Potential Non-edible Feedstock Research Articles

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction in the purification of triglycerides from non-edible crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil as biodiesel feedstock using artificial intelligence

Crude nyamplung Calophyllum inophyllum is a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. Calophyllum Inophyllum oil (CCIO) is a non-edible oil that has a high content of triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA). This study aims to optimize microwave-assisted power and extraction time of triglyceride purification from C. inophyllum crude oil for biodiesel. This work deployed Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms consisting of eight Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and found the most accurate model, then optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm.The result of machine learning modelling Random Forest achieved higher accuracy in R-Square and lower Mean Square Error (MSE) than any other models. Overall, in R-Square average across all variables was 0.949 ± 0.026 and the MSE average of 0.097 ± 0.068. This result can be interpreted as a mean deviation between the predicted value and an accurate value of less than 0.1 for all variables. The optimum of the TG compound resulted in the power of 462.3 W and time of 39.12 min that equalled at 84.02% and FFA equalled at 6.92%. The TG have increased by 11% from the reference range, which states conventional methods from crude oil. Comparison with the MAE method has a minimum fitness value difference of 0.0006 but has a smaller accuracy of less than 1%. Implementing this prediction and optimization method can shorten the extraction time by 5.8 min and reduce energy consumption or system work by 130 kJ. This method can be used for input parameter model prediction and parameter optimization in purification for biodiesel feedstock. Further research can be carried out using other artificial intelligence methods to optimize biodiesel production.

Biodiesel Production From High FFA Raphia vinifera Oil as a Potential Non-edible Feedstock: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Biodiesel Production From High FFA Raphia vinifera Oil as a Potential Non-edible Feedstock: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Aleurites moluccana as a Potential Non-edible Feedstock for Industrial-Scale Biodiesel Synthesis Using Homemade Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Catalyst

Aleurites moluccana as a Potential Non-edible Feedstock for Industrial-Scale Biodiesel Synthesis Using Homemade Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Catalyst

Synthesis of biodiesel from Carthamus tinctorius L. oil using TiO2 nanoparticles as a catalyst

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to synthesize Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and assess its catalytic role in the synthesis of biodiesel from Carthamus tinctorius L. (a non-edible plant source). MethodsThe precipitation approach was used to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles, and the process was verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized biodiesel was analyzed qualitatively through NMR, GC-MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. ResultXRD result showed that the crystal structure of TiO2 nanoparticles was a biphasic mixture of rutile and anatase phases. SEM analysis revealed that the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles had size from 42 nm to 58 nm and a surface area of 21–27 m2/g. The oil content in the feedstock was 43.9 % with free fatty acids contents of 0.37 mg KOH/g. The suitable condition for optimum yield (95 %) of biodiesel was 1:10 of oil to methanol using 25 g of catalyst at a temperature of 65 °C for 80–120 min of reaction time. Results obtained through 1H NMR for methoxy proton at 3.661 ppm, an alpha-methylene proton in triplet from 2.015 to 2.788 ppm, terminal methyl protons at 0.885 to 0.910 ppm, and beta-carbonyl methylene protons from 1.253 to 1.641 ppm confirmed the synthesis of biodiesel. Similarly, the peaks obtained through FT-IR spectroscopy for methoxycarbonyl at 1740.6 cm−1 and ether at 1012.6 cm−1 are the evidence for the validation of transesterification reaction. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed peaks for 17 different types of fatty acid methyl esters. ConclusionThe chemical and physical properties of C. tinctorius showed that the oil of C. tinctorius could be a potential non-edible feedstock for the biodiesel industries.

