Potential Drug Delivery System Research Articles

Assessing the structural and electronic features of C24, B12C12 and Al12C12 fullerenes for the adsorption of methimazole to develop potential drug delivery systems

The methimazole (MZOL) adsorption by each of representative C24, B12C12, and Al12C12 fullerenes was investigated based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations in an attempt for developing drug delivery systems. The quantum chemical calculations suggested successful formations of MZOL…C24, MZOL…B12C12, and MZOL…Al12C12 complexes. However, the MZOL drug substance was decomposed in the MZOL…C24 system by shifting one hydrogen atom to the fullerene side whereas the original MZOL structure was remained unchanged in the MZOL…B12C12 and MZOL…Al12C12 complexes; the MZOL…B12C12 was the most stable system even in the water and 1-octanol phases. For the formation of complexes, the sulfur atom of MZOL had the significant role in the interactions and a complementary interaction assisted it. By the electronic molecular orbital features, the studied complexes were distinguishable and the role of fullerene was dominant for managing the whole complex system. These results might be used for a fullerene-based nano-carrier drug delivery system.

“Sustainable synthesis of Camellia sinensis-mediated silver nanoparticles (CsAgNP) and their anticancer mechanisms in breast cancer cells”

The present investigation focuses on synthesizing eco-friendly and cost-effective silver nanoparticles (CsAgNP) utilizing Camellia sinensis ethanolic extract (CsE) as a reducing agent and investigating the potential enhancement in its anticancer efficacy as compared to CsE. The CsAgNP formation was confirmed through the color change from pale green to dark brown and further validated using UV–visible spectroscopy in the 400-450 nm range. The optimal CsAgNP synthesis parameters include 1:4 ratio of CsE: 1 mM AgNO3, 60 min of duration and 50 °C reaction temperature. The morphology and the size of nanoparticles were estimated using AFM, SEM and TEM where the results showed a smooth topography with a size <100 nm. The CsAgNP crystalline form was confirmed through SAED pictures and silver's presence confirmed through EDX analysis. FTIR study ascertained the capping agents and distortion in functional groups compared to CsE. The anticancer potency of CsAgNP and crude extract (CsE) was assessed against the T-47D breast cancer cells by MTT assay. CsAgNP displayed strong activity towards T-47D cells (IC50 8 μg/ml) compared to CsE and relatively low activity towards the normal HEK-293 cells. Further, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry data revealed that the CsAgNP promotes apoptosis and also induces G2-M phase cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, CsAgNP treatment decreases p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression, while increasing Bax, Cytochrome c and Caspase-3 levels, indicating mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway activation. Thus, our research aims to investigate the potential of using Camellia sinensis to synthesize CsAgNP, a potent drug delivery system, to enhance anticancer effectiveness and advance cancer therapy in the future.

A first-principles adsorption study of functionalized carbon, boron nitride, silicon carbon nanotubes with ifosfamide as vehicles for drug delivery: Thermal analysis

We investigated the adsorption of ifosfamide (IFS) on the outer surface of zigzag (10, 0) carbon nanotubes (CNT), boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT), and silicon carbon nanotubes (SiCNT), using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the PBE-D3 level in a water solvent phase. Based on zero-point corrected binding energies (Ebin), IFS exhibits chemisorption through its O-head and Cl-head on CNT (−1.05 eV) compared to BNNT (−0.93 eV), characterized by covalent interaction. In contrast, IFS undergoes physisorption via its O-head on SiCNT with binding energy of −0.68 eV as the most stable model this interaction is driven by electrostatic forces. The formation of complexes between the drug and nanotubes is influenced by charge transfer dynamics. Our thermodynamic analysis demonstrates the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and enthalpy energy (ΔH) for all models are exothermic and spontaneous. The observed decrease in binding energy for BNNT and CNT correlates with changes in their energy gap, dipole moment, and charge transfer upon IFS adsorption. Notably, SiCNT exhibits a different response with a significant energy gap change leading to an increase in dipole moment and charge transfer. These findings suggest that these nanotubes demonstrate promising sensitivity to the presence of IFS and could be explored as potential drug delivery systems for this drug.

