Potential Functional Food Research Articles

Functional Food Potential of Green Tea Waste (Used Tea Leaves) Through Lactic acid Fermentation

Aims: Fermented functional foods were developed to utilize green tea waste (used tea leaves) and their antioxidative activity was examined. Methodology: The initial tea waste was prepared by steeping regular tea leaves in deionized water at 90°C for 60 s. This procedure was repeated to obtain the fifth and tenth sequential extracts. Subsequently, lyophilized tea leaves were rehydrated with potable water and inoculated with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Following thorough mixing, the inoculated sample was fermented under anaerobic conditions at 25°C in the absence of light. To monitor the progress of fermentation, the pH levels of the infusion were measured on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Additionally, the antioxidative activity of the fermented tea leaves and their infusions was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: After one week of lactic acid fermentation, the pH of the infusions from the fifth and tenth tea leaf extracts decreased significantly compared to other samples. However, within two weeks, all sample infusions reached a pH below 4, suggesting that catechins in the used tea leaves may inhibit lactic acid production during the early stages of fermentation. Despite the multiple extractions, the tea leaves from the fifth and tenth extracts retained elements that supported fermentation. Furthermore, the infusion prepared from the tea leaves after the tenth extract continued to exhibit antioxidative activity, indicating that beneficial properties persist even after repeated extractions. Conclusion: Tea waste can be effectively utilized for lactic acid fermentation. Moreover, the resulting infusion may provide health benefits, making it a potential functional food.

Addition of polyphenolic extracts of Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits to whey: valorization of a common dairy waste product as a functional food.

Whey, a nutrient-rich byproduct of the dairy sector, possesses high potential for creating novel nutraceutical products. The present study investigates a potential new functional food by incorporating polyphenolic extracts from Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits into whey in both liquid (LA) and powder (PA) addition forms. Chemical, microbiological, physical stability and antioxidant activity were monitored for 60 days (from T0 to T60). Both LA and PA of fruit extracts remained chemically stable for the whole period, except for A. unedo PA, which showed a decline in polyphenols after T45. Enriched whey samples showed higher antioxidant activity than pure whey. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of lactic acid bacteria, indicating potential prebiotic effects. However, the high tannin concentration of A. unedo extracts partially modified the casein micelle structure. Whey enriched with Mediterranean fruit extracts shows great potential as a functional food, combining the benefits of plant antioxidants, probiotic bacteria and good stability. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Peptidomic Analysis of Potential Bioactive Peptides in Mare Milk Under Different Heat Treatment Conditions.

Active peptides in mare milk have unique biological activities, but how the bioactive protein in mare's milk changes under the influence of temperature has not been fully studied. Therefore, in this study, the differential expression of bioactive peptides potentially present in horse milk under different heat treatment conditions was investigated for the first time using peptidomic and bioinformatic techniques. We collected a total of 15 samples. In this study, we divided the samples into five groups, specifically, 65 °C, 30 min; 72 °C, 15 min; 83 °C; 10 min; 95 °C, 5 min; and an untreated group as a control, which involved four different temperature treatments, in order to understand changes in bioactive peptides and to identify the sequence of bioactive peptides. In the experiment, a total of 2341 active peptides were identified. The amino acid composition of the potential active peptides remained stable across different temperatures, but their abundance varied with temperature. In all, 23 peptides from 20 different proteins were identified, with the highest number of active peptides identified at 72 °C. Through database searches, we found that a majority of these peptides were within β-lactoglobulin and immunoglobulin domain proteins, which are known for their potential biological activities. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the development of peptides with different bioactivities as potential functional foods.

Assessment of nutritional, anti-nutritional and functional properties of marketed biofortified sweet potato cultivars

Sweet potatoes, a nutrient-dense crop are recognized as a potential functional food to mitigate an array of nutritional disorders. In India, sweet potato is considered a secondary staple crop due to its unique nutritional properties. Owing to its high consumption, food interventions like biofortification have been made to enrich the essential bioactive compounds (carotenoids and anthocyanins). The current study highlighted the nutritional, anti-nutritional and mineral analysis of farmer-grown biofortified sweet potatoes i.e., Bhusona and Bhu-Krishna varieties and compares them with officially available data. High antioxidant activity was observed in Bhu-Krishna with 40 mg followed by Bhu-Sona and white flesh (unfortified variety) (19.3 and 18.7 mg/100 g dry basis). The total carotenoid content ranged from 0.9 to 12.6 mg/100 g dry weight, with the highest content in BhuSona. The anti-nutritional content like phytates and tannins in sweet potato cultivars ranged between 57.35 and 60.82%. However, the antinutrient content was comparatively high in selected biofortified varieties, establishing research prospects concerning human health. These results provide insights into the suitability of biofortified varieties for inclusion in diets that are nutritionally adequate and have sufficient nutritional information for policymakers to promote these varieties to the vulnerable.