A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

Oil demand has risen steadily due to the growing industrialization and modernization of the world. In addition to rising costs, the supply of fossil fuels is also declining. These and many other concerns couple with food shortages have drawn attention of scientists to a substitute fuel that is generated from feedstocks that can be renewed. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel with a lot of expectations is produced using edible grown conventional vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed, palm, and soybean. The production of biodiesel from edible oils has, meanwhile, worsened the existing competitiveness of oil used for food and fuel. Emphasis on using nonedible feedstock is currently guided by research to discover more potential nonedible feedstock such as croton. Differences between perceptions and facts about these nonedible oils necessitate efforts to diversify feedstocks into sources that can warrant the production of energy without impacting on the security of food. Croton is a multipurpose evergreen plant that is nonedible and is commonly present and cultivated under environmental and socio-economic conditions, which are complex in nature. This plant, referred to as a golden tree, has various uses including fuels, medicinal, ornamentals, dyes, feed, enriching of soil, and afforestation. This research was therefore carried out to investigate the multipurpose use croton. Among the highlighted areas include croton (feedstock) used for biodiesel, the necessity for croton seed oil and its value chain, the process for the modifying croton oil to biodiesel, factors that influence the production of biodiesel, the application of croton biodiesel in engines for efficiency and emission characteristics, and prospects for croton biodiesel.

Biodiesel production from a non-edible source of royna (Aphanamixis polystachya) oil

BackgroundRapid consumption of fossil fuels as well as rising environmental deterioration caused by extreme CO2 emissions has become crucial in searching for a clean and renewable energy source such as biodiesel. The current work is an attempt to produce biodiesel from a potential non-edible feedstock of Aphanamixis polystachya, locally known as ‘Royna’ seed oil in Bangladesh.MethodsRoyna oil was extracted from the seed by Soxhlet extraction method. Biodiesel was synthesized by a three-step process: saponification of oil, followed by acidification of the soap, and esterification of the free fatty acid (FFA).ResultsThe result presented showed that royna seed was found to be rich in oil with a maximum yield of 51% (w/w). Several reaction parameters were optimized during biodiesel production in their percentage proportion of oil to a catalyst (1:2), soap to HCl (1:1.5), FFA to an alcohol molar ratio (1:7), and catalyst (1 wt%). As a result, the highest yield of 97% was obtained from 7.5 wt% FFA content oil at 70 °C for 90-min reaction time. ASTM verified standard methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties of the as-prepared biodiesel. The structural and surface properties of the royna oil and as-prepared biodiesel were determined by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopic methods indicating a complete conversion of oil to biodiesel.ConclusionsThe study investigated the promising viability of royna oil to biodiesel using a three-step conversion route along with the heterogeneous catalysis system to circumvent the current environmental issues.

Biodiesel production by single-step acid-catalysed transesterification of Jatropha oil under microwave heating with modelling and optimisation using response surface methodology

Biodiesel is known as one of the best alternative fuels for diesel engines. Low-cost Jatropha oil is considered a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production in India and many other parts of the world. Jatropha oil contains a large amount of free fatty acids (FFA), and soap formation occurs during the alkali catalysed transesterification process, hence decreasing the biodiesel yield. The acid catalyst is less sensitive to FFA, but the reaction rate is extremely slow if the transesterification reaction occurs by conventional heating. In the present investigation, microwave heating was used for biodiesel production by the single-step transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil in the presence of an acidic catalyst (sulphuric acid). The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) matrix of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum design conditions for the transesterification reaction under microwave irradiation. The effects of three selected variables, namely reaction time, catalyst concentration, and methanol, on the oil molar ratio, were assessed. The maximum yield of biodiesel produced in the selected design space by microwave heating was found to be 61.10% under the 11:7 M ratio of the methanol to oil, 2 wt% catalyst concentration, and 90 min reaction time, which was much higher than the biodiesel yield by conventional heating method (3.8%) for the same reaction time. The modified polynomial model for the microwave heating method was developed with the help of ANOVA, main effect plots, interaction plots, and surface plots. The experimental and predicted yield values for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) showed a linear relationship. The validation of experiments confirmed the accuracy of the suggested model. The produced biodiesel was of good quality, as all the properties were within the prescribed limits of the ASTM D6751 standard. The results of this study showed that the microwave heating method can be used efficiently to obtain a high biodiesel yield from low-cost, high-FFA feedstock such as Jatropha oil in a sulphuric acid-catalysed single-step transesterification reaction.

