,000nm, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) combine the benefits of liposomes, emulsions, and other colloidal systems to deliver drugs at their targets. Objective: Aim and objective of the present work is to formulate wheatgrass extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles using Central Composite design and to investigate the effect of formulation variables. Using hot homoginization method, the present work aimed to formulate wheatgrass loaded chitosan solid lipid nanoparticles using central composite design and to evaluate the extract potential to treat breast cancer on MCF-7 cell line. Methods: This study investigated the effect of three formulation variables on particle size, namely the sodium alginate concentration, the calcium carbonate concentration, and the homogination time. Extraction of wheatgrass was done in soxhlet extractor, using methanolic extract. The hot homogenization technique was used to prepare Triticum aestivum extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Result: For CCD, all formulations were analyzed for particle size, which ranged from 362.5 to 933.8 nm, and for polydispersity index, which ranged from 0.137 to 5.799. Batch code SLN-6 was found to be finest suitable because of maximum loading capacity of 67.76 ±0.17 % (w/w), maximum entrapment efficiency of 65.81 ± 0.11 % (w/w) and minimum particle size of 362.5nm by using sodium alginate as surface stabilizer at homogenization time ~ 5 min and having maximum percentage yield of 43.66%. Conclusion: During characterization studies and MCF-6 cell line studies, it was found that batch code SLN-6 was found to be finest suitable and wheatgrass has anti-oxidant potential, and potent against breast cancer.

Comparative analysis, nutritional properties, and in- vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the antioxidant potential of roselle leaves using drying techniques

This study aimed to provide new insight into the influence of nutritional properties and in- vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activities of roselle leaves (RL) by applying drying techniques, specifically freeze-drying, oven-drying, sun-drying, and hot air-drying. The results observed that freeze-dried RL had higher nutritional and physical properties compared to other drying techniques. It had the maximum values of protein (6.61 g/100 g), fat (7.74 g/100 g), ash (18.53 g/100 g), crude fiber (9.46 g/100 g), water activity (0.32), pH (2.54), and titratable acidity (0.027%). In addition, all treatments on RL samples were evaluated for their functional characteristics. Furthermore, after in-vitro digestion, the antioxidant potential of total phenolic contents and flavonoid levels exhibited a percentage rise of 2.1% and 12.03% across all treated samples (54.98 ± 0.02 to 57.08 ± 0.05 mg/g and 28.66 ± 0.02 to 40.69 ± 0.03 mg/g), respectively. Interestingly, the total anthocyanin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and vitamin C in all dried samples levels decreased and ranged from 49.17 ± 02 to 4.91 ± 0.42 mg/g, 84.92 ± 0.21 to 80.81 ± 0.21%, 14.65 ± 0.48 to 1.12 ± 0.21 mg/g, and 8.8 ± 0.06 to 2.24 ± 0.04 mg/L, respectively, after digestion. Consequently, freeze-drying techniques demonstrate advantageous effects on RL antioxidant potential. RL may serve as a valuable component for incorporating into other products to enhance innovative and functional food products.

Underutilized edible Himalayan herb, Viola canescens Wall.; chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against respiratory tract pathogens

Understanding the intricacies of herbs and foods against bacterial infections is paramount for informed therapeutic choices. Delving into this domain, current study was focused to assess antimicrobial properties of Viola canescens organ specific extracts against prevalent respiratory tract pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia). Our methodology entailed proximate composition, TPC, TFC, Total condensed tannins and comprehensive chemical profiling by GC-MS, UPLC-PDA, and UPLC-MS/MS. Further, in-vitro, antioxidant potential through ABTS ֹ+ and DPPH ֹ radical scavenging assays was assessed. The root showed higher amount of proximate composition than its counterparts. Further, ethanol extract showed highest TPC (32.15±0.92mg GAE/g), TFC (125.61±2.28mg RE/g), and comparable TCT with methanol extract (34±0.19mg CE/g). UPLC analysis showed that p-coumaric acid was most predominant followed by rutin and luteolin among the V. canescens parts. In GC/MS analysis, methyl linoleate emerged as a major component as 10.70%, 17.62%, and 35.90% in flowers, leaves, and roots, respectively. Further, UHPLC- MS/MS data-based METLIN search revealed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, and fatty acid derivatives etc. Chemo-metric analysis also showed variations of metabolites in different parts. All samples showed significant antioxidant activity with highest in methanol and ethanol flower extracts (0.037±0.001, 0.071±0.001 DPPHֹ and ABTS ֹ + IC50 mg/mL). The study suggested aerial parts can be a promising source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents that may protect against respiratory tract pathogens similar to azithromycin. This substantiates the potential of V. canescens as a foundational ingredient for novel therapeutics.