Seaweeds and derived bioactive compounds as food alternatives: Current status and future perspective in Africa

The urgency for food security and diversification has necessitated extensive exploration of all potential food options. Seaweeds, now considered potential functional foods are widely consumed across Asia and parts of Europe. In Africa, reports on consumption trends and food-related applications are scarce. About only 1% of the annually harvested ∼120,000 (fresh weight) tonnes of commercially useful eucheumatoids are utilized locally in the continent's top-producing country, Tanzania. Ultimately, the intensification of current efforts shall promote up-scaling of the seaweed industry. In this review, we have discussed the nutritional profile and nutraceutical potential of commercially viable species, paying attention to consumer safety measures. Also, prospective food-related application of seaweeds based on current international and local African consumption trends is reviewed. The review further addresses factors that hinder consumer acceptance in Africa and the up-scaling of the seaweed industry at large. This review aims to provide some theoretical reference for future developments and application of seaweed as food in Africa.

Effect of Drying Methods and Harvest Age on the Quality of Sliced Tiwai Onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) as A Potential Functional Food

Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) is renowned for therapeutic properties due to the bioactive constituents, including polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize water content, ash, fat, protein, polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, and antioxidant capacity, as well as to observe the functional groups and morphology of dried tiwai powder. The methodology comprised 2 factors, namely harvest age and drying methods. The results showed significant effects of harvest age and drying methods on water, fat, total phenol, total flavonoid, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity, while ash, protein, and tannin content were not significantly affected. In Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, changes in functional groups were observed, although not significant in wave numbers range of 1,800 - 1,350 and 1,200 - 950 cm−1. Specifically, an increase was observed in signals from C-C, C-O, and C-O-C vibrations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at 1000x magnification showed that air drying at 5 months of harvest age produced dense granules, while electric oven and microwave drying of older harvests led to a flatter structure and crumbly texture. HIGHLIGHTS Tiwai Onion's Medicinal Properties: Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) is traditionally used in Indonesia for its medicinal properties, including high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its antioxidant potential, protecting cells from free radicals and supporting overall health. Impact of Drying Methods: The study compares three drying methods-air, electric oven, and microwave-on the water content and bioactive compounds in tiwai. Microwave drying is shown to preserve bioactive compounds like phenols and flavonoids better, while air drying is more suited for heat-sensitive products. Chemical Content Variability: The drying method and harvest age significantly affect the chemical composition of tiwai, including water, fat, protein, and phenolic content. Microwave drying at 5 and 7 months resulted in the highest total phenol content, while air drying retained the most flavonoids at 9 months. Antioxidant Capacity: Despite the different drying methods, no significant variation was observed in the antioxidant capacity of tiwai at different harvest ages. However, microwave drying shows promising results in preserving the active compounds and antioxidant properties. Microstructural Effects: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that air drying leads to denser, irregular granules with lower solubility, while microwave drying creates more brittle, compact structures, improving solubility and rehydration capacity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Metabolomics analysis of Cucumis melo var. flexuosus organs in correlation to its anti-inflammatory activity aided by chemometrics

Snake melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus, CM) is a gourd with health-promoting nutritional traits and unexplored phytochemicals. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the phytoconstituents in the fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, and stems of CM, using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Consequently, 118 metabolites were identified, encompassing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, megastigmanes, lignans, cucurbitacins, and fatty acids. Multivariate data analysis revealed differences in the metabolite composition of CM organs and correlated these variations with the potential in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties assessed against RAW 264.7 macrophages through the down-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-Ⅱ, nuclear factor-kappa B, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The results indicated that leaf and seed extracts showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity due to their enrichment in several flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, and a megastigmane. These findings emphasize the health benefits of CM organs as potential functional foods and functional food by-products, serving as a natural source for developing new anti-inflammatory agents.

Purple Butter Clam (Saxidomus Purpurata) as a Potential Functional Food Source for Obesity Treatment.