Biodiesel synthesis from Styrax officinalis L. seed oil as a novel and potential non-edible feedstock: A parametric optimization study through the Taguchi technique

The development of renewable and sustainable candidates for petroleum-based fuels is needed to address the present issue of the increasing fuel crisis regarding transportation, environmental pollution, and consumption of the petroleum reserves. In addition, there is a need to explore new non-edible oils for biodiesel production due to problems such as fuel versus food as well as procurement and presence. Therefore the experimental research was carried out to synthesize biodiesel from Styrax officinalis L. oil. It has been firstly investigated and reported as a novel feedstock for the production of alternative fuel. The raw material was subjected to esterification at desired reaction parameters estimated by 9-runs (L9) orthogonal approach of Taguchi technique. Noteworthy, the oil content was found to be at 48.29 ± 3.81%. The maximum biodiesel yield of 89.23% was obtained under the following optimized conditions: catalyst concentration of 0.6 wt%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, reaction duration of 60 min and reaction temperature of 60 °C. The detection of the substantial parameters was achieved using the Taguchi method and the significant parameters were obtained as follows: catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction duration, and reaction temperature with contribution factors of 78.07%, 20.32%, 0.42%, and 1.19%, respectively. Statistical analysis employing ANOVA exhibited that emerged outcomes are in good agreement with the predicted values. The fuel properties of the methyl esters from Styrax officinalis L. oil were within the ranges of the EN 14214 specifications. Therefore, the novel seeds can be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production in the nearest future.

Biodiesel production from non-edible forage turnip oil by extruded catalyst

Oil from forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L) was investigated as a potential non-edible feedstock for ethanolic biodiesel production via transesterification using extrudate pellets of K2CO3/Sepiolite. The mechanical, structural and textural properties of the catalyst were measured using dynamometry, TGA, B.E.T and CO2-TPD. Catalytic performance during biodiesel synthesis in a volumetric glass reactor was evaluated after 2 and 4 h, for different catalyst mass (2, 3 and 5 wt%), oil/ethanol molar ratios (1:6, 1:9 and 1:12) and reaction temperatures (50 and 70 °C). A 99.9% biodiesel yield was obtained after 4 h at 70 °C, with a 1:12 oil/ethanol molar ratio and 2 wt% catalyst. Thus, the use of forage turnip oil for ethanolic biodiesel production using a heterogeneous catalyst (instead of the conventional homogeneous route) is viable.

Euonymus maackii Rupr. Seed oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel

Abstract In this study, Euonymus maackii Seed oil (EMSO) was exploited and evaluated for the first time as a new non-edible oil feedstock for preparation of biodiesel. The EMSO yield was 41.06 ± 2.68 wt%. The fatty acid compositions of EMSO involved palmitoleic acid (2.01%), palmitic acid (14.5%), stearic acid (3.1%), oleic acid (49.8%), linoleic acid (29.3%), 11-Eicosenoic acid (0.1%) and arachidic acid (0.07%). Microwave-assisted transesterification with methanol provided a high conversion yield in short duration under low temperature. The 2.0 wt% of catalyst amount, 10:1 of methanol/oil molar ratio, 40 min of reaction time and 60 °C of temperature were found to be the optimum process conditions for the maximum biodiesel yield of 94.74 ± 2.09%. Using pseudo first-order kinetic model, the reaction rate constants were 2.145 × 102, 3.550 × 102 and 6.447 × 102 min−1 for 40, 50 and 60 °C, respectively. The thermodynamic property for biodiesel preparation was determined as activation energy = 47.67 kJ/mol. The fuel properties of the biodiesel product were evaluated and comparable to ASTM D-6751 and EN 14214 standards. Overall, this study revealed and confirmed the potential of Euonymus maackii seed oil as the appropriate alternative feedstock for biodiesel production.