Pasta Enriched with De-oiled Sesame and Yellow Pepper Flours: Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Protein Quality, and Antioxidant Potential

Valorization of waste as a sustainable food additive to produce value-added products is a recent interest. De-oiled sesame flour (DSF) is underutilized despite its rich protein, fiber, and phenols content. Pasta has a poor nutritional value but is a good vehicle for fortification. Therefore, pasta was enriched with DSF at 10%, 20%, and 30%, in addition to 5% yellow pepper flour (YPF) to improve the taste (S10, S20, and S30, respectively). The enriched pasta was compared to control pasta (S0) made from 100% durum wheat semolina concerning the sensory attributes, cooking quality, physicochemical properties, and microstructure. S20 pasta demonstrated good cooking properties and a texture profile similar to the control, with high sensory appeal. It had the lowest cooking loss (7.60±0.10), gumminess (39.50±5.12 g), and chewiness (0.62±0.09 mJ), the highest water absorption and volume expansion (101.30±1.27% and 295.00±7.07%), a shorter cooking time (10.05±0.71 min) and hardness (73.00±5.66 g), with a moderate cohesiveness (0.54±0.03) (p<0.05). DSF increased the protein content of the enriched pasta significantly compared to the control (14.40±0.57g to 16.90±0.57g versus 13.20±0.28 g/100g). Besides, the protein quality was improved by adding 20% DSF: The essential amino acid index increased from 62.76±0.05% to 73.11±0.95% in S20 (p<0.05). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was increased from 1.67±2.12% (control) to 28.75±1.53% (S20) (p<0.05). Besides, iron, calcium, and zinc were increased considerably (p<0.05). De-oiled sesame flour at 20% (S20) is a promising additive for pasta producers that offers acceptable physical changes, high nutritional value, and enhanced protein quality compared to control.

Bioassay-guided separation of antioxidants in Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire and their theoretical mechanism

Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire is a medicinal insect with a wide range of biological activities. Some of its activities, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, are closely related to antioxidant capacity. In this study, a method was established to investigate components and theoretical mechanism of antioxidant from B. rynchopetera. As a result, two antioxidants were obtained by bioassay-guided separation and identified as 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol and 4-ethylbenzol-1,3-diol. Their EC50 were 20.20 ± 0.30 μM and 22.90 ± 1.30 μM for ABTS·+ scavenging, and 153.00 ± 2.00 μM and 301.00 ± 3.00 μM for DPPH· scavenging, respectively. The thermodynamic investigation indicated that the 2-OH of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol and the 1-OH of 4-ethylbenzol-1,3-diol were more susceptible to be attacked by free radicals. They tended to exert antioxidant effects via the sequential proton loss electron transfer mechanism in polar media, whereas the hydrogen atom transfer mechanism was more likely to occur in non-polar media. In addition, frontier molecular orbital theory and energy barrier analysis suggested that 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol was more likely to react with DPPH·. These results confirmed that 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol had better antioxidant potential.