Saxidomus purpurata extract (SPE) is a highly consumable seafood worldwide with known health-related benefits. However, there are no reports of its' anti-obesity effect. This study explores the potential of SPE for anti-obesity effects by modulating adipogenesis and lipolysis. SPE reduced intracellular lipid and triglyceride accumulation while increasing free glycerol release in adipocytes. SPE inhibited lipogenesis protein expressions and increased the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to promote lipolysis. In addition, SPE suppressed adipogenesis by downregulating protein expression of key adipogenic markers, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. SPE augmented the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Thus, pharmacological intervention with Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP-HO-1 antagonist) was employed to validate the HO-1 role. The presence of ZnPP increased the lipid accumulation and reduced the free glycerol release. At the molecular level, adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1) expressions were restored in the presence of ZnPP. GC-MS analysis revealed that SPE was comprised of several fatty acids, contributing to its anti-obesity activity. SPE is an effective nutraceutical that can be used to reduce the progression of obesity. HO-1 expression during adipogenesis might be the mechanism of action for the anti-obesity effect of SPE.

A novel deep eutectic solvent-based green extraction and purification of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viscera hydrolysate

The use of green and low-cost techniques to produce bioactive peptides with anti-diabetic properties from protein-rich fish waste is a sustainable way to manage agro-fishery and food industrial waste. This study investigated a novel ultrasound (UL) assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) based extraction approach to recover bioactive protein-rich extracts from tilapia fish viscera waste under optimized conditions (52.52% ultrasound amplitude, 1:4 DES molar ratio, 25 min extraction time). The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) method successfully concentrated the crude proteins in the top phase and back-extracted proteins to the bottom phase with a high recovery yield. Hydrolysis by Alcalase produced tilapia viscera protein hydrolysate (TVPH) with low molecular weight (MW) peptides and low dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.57 ±0.16 mg/mL. Notably, TVPH-3 fraction and TVPH-3-2 sub-fraction exhibited appreciable DPP-IV IC50 values of 1.36 ±0.08 mg/mL and 0.42 ±0.01 mg/mL, respectively. Ultrafiltration combined with RP-HPLC enriched the DPP-IV inhibitory concentration of the individual protein fractions. TVPH-3-2 sub-fraction contained hydrophobic amino acids and peptide sequences with typical DPP-IV inhibitory peptide sequence motifs. The results presented in this study indicate that tilapia viscera biomass is a potential source for protein recovery aided with a green extraction approach, and tilapia viscera protein-derived hydrolysates have potential applications as a potent functional food ingredient for the management of metabolic diseases like type-2 diabetes.

The profile of plant bioactive compounds in Xinjiang, China unifloral safflower honey and their inhibitory on ACE, and determination of the mechanism of inhibition

Investigating the plant bioactive compounds in unifloral safflower honey from Xinjiang, China, is helpful for verifying its botanical origin and evaluating its functional properties. Therefore, this study quantifying hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), anhydroxysafflor yellow B (ASYB), quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, myricetin, hyperoside, gallic acid, quinic acid, and ferulic acid in safflower honey by high-performance liquid chromatography; HSYA and ASYB accounted for 16.12–28.83% and 13.63–33.09%, respectively, of the quantified plant bioactive compounds and were considered characteristic markers for authentication. These compounds also exhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity; the IC50 ranges from 13.33 to 132.45 μmol L−1, and the inhibition constant (Ki) is between 17.13 and 121.34 μmol L−1. HSYA (IC50 = 20.24 μmol L−1, Ki = 19.63 μmol L−1) and ASYB (IC50 = 19.33 μmol L−1, Ki = 17.13 μmol L−1) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects. Molecular simulation studies have shown that these bioactive compounds bind key residues in the active pocket of ACE through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, leading to ACE inhibition. Overall, HSYA and ASYB could be considered bioactive chemical markers for verifying the botanical origin of Xinjiang, China, unifloral safflower honey, and safflower honey may be a potential functional food by inhibiting ACE.

Valorization of Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a Potential Functional Food and Ingredient: Characterization of Fiber, Oligosaccharides, and Antioxidant Polyphenols.