Freeze-thawed electrosprayed everolimus loaded nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery system in brain tumours: Design and characterisation

Freeze-thawing is a method that has proven beneficial to achieve cross-linking without the use of chemicals. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the applicability of our previously electrosprayed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)- soluplus (SOL®)-everolimus (RAD001) nanoparticles (NP) as a potential drug delivery system in brain tumours post freeze-thawing. The effects of several formulation variables post freeze-thawing (particle size, encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and % drug release) were investigated using the Box-Behnken (BBD) design of experiment. The optimal PVA-SOL®-RAD001 NP formulation contained 2%PVA-14%SOL®-0.6 % RAD001 with a gelation temperature of 37 °C ± 0.1 at pH 5.5. The average particle size, EE%, and release kinetics of the PVA-SOL®-RAD001 NP were (63.99 ± 0.1) nm, 99 %, and 93 % in 8 h respectively. For the in vitro cell viability tests, the NP were treated at 24h and 48h showing a significant reduction in cell viability at the higher dose treatments for the optimized formulation. Additionally, a comparison was made with our previously developed microspheres containing PVA-RAD001 alone, for the cell viability study. Electrosprayed protocol modifications were proposed to produce NP combining smaller particle size (<100 nm) with higher encapsulation efficiency and to ensure the optimum viscosity at body temperature highlighting the novelty of the freeze-thaw technique on the electrosprayed NP.

Thermosensitive Hydrogels as Targeted and Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Potential Applications in Transplantation.

Drug delivery in transplantation plays a vital role in promoting graft survival, preventing rejection, managing complications, and contributing to positive patient outcomes. Targeted and controlled drug delivery can minimize systemic effects. Thermosensitive hydrogels, due to their unique sol-gel transition properties triggered by thermo-stimuli, have attracted significant research interest as a potential drug delivery system in transplantation. This review describes the current status, characteristics, and recent applications of thermosensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Studies aimed at improving allotransplantation outcomes using thermosensitive hydrogels are then elaborated on. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with their use are discussed. Understanding the progress of research will serve as a guide for future improvements in their application as a means of targeted and controlled drug delivery in translational therapeutic applications for transplantation.

Advances in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Uses

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have drawn significant attention due to their exceptional properties and diverse range of applications, particularly in nanomedicine. The distinctive properties of MSNs, such as their high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, make them ideal candidates for various biomedical applications. This review aims to present a detailed understanding of MSNs, from synthesis and characterization to their versatile applications in biomedicine, highlighting their significant potential in advancing healthcare technologies. The synthesis methods for MSNs were comprehensively discussed, emphasizing the influence of parameters like solvent, base, alkoxysilane concentrations, and template surfactants on the size and shape of the nanostructures. Different types of MSNs, including MCM-41, SBA-15, KIT-6, and hollow MSNs, are discussed, along with their synthesis protocols and unique characteristics. The review also covers various spectroscopic techniques, such as XRD, XPS, FTIR, NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy, which are crucial for characterizing MSNs. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of MSNs are highlighted, demonstrating their potential in drug delivery systems, imaging, and diagnostics. The review concludes with a discussion of the future perspectives and challenges in the field, providing insights into potential developments and the prospects for clinical translation.

TRPV1-targeted ion-responsive hydrogel against pyroptosis of dry eye disease

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular surface abnormality characterized by tear film hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and damage. Left untreated, DED can lead to a self-perpetuating vicious cycle of worsening symptoms. Existing treatments for DED face challenges related to limited drug delivery to the ocular surface and potential side effects from nonspecific drug targeting. In an effort to address these issues, we developed a novel ion-responsive in situ gelling system targeting the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), based on co-assembly of the hydrogelator KFQ12 with the functional peptide V1-Cal. The KFQ12/V1-Cal (KVC) aqueous solution, when dripped and mixed with the ionic tear film on the ocular surface, rapidly transformed into a honeycomb-like hydrogel. This hydrogel exhibited prolonged retention on the ocular surface, serving as a stable scaffold for corneal epithelium regeneration and providing protection against external pathogens while maintaining gas exchange. In a murine model of DED, the KVC hydrogel demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy due to its sustained release characteristics and specific inhibition of the TRPV1 channel activated by hyperosmotic or desiccating stress. By performing transcriptome sequencing and experimental validation both in vivo and in vitro, we confirmed the mechanism of the TRPV1-Ca2+-Pyroptosis axis in the pathogenesis of DED. Our research provides novel perspectives on the understanding and treatment of DED, and introduces a potential ocular surface drug delivery system characterized by superior biosafety, prolonged retention, and improved therapeutic outcomes.