Effects of dietary mangosteen peel powder and extract on the growth performance, meat quality and indicators for immunity, gut health and antioxidant activity in broiler chicks

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary mangosteen peel preparations, either powdered (MspP) or ethanolic extract (MspE), on the growth performance, meat quality, immune response, gut health, serum biochemical profiles, and antioxidant activity of broiler chicks. A total of 480 day-old straight-run broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly placed into four treatments, with eight replicates of 12 chicks each, and subjected to one of the four experimental diets for 21 days. The corn and soybean meal-based diet was supplemented with 2% MspP (20 g per kg of diet) or 0.05% and 0.1% MspE (0.5 g and 1.0 g per kg of diet). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and post hoc comparisons of treatments were performed using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test. From days 0 to 21, dietary mangosteen peel preparations did not affect growth performance (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), thigh meat and tibia characteristics, serum markers of innate immunity (interferon-r, interleukin-10, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and nitric oxide), and ileal morphology in broiler chicks (P > 0.05). Dietary mangosteen peel preparations increased the percentage of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased the relative concentrations of isobutyrate and branched-chain fatty acids in the cecal digesta compared with the control chickens. Notably, dietary mangosteen peel preparations altered the antioxidant characteristics of the serum, liver, and thigh meat. Dietary MspE increased glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.039) and catalase (P = 0.008) in the serum and catalase in the liver (P = 0.05) and thigh meat (P = 0.01) compared to the control group. In addition, dietary MspP increased catalase levels in thigh meat compared to those in the control diet-fed chickens (P = 0.01). The concentration of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was lower in all chicks-fed diets containing mangosteen peel preparations; however, statistical significance was only noted in the serum samples (P < 0.0001). Collectively, our study shows that dietary mangosteen peel preparations are potent natural antioxidants that can be used as functional dietary additives to effectively mitigate oxidative stress in broiler chicks.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Solanum trilobatum Leaf Extract and Assessing their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Solanum trilobatum Leaf Extract and Assessing their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

Ethnomedicinal uses, Pharmacological activity, and Analytical aspects of Galuteolin: A Natural Flavonoid of Medicinal Importance

Background: Nature is the best source of all raw materials that we need for growth, development, and better health. Flavonoids are an important class of phytochemicals found to be present in plants and their derived byproducts. Lonicera japonica and its active phytochemicals possess antiviral, anti-endotoxin, anti-pyretic, and blood fat-reducing properties in medicine. Moreover, Galuteolin is a natural flavonoid that has anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-infective, and antiinflammatory potential. Methods: In the present review article, we have collected all scientific information on galuteolin from different scientific databases and analyzed it to know the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of galuteolin in medicine against human disorders. Scientific data on galuteolin were collected from numerous literature databases, such as Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. Detailed pharmacological data on galuteolin were collected from these scientific sources and analyzed in the present work to know the health-beneficial aspects of galuteolin in medicine. In addition, scientific data on analytical techniques of galuteolin were also collected and analyzed in the present work to know their importance in the separation, isolation, and identification of galuteolin in different plant materials. Results: The present work signified the biological importance of galuteolin in medicine and other allied health sectors. Pharmacological data analysis revealed the health-beneficial aspects of galuteolin on rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral ischemia, carcinoma, COVID-19, Atherosclerosis, and melanin biosynthesis. Further, intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetic parameters of galuteolin were also discussed in the present work. Analytical data signified the importance of newer and modern analytical techniques in medicine for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of galuteolin in different biological samples. Conclusion: Scientific data analysis of galuteolin revealed its biological importance and therapeutic benefit in medicine.