Seed oils of Sisymbrium irio and Sisymbrium sophia as a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production

ABSTRACTBiodiesel production from non-edible oil feedstocks could partially alleviate the debate over the food vs. fuel crisis. In this work, seed oils of Sisymbrium irio L. and Sisymbrium sophia L. syn. Descurainia sophia L. Webb ex. Prantl were investigated as potential industrial non-edible biodiesel feedstock. The results revealed that the seeds had high oil contents, of 36.98% (S. irio) and 33.99% (S. sophia). The relatively high erucic acid content in the seed oils (i.e. 11.23 and 10.29%, respectively) showed that these oils could not be applied as edible oils. On the other hand, the low free fatty acid contents (0.44 and 0.34%) showed that seed oil of these species could be a suitable source for biodiesel production even in non-refined form. Linolenic acid was the dominant acid, making up 49.2 and 51.8% of the fatty acid profiles of S. irio and S. sophia, respectively. Such high linolenic acid content in both seed oils resulted in favorable physicochemical properties of the perspective biodiesels, i.e. higher degree of unsaturation, improved cold flow characteristics, and better viscosity. Overall, the seeds could serve as a non-controversial biodiesel feedstock, resulting in enhanced fuel properties while not posing any threats to food security.

Deoxygenation of waste cooking to renewable diesel over walnut shell-derived nanorode activated carbon supported CaO-La2O3 catalyst

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a potential non-edible feedstock that is sustainable for production of automotive green diesel. The present study focused on synthesis of WCO-derived green diesel through catalytic deoxygenation (DO) process using bimetallic acid-base CaO-La2O3/AC nanosized catalyst under zero hydrogen environment. Results indicated that the prepared nano-catalyst rendered high deoxygenation reactivity with 72% yield of straight chain hydrocarbons (C8-C20). The CaO-La2O3/AC catalysed reaction pathway favour in decarboxylation/decarbonylation route instead of cracking effect, which consistently formed major n-C15 fractions at approximately >80%. In addition, CaO-La2O3/AC showed high catalytic stability and reusability up to 6 cycles with >73% of yield and selectivity to n-C15 of >82%. The catalyst showed an excellent coke inhibitor with less than 2wt% of coke under TGA analysis.

Rubber seed oil as potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst in Thailand

This research present an alternative raw material of rubber seed which is non-edible crops as a source to produce oil for biodiesel production in Thailand. The rubber seed powder was extracted with hexane at room temperature to give rubber seed oil with the yield of 24 wt%. The composition and key properties of the extracted oil were analyzed including fatty acid compositions, density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, water content and acid value. This high FFAs oil (5.20 wt%) was successfully transesterified by various heterogeneous catalysts such as CaO-based waste coral fragment, sodium metasilicate and CaO-based eggshell to biodiesel in high yield and high %FAME of >97% in single step. Thermal stability of biodiesel obtained from rubber seed oil was evaluated by using thermogravimetric analysis and compared with petrol-diesel fuels. The biodiesel obtained from rubber seed oil was examined and found to meet the EN 14214 standard for bio-auto fuel.

Production of liquid fuels and activated carbons from fish waste

In this research work, liquid bio-fuels and activated carbons were produced from one non-edible feedstock, fish waste. First, the fish oil was extracted from fish waste and transesterified with methanol and ethanol to produce methylic and ethylic biodiesels, respectively using potassium hydroxide as base catalyst. The fuel properties of the obtained biodiesels met the specifications stipulated by ASTM D 6751. Therefore, waste fish oil can be utilized as a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. The de-oiled fish was pyrolyzed in a laboratory scale fixed bed reactor to produce bio-oil and bio-char. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and particle size of the precursor on the bio-oil yield was investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield of 57.13% w/w was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, 60min pyrolysis time and particle size of 0.25mm. The chemical composition of the bio-oil was studied using the elemental analysis, column chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The physical and chemical properties of the bio-fuel obtained were determined and found close to those of bio-oils published in literature. It was concluded that de-oiled fish waste bio-oil can be potentially utilized as a fuel and chemical feedstock. The bio-char obtained as a result of the pyrolysis of de-oiled fish waste at 500°C was used in the preparation of the activated carbon via steam activation method. The influence of the activation temperature, activation time and particles size on the yield, iodine adsorption number and surface area of the produced activated carbons were investigated. The optimal conditions which gave the best activated carbon sample were 500°C activation temperature, 60min activation time and 60mesh particle size. The produced activated carbon was also analyzed for its morphology using scanning electron microscope, which indicated that the produced activated carbon has various pore size distribution.