Ethosuximide-loaded bismuth ferrite nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy disease.

Encapsulating antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including ethosuximide (Etho), into nanoparticles shows promise in treating epilepsy. Nanomedicine may be the most significant contributor to addressing this issue. It presents several advantages compared to traditional drug delivery methods and is currently a prominent area of focus in cancer research. Incorporating Etho into bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles within diverse controlled drug delivery systems is explored to enhance drug efficacy. This approach is primarily desired to aid in targeted drug delivery to the brain's deepest regions while limiting transplacental permeability, reducing fetal exposure, and mitigating associated adverse effects. In this investigation, we explored Etho, an antiepileptic drug commonly employed for treating absence seizures, as the active ingredient in BFO nanoparticles at varying concentrations (10 and 15 mg). Characterization of the drug-containing BFO nanoparticles involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. The thermal properties of the drug-containing BFO nanoparticles were evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Cytotoxicity evaluations using the MTT assay were conducted on all nanoparticles, and human neuroblastoma cell line cultures (SH-SY5Y) were treated with each particle over multiple time intervals. Cell viability remained at 135% after 7 days when exposed to 15 mg of Etho in BFO nanoparticles. Additionally, in vitro drug release kinetics for Etho revealed sustained release lasting up to 5 hours with a drug concentration of 15 mg.

Chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine encapsulation into liquid crystalline nanodispersions enhance skin penetration and phototoxicity in skin cancer cells

Non-melanoma skin cancer is one of the most common tumors in the world. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently a non-invasive therapeutic option for the treatment of skin cancer and actinic keratosis. Chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (AlClPc) is a second-generation photosensitizer that has been studied for application in PDT. However, it has the disadvantage of self-aggregating in a biological environment, which impairs its therapeutic action, making it a candidate for nanocarrier delivery. Among the nanocarriers, liquid crystalline nanodispersions (LCN) are biocompatible and present unique organizational characteristics that make them suitable for skin delivery of drugs. Herein, a new LCN based on oleic acid (OA), Phosal 75SA® containing or not D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was developed and characterized aiming its application for skin cancer. The selected LCN with AlClPc showed nanometric size (152.3 ± 1.93 nm), adequate PDI (0.231 ± 0.009) and encapsulation efficiency (70.26 ± 3.87 %) and stability for 30 days. Also, LCN were characterized by polarized light microscopy and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) resulting in hexagonal liquid crystalline nanodispersions. In the in vitro skin penetration test, LCN-AlClPc showed better penetration into the deeper skin layers than the control. LCN-AlClPc showed greater phototoxicity in the A431 tumor cell line than the control in the same cell line and also greater phototoxicity in A431 when compared to L929 fibroblast cells. Thus, LCN developed could improve the phototoxicity and skin penetration in vitro and are potential drug delivery systems for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer.

Delivery of extracellular vesicles loaded with immune checkpoint inhibitors for immunotherapeutic management of glioma

Glioma is a common primary malignant brain tumor with low survival rate. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI) can be a choice for glioma management, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as a potential drug delivery system for various disease management due to their enhanced barrier permeation ability and immunomodulatory effect. The aim of this study is to develop ICI-loaded EVs (ICI/EV) that have sufficient efficacy in managing glioma. Calcium phosphate particles (CaP) were used to stimulate the secretion of EVs from murine macrophage cells. CaP conditioning of cells showed an enhanced amount of EVs secretion and macrophage polarization toward a proinflammatory phenotype. The CaP-induced EVs were shown to polarize macrophages into proinflammatory phenotype in vitro, as correlated with the conditioning method. ICI/EVs were successfully prepared with high loading efficiency using the sonication method. The EVs can be distributed throughout the entire brain upon intranasal administration and facilitate ICIs distribution into glioma lesion. Combinatory treatment with ICI/EVs showed benefit in glioma-bearing mice by reducing their tumor volume and prolonging their survival. Cytotoxic T cell infiltration, polarization of tumor-associated macrophage, and lower tumor proliferation were observed in ICI/EVs-treated mice. The developed ICI/EVs showed promise in immunotherapeutic management of glioma.