Functional Food Candidate from Indonesian Green Algae Caulerpa racemosa (Försskal) J. Agardh by Two Extraction Methods: Metabolite Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxic Properties

There is an urgent need to explore natural sources like Caulerpa racemosa (Försskal) J. Agardh for bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant and therapeutic potential, providing sustainable alternatives for health and pharmaceutical innovation. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile and biological activities of extracts from edible green algae–known as sea grapes (C. racemosa). This present study has successfully identified secondary metabolites through untargeted metabolomic profiling by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) as well as a bioactive peptide. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from C. racemosa and compounds were determined. A total of 103 metabolites were identified in the C. racemosa extract obtained by the maceration (ME), while 48 metabolites were detected in the soxhlet extract (SE). The sequence of the identified peptide was ELWKTF (Glu-Leu-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe; C41H58N8O) and its abundance was identified in the α-chymotrypsin hydrolysate of C. racemosa. In the antioxidant activity test, SE and purified fraction 1 (PF1) had EC50<EC50 of control or Glutathione (GSH) in terms of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition, and PF1 had EC50<EC50 of control or Trolox in terms of 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) inhibition. In general, C. racemosa contains antioxidant nutrients, metabolites, and bioactive peptides, suggesting its promising potential as a functional food and pharmaceutical.

In Vitro and in-silico Anti-diabetic Evaluation of the Combination of Annona squamosa Linn., Leaf Extract and Oleanolic Acid

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient insulin production from pancreatic β-cells or insulin resistance; its prevalence rapidly increases worldwide. Increasing reports indicate that most plant bioactive agents exhibited alternative and safe effects in managing DM. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic efficacy of the combination of Annona squamosa Linn. (AS) leaf extract and Oleanolic acid (OA) using in vitro and in-silico approaches. Methods: The leaf of AS was extracted by soxhlet extraction using n-hexane and methanol. The methanol extract of AS (MEAS) was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content and OA were carried out by HPLC and HPTLC analysis, respectively. In vitro antioxidant (DPPH, NO, and H2O2) and anti-diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) potentials of MEAS, OA, and a combination of MEAS and OA (MEAS + OA) were studied at different concentrations using ascorbic acid and acarbose as standard, respectively. An in-silico study determined their binding interactions with α-amylase (PDB ID-1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID-3W37). Conclusion: We found that the combination of MEAS + OA exhibited the highest in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities compared to MEAS and OA. It concluded that OA has a significant role in potentiating the anti-diabetic effect of A. squamosa. Results: GC-MS analysis of MEAS revealed three major bioactives like bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4- ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]-, germacrene D and undecane. The highest amount of phenolic (tannic acid and gallic acid) (150 μg/ml) and flavonoid (rutin and quercetin) (40 μg/ml) compounds were found in MEAS. OA was quantified as 356.74 ng/ml in MEAS by HPTLC. The significant inhibitory effects of MEAS, OA, and (MEAS + OA) on free radicals and α-amylase and α-glucosidase were observed concentration-dependent. However, MEAS + OA exhibited a greater percentage of inhibition than MEAS and OA alone. The in-silico analysis revealed highest docking-score of OA (-9.8 &amp; -8.8), Germacrene D (-7.5 &amp; -6.5) and Bicyclo[ 7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]-, (-7.0 &amp; -6.4) against IB2Y and 3W37 proteins, respectively.

Dracocephalum Moldavica L.-Derived carbon dots for effective periodontitis treatment via reprogramming energy metabolism in Macrophages

Dracocephalum Moldavica L. (DML), a Chinese traditional medicine rich in flavone compounds (e.g., tilianin), has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential for alleviating inflammatory disorders. However, the extraction of active ingredients of DML is complex, and these extracts usually act synergistically to treat inflammatory diseases. In this study, the carbon dots derived from DML (T-CDs) were rapidly prepared via the one-pot method and showed good performance in biocompatibility and free radical scavenging capacity. Then, the T-CDs were loaded into the hydrogel and applied to treat periodontitis. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that T-CDs could promote the inflammation resolution of and the alveolar bone reparation in the periodontitis model after periodontal injection. With further investigation, it could be found that T-CDs involved the alternative polarization of macrophage by rebalancing glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Overall, it was the first time DML had been used to prepare carbon dots with anti-inflammation. This study provided an effective drug candidate for the treatment of periodontitis and offered an in-depth understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of T-CDs in periodontitis through macrophage immunomodulation.