The fruit of the date tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is increasingly recognized for its nutritional and functional value. This exotic fruit shows variable composition, influenced by factors such as variety, ripening stage, and climatic conditions. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the nutritional profile and the bioactive components, including phenolic compounds and oligosaccharides, in different varieties of dates from Saudi Arabia collected at the Tamr ripening stage. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis identified a total of 15 phenolic compounds, principally phenolic acids and flavonoids. Among the varieties tested, Safawi exhibited the highest phenolic concentration (1132 µg/100 g dw). To the best of our knowledge, the oligosaccharide composition is described for the first time among different varieties, with Sukari showing the highest concentration (3.37 g/100 g dw). Moreover, the antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) was assessed following a solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up to remove interferents, especially sugars. These results provide valuable insights into the health-promoting properties of date fruit as a functional food and provide a foundation for further research into their industrial applications as functional ingredients.

Supercritical CO2 extracts of propolis inhibits tumor proliferation and Enhances the immunomodulatory activity via activating the TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

Propolis is a natural immunomodulator with anticancer activity. This study investigated the immunomodulatory mechanism and anti-tumor activity of supercritical CO2 extracts of propolis (SEP) in tumor-bearing immunosuppression mice. We used cyclophosphamide (CTX) to construct the immunosuppressive mice model and then inoculated them with CT26 cells to build the CT26 tumor-bearing immunosuppression mice model. Upon treatment with SEP, tumor proliferation in mice was markedly suppressed, with tumor volumes decreasing from 1881.43 mm3 to 1049.95 mm3 and weights reducing from 2.07 g to 1.13 g. Concurrently, the immune system recovered well, and the spleen and thymus indexes increased significantly. The total T lymphocyte (CD3+ T cell) contents in the spleen and blood recovered from 11.88 % to 21.19 % and 15.32 % to 22.19 %, respectively. In addition, the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio has returned to a healthy level, 3.12 in the spleen and 5.42 in the blood. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were increased by 2.17, 2.76, and 7.15 times in the spleen, 2.76, 1.92, and 3.02 times in the serum. Moreover, the western blot results showed that SEP treatment increased the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p65. These results indicated that SEP activated the immune activity of RAW 264.7 macrophages through the TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to exert immunomodulatory function and inhibit tumor proliferation. This study facilitated the further application of SEP as a potential immunomodulatory and anti-tumor functional food.

Microencapsulation of a green microalga (Chlorella vulgaris) by complex coacervation for its valuation as a feasible ingredient in pear snacks

The nutritional and bioactivity values of Chlorella vulgaris make this green microalga a potential functional food ingredient. However, its unpleasant taste and smell, as well as dark green color, have been considered restrictive for its consumers' acceptability. Here, it was hypothesized that complex coacervation can be used to produce microcapsules able to mitigate the sensory weaknesses of C. vulgaris in think pear snacks, while ensuring their acceptance and intention to buy. For this, two proteins with similar isoelectric points were used, the pea protein isolate (PPI) and the bovine serum albumin (BSA), while the partially-sulfated carrageenan (C) was the selected polysaccharide to encapsulate C. vulgaris (6 % w/w), at pH 3. Higher encapsulation yield (79 %) and efficiency (75 %) were obtained for PPI/C coacervates due to these polymers' higher electrostatic interaction at pH 3, contrasting with the higher repulsion promoted by some negatively charged BSA amino acids. Despite this, both microcapsules exhibited an amorphous structure and low water activity (aw around 0.3). However, PPI/C microcapsules had significantly lower moisture and water solubility (11 % and 57 %, respectively), as well as continuous shells. Moreover, PPI/C avoided the early release of C. vulgaris compounds at gastric conditions ensuring its later release in the intestinal tract. When incorporated into think pear snacks, the higher sensory scores and buying intention were obtained for snacks with PPI/C microcapsules containing C. vulgaris. Therefore, complex coacervation, particularly of PPI/C, allowed to mitigate non-valued microalga sensory attributes contributing for the future acceptance and consumption of algae-based food products.

Black raspberry extract stimulates glucose uptake via adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase pathways in skeletal muscle cells

AbstractBlack raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) shows beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, chemopreventive, antiproliferative, and antihyperglycemic activities. The present study investigated the antihyperglycemic activity of black raspberry extract (BRE) and potential mechanisms in skeletal muscle cells. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with the BRE (1–1000 μg/mL) or metformin (1 mM). The protein levels of various insulin signaling targets were measured by western blot analysis. BRE significantly increased glucose uptake by upregulated insulin receptor and phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) in C2C12 cells, leading to enhanced translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. The expression of phosphorylated (p)‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was also enhanced by treatment with BRE, this resulting in stimulation of GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane and hence glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. These results suggest that BRE has an antihyperglycemic effect by stimulating GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane via activating the PI3K and AMPK pathways in skeletal muscle cells, thereby upregulating glucose uptake. Black raspberry is a potential functional food and has important implications for preventing and treating type‐2 diabetes. In addition, our study found that the flavonoids fraction is the main contributor fraction to promote glucose uptake in C2C12 cells.