Enhancing Drug Delivery of Glatiramer Acetate Through in Vitro Development of Controlled-Release Nanoliposomes: Investigating Drug Release Kinetics and Cytotoxic Effects

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) damages the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers. This condition affects 400,000 individuals in the United States and 2.5 million people globally, with a higher rate of diagnosis in women aged 20 - 40, with a ratio of 2:1. Liposomes facilitate drug dispersion, making them valuable in biomedicine. They enhance the stability of therapeutic medications, improve cellular and tissue absorption, and increase chemical bioactivity at specific locations. This technique delivers encapsulated compounds with high precision while minimizing negative consequences observed in laboratory settings. Objectives: This study aims to develop an optimal nanoliposome formulation using glatiramer acetate (GA) as the active pharmaceutical ingredient by examining drug release and associated adverse effects to achieve the most effective nanoliposomal system. Methods: The thin layer hydration method was used to prepare nanoliposomes. A comprehensive array of analytical techniques, including FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, HPLC, and DLS, were employed to examine the physicochemical characteristics of the product. Additionally, the biosafety of the nanoliposomes was assessed using the MTT assay on the 1321N1 human astrocytoma cell line. The release profile of GA from the carrier was studied using the dialysis diffusion method, and the stability of the nanoliposomes was also inspected. Results: The size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and zeta potential of the nanoliposomes were 91.2 ± 1.3 nm, 0.34 ± 0.03, and -27.3 ± 1.2 mV, respectively. The drug entrapment efficiency (DEE%) in nanoliposomes was approximately 70.2 ± 1.7%. The results from XRD and FTIR revealed no chemical interaction between the drug and carrier, and the nanoliposomes were safe for the cultured cell line. The nanoliposomes were stable under storage conditions and exhibited a sustained release profile. Conclusions: Nanoliposomes, as drug carriers, are known to be a potent drug delivery system due to their numerous advantages. Based on the results, GA-nanoliposomes show promise as a strategy for treating MS patients, pending further in vivo experiments and clinical trials.

Unlocking the Potential of Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Formulation Strategies and Technologies in the Field of Pharmaceutics

: The creation of innovative drug delivery systems to enhance therapeutic effectiveness, safety, and patient compliance has resulted in considerable developments in pharmaceutics in recent years. The most recent formulation techniques and technologies are reviewed in this article to improve medication distribution and accomplish specific therapeutic goals. : This article thoroughly summarizes the most recent formulation techniques and technologies used to enhance medication delivery and provide specific therapeutic effects. It discusses the variety of medication delivery methods, including nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers, and explores the application of nanotechnology and biotechnology in drug delivery. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the significance of targeted drug delivery systems and their capacity to cross biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier and tumor microenvironment. : The review also addresses the challenges faced in developing and commercializing drug delivery systems and suggests potential solutions to overcome them. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the role of computational modeling and simulation in designing and optimizing drug delivery systems. : Overall, this review paper offers insightful information for pharmaceutics researchers, scientists, and practitioners that will help in the creation of novel drug delivery systems that improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

P01-81 Exploring Gold/PLGA nanoparticles as potential drug-delivery system in a co-culture blood-brain barrier model

P01-81 Exploring Gold/PLGA nanoparticles as potential drug-delivery system in a co-culture blood-brain barrier model

Self-Indicating Polymer Prodrug Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery in Cancer Cells and Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Release.

Amphiphilic self-indicating and responsive polymer-based prodrugs have generated much interest as potential stimuli-responsive intelligent drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their ability to selectively deliver drugs to the cancer cells and to monitor real-time cellular uptake of the drug by imaging technique(s). In this direction, we have synthesized a new pH-responsive N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and coumarin-based fluorescent self-indicating polymeric prodrug (SIPD), poly(NVP)-b-poly(FPA.DOX-r-FPA-r-CA). This block copolymer prodrug self-assembled into stable micellar nanoparticles under physiological conditions that reduced undesirable drug leakage to normal cells but resulted in the release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer cells because of acidic pH-induced cleavage of imine bonds between DOX and the copolymer. While the polymer was found to be highly biocompatible with both normal (HEK-293) cells and cancer (MCF-7) cells even at high concentrations by MTT assay, the polymer prodrug nanoparticles showed toxicity even higher than that of free DOX in cancer cells. Phase contrast microscopy also depicted the cytotoxic effects of the nanoparticles on cancer cells. The coumarin units present in the polymer served as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair with the covalently attached DOX molecules, which was established by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, confocal microscopy results confirmed the FRET phenomenon, as the fluorescence intensity of coumarin in the micellar nanoparticles remained quenched initially in MCF-7 cells but recovered with time as the DOX molecules were released and gradually shifted toward the targeted nucleus. All of these studies implied that the synthesized prodrug nanoparticles may provide another viable option for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs into cancer cells with a capability of real-time monitoring of drug release.