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of <i>Quassia undulata</i> Seed Oil

The use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) as a sensitive and specific technique for the separation and identification of fatty acids has drawn the interest of many biodiesel producers as a means of identifying the fatty acid profiles of oil seeds, monitoring the reaction process and determining the relative amount of each component. In this research, the GC MS of Quassia undulata seed oil revealed the following major fatty acids with their percentage occurrences: 6-octadecanoic acid (46.36%), octadecanoic acid (33.44%), hexadecanoic acid (10.45%) and 11- nonadecanoic acid (5.70%). The other fatty acids occurred as minor components. The result indicates that 6-octadecanoic, a monounsaturated fatty acid is the most abundant component in Quassia undulata seed oil. Secondly, the unique combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids will have a positive influence on both the cold flow properties and stability of the fuel to oxidation, peroxidation and polymerization reactions. The revealed fatty acids and their percentage occurrences, therefore, affirm the suitability of Quassia undulata seed oil as a potential non-edible feedstock for the production of a high quality biodiesel.Keywords: Quassia undulata, GC MS, Biodiesel, Gbur, seed oil, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of Quassia undulata Seed Oil

The use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) as a sensitive and specific technique for the separation and identification of fatty acids has drawn the interest of many biodiesel producers as a means of identifying the fatty acid profiles of oil seeds, monitoring the reaction process and determining the relative amount of each component. In this research, the GC MS of Quassia undulata seed oil revealed the following major fatty acids with their percentage occurrences: 6-octadecanoic acid (46.36%), octadecanoic acid (33.44%), hexadecanoic acid (10.45%) and 11- nonadecanoic acid (5.70%). The other fatty acids occurred as minor components. The result indicates that 6-octadecanoic, a monounsaturated fatty acid is the most abundant component in Quassia undulata seed oil. Secondly, the unique combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids will have a positive influence on both the cold flow properties and stability of the fuel to oxidation, peroxidation and polymerization reactions. The revealed fatty acids and their percentage occurrences, therefore, affirm the suitability of Quassia undulata seed oil as a potential non-edible feedstock for the production of a high quality biodiesel. Keywords: Quassia undulata , GC MS, Biodiesel, Gbur, seed oil, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

Transesterification of a novel feedstock, Cyprinus carpio fish oil: Influence of co-solvent and characterization of biodiesel

The present research work explores biodiesel production from one of the novel non-edible feedstocks viz. Cyprinus carpio fish oil. Production of biodiesel from this oil was successfully performed through base-catalyzed transesterification assisted by a co-solvent. Hexane and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were chosen as the co-solvent and the catalyst, respectively. The experimental parameters included in the optimization process were type of co-solvent, type and concentration of the base catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio, hexane to methanol volume ratio, temperature and time. The maximum yield of biodiesel from C. carpio fish oil (98.55±1.02%∼97.24% w/w ester content) was obtained at 0.60% KOH w/w, 5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.5:1 hexane to methanol volume ratio, 50°C reaction temperature and 30min of reaction. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography were used to ensure the conversion of fish oil into biodiesel. The biodiesel properties were within the recommended biodiesel standards as prescribed by ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214. The most remarkable features of C. carpio fish oil biodiesel are the flash point and viscosity which are close to those of petro diesel. Moreover, blends of biodiesel and petro diesel were complied with the limits prescribed in the ASTM D7467 standards. Hence, the oil is a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. Co-solvent transesterification of C. carpio fish oil was found to follow first order kinetics and the activation energy was calculated to be 32.46kJ/mol. However, it was concluded that the use of co-solvent within the reaction medium enhanced yield and properties of biodiesel comparing with that produced via nonsolvent process.