Quercetin and kaempferol from saffron petals alleviated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in B16 cells.

Saffron petals are usually considered as waste after saffron harvest. However, saffron petals contain many important phytochemical components (e.g. quercetin and kaempferol), which may alleviate oxidative damage in human cells. The contents of flavonoids and crocin in different parts of saffron were analyzed. The protective effects of flavonoids from saffron on oxidative damage of B16 cells were investigated. Saffron stigma contained high contents of crocin and picrocrocin, whereas flavonoid content (quercetin, 4.03 ± 0.33 mg g-1 DW; kaempferol, 47.80 ± 0.60 mg g-1 DW) was higher in saffron petals than in other parts. Incubation of B16 cells with quercetin (10-30 μmol L-1) and kaempferol (20-30 μmol L-1) obtained from saffron extracts could significantly increase the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of NADPH:dehydrogenase quinone-1 (NQO1) to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Quercetin was better than kaempferol in increasing NQO1 activity and T-AOC. Quercetin extracted from saffron petals could induce NQO1 expression through regulating kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 signaling pathway to protect B16 cells from oxidative damage. The content of kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside was higher in saffron petals than in other parts of saffron. The kaempferol and quercetin obtained from saffron petals could enhance the activity of antioxidant enzyme NQO1 and T-AOC in B16 cells. This indicated that saffron petals, as a potential functional food, may prevent diseases caused by oxidative stress. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids in edible marine worms identified by covalent adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Non-traditional seafood, such as spoon worms (Urechis unicinctus) and peanut worms (Sipunculus nudus), serves as both delicacies and potential solutions to the global food insecurity crisis. Despite being consumed primarily in parts of China, Korea, and Japan, the nutritional values especially the complex fatty acid compositions of these marine worms are difficult to characterize. To overcome this obstacle, we employed covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) tandem mass spectrometry for the de novo identification of their unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Through this method, we identified several PUFA with polymethylene-interrupted (PMI) double bond configurations, including 22:3(7Z,13Z,16Z), a novel PUFA derived from sciadonic acid. U. unicinctus exhibits an exceptionally low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 0.15, making it a potential functional food to counterbalance the n-6/n-3 imbalance in modern diets. S. nudus boasts notably high concentrations (∼3 %, wt/wt) of branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), exceeding typical levels found in dairy products.

Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms research of deer antler water extract (DAWE) on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice based on metabolomics and microbiomics

Deer antler has been a staple food for millennia, yet its precise immunomodulatory mechanisms remain unexplored. In our study, we systematically investigated the effects and mechanisms of deer antler water extract (DAWE) on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice. We identified various bioactive components in DAWE, including monosaccharides, nucleosides, phospholipids, amino acids, lipids, and organic acids. Following 14 days of administration of DAWE (260 mg/kg) significantly enhanced immunity in immunosuppressed mice, alleviating spleen injury, boosting immune cell proliferation, and increasing immunoactive substances production. Moreover, DAWE effectively mitigated intestinal barrier damage by promoting goblet cell and IgA-secreting cell proliferation and upregulating the expression of occludin-1 and claudin-1. Additionally, DAWE modulated gut microbiota diversity, composition, and metabolic activity. The metabonomic analysis highlighted the pivotal role of glutamine and glutamate metabolic pathways in DAWE's immune regulatory effects. These findings provide valuable insights into DAWE as a potential immunomodulator and functional food, warranting further exploration in clinical applications.