Evaluation of 3-O-β-D-galactosylated resveratrol-loaded polydopamine nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment

In our previous studies, 3-O-β-D-galactosylated resveratrol (Gal-Res) was synthesized by structural modification and then 3-O-β-D-galactosylated resveratrol polydopamine nanoparticles (Gal-Res NPs) were successfully prepared to improve the bioavailability and liver distribution of Res. However, the pharmacodynamic efficacy and specific mechanism of Gal-Res NPs on hepatocellular carcinoma remain unclear. Herein, liver cancer model mice were successfully constructed by xenograft tumor modeling. Gal-Res NPs (34.2 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth of the liver cancer model mice with no significant effect on their body weight and no obvious toxic effect on major organs. Additionally, in vitro cellular uptake assay showed that Gal-Res NPs (37.5 μmol/L) increased the uptake of Gal-Res by Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and significantly inhibited the cell migration and invasion. The experimental results of Hoechst 33342/propyl iodide (PI) double staining and flow cytometry both revealed that Gal-Res NPs could remarkably promote cell apoptosis. Moreover, the Western blot results revealed that Gal-Res NPs significantly regulated the Bcl-2/Bax and AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathways. Taken together, the in vitro/in vivo results demonstrated that Gal-Res NPs significantly improved the antitumor efficiency of Gal-Res, which is a potential antitumor drug delivery system.

Elastin-Derived Peptide-Based Hydrogels as a Potential Drug Delivery System.

A peptide-based hydrogel sequence was computationally predicted from the Ala-rich cross-linked domains of elastin. Three candidate peptides were subsequently synthesised and characterised as potential drug delivery vehicles. The elastin-derived peptides are Fmoc-FFAAAAKAA-NH2, Fmoc-FFAAAKAA-NH2, and Fmoc-FFAAAKAAA-NH2. All three peptide sequences were able to self-assemble into nanofibers. However, only the first two could form hydrogels, which are preferred as delivery systems compared to solutions. Both of these peptides also exhibited favourable nanofiber lengths of at least 1.86 and 4.57 µm, respectively, which are beneficial for the successful delivery and stability of drugs. The shorter fibre lengths of the third peptide (maximum 0.649 µm) could have inhibited their self-assembly into the three-dimensional networks crucial to hydrogel formation.

CRUDE INULIN DERIVED FROM DAHLIA TUBER AS NANOMATERIAL AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION

Objective: Dahlia tuber (Dahlia sp.) is one of the inulin sources that could be planted in Indonesia. Inulin is fructan-based polysaccharide. Therefore, the research aimed to investigate inulin from the extract of dahlia tuber as a drug excipient, especially for nanoparticles based on inulin-cysteamine thiomer. Methods: Crude inulin was isolated from dahlia tuber using ethanol for maceration. The resulting inulin was characterized using FT-IR and oxidized using sodium periodate (NaIO4) to increase solubility. Afterward, the oxidized crude inulin was further modified by conjugation with cysteamine to produce a cationic thiomer using reductive amination. The thiomer was evaluated regarding the number of thiol groups and solubility. The nanoparticles were prepared using ionic gelation methods. The resulting nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size and zeta potential. Results: Inulin can be isolated from dahlia tuber with its content of 18.60±4.45% and carbohydrate of 61.75±0.75%. Crude inulin can be conjugated with cysteamine to generate a cationic thiomer using NaCNBH3 as a reductant, which can increase its solubility with free thiol group content of 415.21±40.39 µmol/g. Nanoparticles were generated from crude inulin-cysteamine thiomer with sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTTP), leading to a particle size of 180 nm and zeta potential of-10.8 mV. Conclusion: As a potential nanoparticulate drug delivery system, a cationic thiomer could be synthesized from inulin derived from dahlia tuber grown in Indonesia.

