Industrial Potential Research Articles

Exploring pectinolytic yeast diversity: toward effective polygalacturonase producers for applications in wine-making.

Pectinolytic enzymes secreted by yeasts have an untapped potential in industry, particularly in wine-making. This study addresses the limitations of the current screening methods in reliably predicting the capacity of pectinolytic yeast strains to secrete polygalacturonase (PGase) under industrial conditions, suggesting a novel screening approach. Using the context of wine-making as an example, a diverse collection of 512 yeast strains from 17 species was analyzed for PGase secretion, a key enzyme in pectinolysis. The traditional halo assay on solid YPD medium revealed 118 strains from nine genera being PGase positive. Screening these strains by incubating them at 20°C on a solid synthetic grape juice medium containing polygalacturonic acid (PG) significantly reduced the number of promising strains to 35. They belong to five genera: Kluyveromyces sp. Cryptococcus, Pichia, Torulaspora, and Rhodotorula. Afterward, a newly developed pectin-iodine assay was used to precisely quantify the PGase activity of the best-performing strains in a liquid medium. Strains from Kluyveromyces and Cryptococcus sp. stood out regarding high pectinolytic activity. Our methodological advancements tailored to identify highly promising pectinolytic yeasts for industrial use open new avenues for wine-making and other industrial processes encompassing media rich in pectin and sugars.

Resistance Element Welding (REW) of Steels with Non-Ferrous Materials: Potentials, Challenges, and Properties

Performance and functionality are two key factors in designing advanced components. One promising approach in manufacturing design is the fabrication of multi-material structures by joining dissimilar materials. Steels, known for their outstanding properties and cost-effective production, are widely used across several industries. However, their high density presents challenges when designing lightweight components. A solution lies in combining steels with lightweight, non-ferrous alloys to develop cost-effective multi-material parts. However, joining different materials is generally complex due to their different properties, making it sometimes challenging or even unfeasible. Resistance element welding (REW) offers a high-performance alternative to traditional methods, such as resistance spot welding, with a high potential in mass production industries like automotive manufacturing. This article comprehensively reviews the latest research on REW for dissimilar joining of steels and non-ferrous alloys. It focuses on the microstructural and mechanical properties of joints, innovations in the REW process, the influence of process parameters on joint quality, as well as simulation and numerical studies. In addition, REW is compared with traditional joining methods.

Pırasa (Allium ampeloprasum) atığının mikroalg Chlorella vulgaris kültürü için potansiyeli: Ön değerlendirme

Leek is an economical and healthy plant species. It contains rich dietary fibers, amino acids, bioactive compounds that increase its antioxidant capacity and more than 20 different fatty acids. It is rich in potassium, iron and selenium and can be used as a valuable source for microalgae cultivation. For impotance of leek, this study investigated the biomass production of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae species with leek leaf waste. To obtain the leek extract to be used for the experiment, leek leaves were dried in an oven at 40 °C and crushed in a mortar and pestle and filtered. Leek leaves were first dissolved with 10 ml DMSO (Dimethylsulfoxide) to 0.1 g/L and diluted with distilled water to a final volume of 100 ml. Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to leek extract concentrations of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 g/L for 72 hours and BG-11 enrichment medium was used in the control group. According to the data obtained, when leek leaves were used in the cultivation of C. vulgaris microalgae, a very high increase of 160% was observed at a concentration of 0.05 g/L compared to BG-11 enrichment medium. However, in the group where leek leaves were used completely, 64% increase was observed compared to the control group. This study proved that C. vulgaris have significant potential for food industries and the biocompost of vegetables is a suitable medium for microalgae cultivation. This study has proven that the use of vegetable wastes is suitable for obtaining a culture with high biomass of C. vulgaris microalgae, which has been used intensively in different areas of the food industry, and that leek wastes in particular provide high biomass growth. Therefore, the lower concentration of leek served as the best medium to increase the growth and biomass of C. vulgaris. This study proves that costs can be reduced and sustainable effective culture techniques can be used in microalgae culture by using vegetable wastes such as leek waste, which provides high biomass growth even at low concentrations.