Potential active fractions and constituents in the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge responsible for treating acute pharyngitis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTrollius chinensis Bunge has a long history of use in China as traditional Chinese medicine and functional tea for the treatment of respiratory infections, such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis and bronchitis. Pharyngitis can impact the entire throat and adjacent lymphoid tissues, and may lead to significant systemic complications. However, the active components and mechanism of Trollius chinensis Bunge for treating acute pharyngitis remains unclear. Aim of the studyTrollius chinensis Bunge is recognized in China both as a medicinal herb and a functional tea. Research into its properties aimed to establish its effectiveness against pharyngitis and to pinpoint the active components and mechanism. Materials and methodsA 70% ethanol extract from the herb was prepared, which was refined using chromatography through a column containing D101 macroporous resin and varying ethanol solutions. The efficacy of the initial and refined extracts was tested using a rat model of ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis. Pathological examination, HE staining and ELISA were applied to screen activity fraction. The compounds were isolated by silica gel, sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC chromatography from active fraction. All of the isolated compounds were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity by acting on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity of compounds was detected by CCK-8 assay. The Griess reaction was applied to evaluate the inhibitory effects of isolated compounds on NO production in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 levels in macrophage supernatant were detected by ELISA. Molecular docking and western blot analysis were applied to study the anti-inflammatory mechanism of active compound. ResultsThe fraction extracted with 30% ethanol proved particularly effective, significantly reducing pharyngitis symptoms. This was evidenced by decreased levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2) and visible improvements in the pharyngeal tissue histology. In pursuit of pharyngitis treatments, 23 phenolic acids and 13 flavonoids were isolated from the 30% ethanol fraction and identified using spectral analysis. Of these, three were newly discovered compounds and eight were first-time isolates from the Trollius genus. These compounds were further investigated for their ability to suppress nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Compounds 3, 19, and 26 exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties. HPLC analysis of the 30% ethanol fraction revealed that orientin was the predominant component, accounting for 44.4% of this fraction. Western blot analysis demonstrated that orientin reduced the expression levels of the protein p-p65 relative to p65, p-IκBα relative to IκBα and iNOS, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect potentially through the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. ConclusionThe finding of this study provided strong support for the use of T. chinensis as a potential functional food for treating pharyngitis.

The potential of mango, papaya, and melon seed dietary fibre extracts for functional food

Fruit seeds were previously discarded as waste, which could lead to an environmental burden. In this research, dietary fibre (DF) was extracted from mango, papaya, and honeydew seeds, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined. Analyses revealed that all DF extracts exhibit low moisture, fat, ash, and protein contents and present high amounts of total sugar, starch, and total DF. Mango seed DF extract produced the highest amounts of starch (28.68 g/100 g dry extract) and total sugar (41.77 g/100 g dry extract) whilst honeydew seed dietary fibre extract (HSDFE) revealed the highest total DF content (81.96 g/100 g dry extract). A great difference in the ratio of insoluble DF to soluble DF contents was found in papaya seed DF extract and HSDFE. Besides slightly acidic and low bulk density, all DF extracts were yellowish and showed high waterholding (WHC), water swelling (WSC), and oil-holding capacities (OHC). Results indicated all three DF extracts have good physicochemical and functional properties. However, honeydew seed had the best potential functional food due to its low-fat content and bulk density, high insoluble DF and total DF content, nearly neutral pH, and excellent WSC, OHC, emulsion ability (EA), and emulsion stability (ES).

Black Mulberries (Morus nigra L.) Modulate Oxidative Stress and Beta-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity, Becoming a Potential Neuroprotective Functional Food.

Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is a common edible fruit from the Moraceae family with a wide variety of nutritional and medicinal applications, mainly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this work was to investigate the cytoprotective and neuroprotective capacity of a hydrophilic black mulberry solvent-free extract rich in polyphenols, including the antioxidant, antiradical, and enzymatic mechanisms that would explain these effects. Its neuroprotective potential was evaluated in vitro using the Neuro-2a cell line and in vivo through the Caenorhabditis elegans organism model. Neuro-2a cells were treated at different concentrations of the extract (25-500 µg/mL) and hydrogen peroxide (300 µM) as an oxidant agent, simultaneously. From these treatments, redox status (intracellular ROS production) and cellular activity (MTT) were also quantified in Neuro-2a. Regarding the C. elegans assay, the protection of the extract against β-amyloid toxicity was measured against the CL4176 strain, which is a model of Alzheimer disease. As a complementary neuroprotective assay, its potential to inhibit the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) enzyme was measured. In addition, an Artemia salina bioassay was performed for preliminary toxicity screening. And its antioxidant properties were evaluated by means of the FRAP assay. The results confirm its neuroprotective potential and its ability to scavenge free radicals and decrease ROS production, also acting as a moderate MAO-A inhibitor. Moreover, the polyphenolic extract alleviates the toxicity induced by β-amyloid accumulation in C. elegans. Concluding, Morus nigra can be considered a functional food with bioactive compounds that may prevent the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.