Cellulolytic characterization of the rumen-isolated Acinetobacter pittii ROBY and design of a potential controlled-release drug delivery system

A novel cellulolytic bacterial strain, ROBY, was isolated from a bovine rumen sample using the enrichment culture method. This isolate was found to be Acinetobacter pittii, with >99 % similarity according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The potential use of this strain in combination with doxorubicin (Dox)-integrated cellulose nanoparticles (Dox-CNPs) was evaluated as a proof-of-concept study for the further development of this approach as a novel controlled-release drug delivery strategy. The isolate can utilize CNPs as the sole carbon source for growth and degrade both Dox-CNPs and empty CNPs with high efficiency. Extracellular cellulases isolated from bacteria may also be used to trigger Dox release. The results also demonstrated that the release of Dox into the environment due to nanoparticle degradation in the samples incubated with Dox-CNPs significantly affected bacterial cell viability (∼75 % decrease), proving the release of Dox due to bacterial cellulase activity and suggesting the great potential of this approach for further development.

Comparative In Vitro Study between Biocompatible Chitosan-Based Magnetic Nanocapsules and Liposome Formulations with Potential Application in Anti-Inflammatory Therapy.

This study describes the comparison between the interaction of a series of peptide-functionalized chitosan-based nanocapsules and liposomes with two cell lines, i.e., mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 and human endothelial cells EA.hy926. Both types of nanocarriers are loaded with magnetic nanoparticles and designed for anti-inflammatory therapy. The choice of these magnetic nanostructures is argued based on their advantages in terms of size, morphology, chemical composition, and the multiple possibilities of modifying their surface. Moreover, active targeting might be ensured by using an external magnetic field. To explore the impact of chitosan-based nanocapsules and liposomes on cell cytophysiology, the cell viability, using the MTT assay, and cell morphology were investigated. The results revealed low to moderate cytotoxicity of free nanocapsules and significant cytotoxicity induced by chitosan-coated liposomes loaded with dexamethasone, confirming its release from the delivery system. Thus, after 48 h of treatment with nanocapsules, the viability of RAW 264.7 cells varied between 88.18% (OCNPM-1I, 3.125 µg/mL) and 76.37% (OCNPM-1, 25 µg/mL). In the same conditions, EA.hy926 cell viability was between 99.91% (OCNPM-3, 3.125 µg/mL) and 75.15% (OCNPM-3, 25 µg/mL) at the highest dose (25 µg/mL), the values being comparable for both cell lines. Referring to the cell reactivity after dexamethasone-loaded liposome application, the lowest viability of RAW 264.7 cells was 41.25% (CLDM5CP-1, 25 µg/mL) and 58.20% (CLDMM2CP-1 1.25 µg/mL) in the endothelial cell line, proving a selective character of action of nanocarriers. The cell morphology test, performed to support and confirm the results obtained by the MTT test, revealed a differentiated response for the two types of nano-carriers. As expected, an intense cytotoxic effect in the case of dexamethasone-loaded liposomes and a lack of cytotoxicity for drug-free nanocapsules were noticed. Therefore, our study demonstrated the biocompatible feature of the studied nanocarriers, which highlights them for future research as potential drug delivery systems for pharmacological applications, including anti-inflammatory therapy.

Engineering Platelet Membrane Imitating Nanoparticles for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery.

Platelet Membrane Imitating Nanoparticles (PMINs) is a novel drug delivery system that imitates the structure and functionality of platelet membranes. PMINs imitate surface markers of platelets to target specific cells and transport therapeutic cargo. PMINs are engineered by incorporating the drug into the platelet membrane and encapsulating it in a nanoparticle scaffold. This allows PMINs to circulate in the bloodstream and bind to target cells with high specificity, reducing off-target effects and improving therapeutic efficacy. The engineering of PMINs entails several stages, including the separation and purification of platelet membranes, the integration of therapeutic cargo into the membrane, and the encapsulation of the membrane in a nanoparticle scaffold. In addition to being involved in a few pathological conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, platelets are crucial to the body's physiological processes. This study includes the preparation and characterization of platelet membrane-like nanoparticles and focuses on their most recent advancements in targeted therapy for conditions, including cancer, immunological disorders, atherosclerosis, phototherapy, etc. PMINs are a potential drug delivery system that combines the advantages of platelet membranes with nanoparticles. The capacity to create PMMNs with particular therapeutic cargo and surface markers provides new possibilities for targeted medication administration and might completely change the way that medicine is practiced. Despite the need for more studies to optimize the engineering process and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PMINs in clinical trials, this technology has a lot of potential.