К вопросу о формировании промышленной политики на уровне региона

The article deals with the development of industrial policy on the level of the region. In the course of the study, the basic principles were formed on the basis of which it is possible to build the development of various elements of both investment and innovation infrastructure for the interaction of administrative resources at the federal and regional levels. The priorities of the industrial development of the region are formulated. Recommendations in the field of structural and investment policy are given. The necessity of clustering the industrial potential of the region is proved. The necessity of developing regional support based on an individual regional approach in the field of industrial potential development is substantiated. The main tasks of regional development in the field of industrial policy implementation are formulated.

Elucidation of Domain Function of a Novel Multifunctional Glycoside Hydrolase and Its Use in Efficient Preparation of Oligosaccharides from Kelp Powder.

Kelp contained laminarin, cellulose, and alginate as major polysaccharides and could be utilized as functional oligosaccharides. A new multifunctional glycoside hydrolase CelA was identified and characterized for the efficient degradation of kelp powder. It displayed cellulase (2308.38 U/mg), alginate lyase (578.68 U/mg), and laminarinase (720.97 U/mg) activities. It exhibited maximal activity on both sodium alginate and laminarin at 50 °C and pH 8.0, while it could degrade sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) by maximal activity at 40 °C and pH 7.0. The action mode analysis by thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicated that CelA adopted an endolytic manner to degrade CMC-Na, sodium alginate, and laminarin releasing oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (Dps) of 2-5. According to domain analysis, CelA contained a GH5 module and a PL6 module, and both of them exhibited glycoside hydrolase and polysaccharide lyase activity. The docking results revealed that Glu163 and Glu250 are essential in cellulose and laminarin degradation. As to the degradation of alginate, Asn376, Lys436, Arg464, Asp496, and Asn551 could bind alginate and Tyr492 and Lys529 acted as catalytic sites. CelA displayed high hydrolysis efficiency for cellulose, β-glucan, laminarin, alginate, and kelp powder. Thus, it has strong potential in food and feed industries as a catalyst for bioconversion of algal biomass into value-added products oligosaccharides.

RECEIVING AND ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOCARBON MATERIALS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTE

The aim of this research is the development of new carbon materials based on agricultural waste and a detailed study of their physicochemical properties, which allows to evaluate the potential directions of use of these materials in industry and environmental technologies. Within the framework of the work, four types of waste were chosen, in particular, wood sawdust, apple cake, as well as wheat and corn husks, which are widely available and rarely used as raw materials for creating adsorbents. The selected materials were subjected to the process of pyrolysis at a temperature of 500°C for one hour, which effectively preserves the porous structure of the material and improves its adsorption properties. The obtained samples of biocarbon materials were analyzed using nitrogen porosimetry, which made it possible to determine their adsorption potential, porosity, and total surface area. The results of the study showed a significant difference in the adsorption capacity of the samples, depending on the type of raw material. The sample based on corn husk demonstrated the highest adsorption activity, which indicates its potential for water purification from various types of pollution, including organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals and other toxic substances. In addition, an additional analysis of the samples was carried out in order to assess their potential in other industries. In particular, the revealed porosity and surface area of ​​the materials allow us to consider them as promising components for filtration systems, catalysts in chemical reactions, materials for energy storage, as well as means for environmental protection and environmental restoration. The results of the study confirm that the use of agricultural waste for the creation of functional carbon materials is not only economically beneficial, but also an ecologically appropriate approach, which contributes to reducing the amount of waste and creating new opportunities for sustainable development.