Silybum marianum oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel: A comparison of its production using conventional and ultrasonic assisted method

Alkaline transesterification of Silybum marianum seed oil to biodiesel using methanol and ethanol was studied. The two methods used were conventional stirring (600rpm) and ultrasonication (40kHz). Oil was extracted from the seeds, followed by physico-chemical properties' determination and transesterification to biodiesel. The seeds contained 46% oil which had low free fatty acids (FFA) (0.68%). Linoleic acid (65.68%) was the main composition of the oil. Ultrasonication transesterification with methanol gave the highest yield (95.75%) after 20min. Yields of methyl esters were higher than respective yields of ethyl esters. Using first order reaction kinetics model, the reaction rate constants were 2.3×10−2s−1 and 7.0×10−3s−1 for ultrasonication using methanol and ethanol, respectively. With the exception of oxidative stability (2.1h) and iodine values (132-methyl and 133-ethyl esters), properties out of range but can easily be improved, the remaining properties including cetane number, flash point and the cold flow ones of both methyl and ethyl esters were similar and comparable to Chinese, ASTM and European Union standards. The findings of this study complement with the abundance of S. marianum oil at cultivation and silymarin industrial production as by-product indicates its potentially new non-edible feedstock for biodiesel.

Biodiesel Conversion from High FFA Crude Jatropha Curcas, Calophyllum Inophyllum and Ceiba Pentandra Oil

Biodiesel is a renewable energy that has great potential as an alternative fuel to fossil diesel in diesel engine. The potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel is now being taken into careful consideration for the purpose of continuing biodiesel production while not negatively affecting the food issue. The crude jatropha curcas, calophyllum inophyllum and ceiba pentandra oil have free fatty acid value which is above 2%. Therefore, a pretreatment acid catalyzed esterification process is required to reduce the free fatty acid content. It was found that jatropha curcas, calophyllum inophyllum and ceiba pentandra oil at 9:1M ratio (methanol to oil) with preheat at 60°C and reaction at temperature 55°C for 60minutes in the presence of 1% KOH in order to get lower acid values (0.39mg KOH/g, 0.45mg KOH/g and 0.40mg KOH/g) and obtained high methyl ester yield (98.23%, 98.53% and 97.72%). This study had shown that improvement in biodiesel properties by using two stage esterification-transesterification methods. The major fuel characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and calorific value of biodiesel fulfilled American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) biodiesel standards.

Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils: Jatropha curcas, Sterculia foetida and Ceiba pentandra

Biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to overcome the problems associated with energy crisis and environmental issues. The non-edible oils represent potential sources for future energy supply. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of crude Jatropha curcas oil (CJCO), crude Sterculia foetida oil (CSFO) and crude Ceiba pentandra oil (CCPO) and its methyl ester have been studied. The acid values of three oils were found to be 12.78mg KOH per g, 5.11mg KOH per g and 11.99mg KOH per g which required acid-esterification and alkali-transesterification process. Acid value was decreased by esterification process using sulfuric acid anhydrous (H2SO4) as a catalyst and alkaline (NaOH) catalyst transesterification was carried out for the conversion of crude oil to methyl esters. The optimal conditions of FAME yield achieved for those three biodiesel were 96.75%, 97.50% and 97.72% respectively. Furthermore, the fuel properties of J. curcas methyl ester (JCME), S. foetida methyl ester (SFME) and C. pentandra methyl ester (CPME) were determined and evaluated. As a result, those produced biodiesel matched and fulfilled ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. Based on the results, JCME, SFME and CPME are potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production.