Mechanical, Antimicrobial and Morphological Properties of Biodegradable Trays Based on Cassava Starch and Agroindustrial Processing Residues

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the development of biodegradable composites using agroindustrial residues, such as potato peels and mango integument, processed into flours (PPF and MIF), and determined their nutritional composition, total phenolic content and total tannins. The soluble and insoluble lignin content was quantified in the MIF, which exhibited a high crude fibre content (76.55%) and insoluble lignin (20.86%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examined the morphology of particles and final composites, while the antimicrobial activity of MIF and potato peel extract (PPE) was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The biodegradability of the composites was assessed in soil, comparing them to commercial EPS. In a factorial design (23), the influence of PPE (1.84–3.68 g), MIF (10–20 g) and drying temperature (55°C–65°C) was investigated regarding the mechanical strength, elongation, antimicrobial activity and physical properties of the composites. Optimal conditions for producing composites with higher strength (1.304 MPa), elongation (0.951%) and antimicrobial activity (30.036‐mm halos) included 3.68 g of PPE, 10 g of MIF and drying at 65°C. However, the interaction between MIF and temperature negatively impacted the results. Biodegradability showed a steady mass loss after 60 days. It is concluded that the use of PPE and MIF offers a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum‐based packaging, with appropriate production conditions essential to optimize composite properties, reinforcing the potential of the food industry to adopt environmentally friendly materials.

Unlocking the habitat suitability of wild olive to improve its industrial potential: A comprehensive distribution modeling study

Wild olive (Olea europaea L.) is a highly significant forest tree species, both in Türkiye and globally. Its oil and other extracts from the fruits and leaves are vital to various industries, including culinary, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare, making it a valuable non-timber forest product. However, its natural distribution is restricted to Mediterranean climates, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to support its growth and expansion. Potential distribution modelling is one of the best studies to be done to protect a species and ensure its survival. In this study, the MaxEnt method, which relies exclusively on presence data, was used to generate a potential distribution map for wild olive. The environmental variables to be included in the modeling method were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods. From an initial set of 29 variables, AHP selected the top 11 for the final model. The resulting model demonstrated high accuracy, with an AUC value of 0.922, successfully identifying and mapping the potential distribution areas for wild olive across Türkiye.

Tailoring catalysis at the atomic level: trends and breakthroughs in single atom catalysts for organic transformation reactions.

The utilization of precise materials in heterogeneous catalysis will provide various new possibilities for developing superior catalysts to tackle worldwide energy and environmental issues. In recent years, single atom catalysts (SACs) with excellent atom utilization and isolated active sites have progressed dramatically as a thriving sector of catalysis research. Additionally, SACs bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and overcome the limitations of both categories. Current research on SACs is highly oriented towards the organic synthesis of high-significance molecules with promising potential for large-scale applicability and industrialization. In this context, this review aims to comprehensively analyze the state-of-the-art research in the synthesis of SACs and analyze their structural, electronic, and geometric properties. Moreover, the unprecedented catalytic performance of the SACs towards various organic transformation reactions is succinctly summarized with recent reports. Further, a detailed summary of the current state of the research field of SACs in organic transformation is discussed. Finally, a critical analysis of the existing challenges in this emerging field of SACs and the possible countermeasures are provided. We believe that SACs have the potential to profoundly alter the chemical industry, pushing the boundaries of catalysis in new and undiscovered territory.

Improving productivity of citramalate from CO2 by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 through design of experiment

BackgroundCyanobacteria have long been suggested as an industrial chassis for the conversion of carbon dioxide to products as part of a circular bioeconomy. The slow growth, carbon fixation rates, and limits of carbon partitioning between biomass and product in cyanobacteria must be overcome to fully realise this industrial potential. Typically, flux towards heterologous pathways is limited by the availability of core metabolites. Citramalate is produced in a single enzymatic step through the condensation of the central metabolites pyruvate and acetyl-CoA; improvements in citramalate productivity can, therefore, be used as a measure of overcoming this limitation. Furthermore, citramalate is a useful biomaterial precursor and provides a route to renewable methyl methacrylate and poly(methyl methacrylate), which is often traded as Perspex or Plexiglas.ResultsHere, we describe a phenomenon where the concerted optimisation of process parameters significantly increased citramalate production in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Design of experiment principles were used to determine the optima for each parameter and the interplay between multiple parameters. This approach facilitated a ~ 23-fold increase in citramalate titre from initial unoptimised experiments. The process of scale-up from batch cultures to 0.5, 2, and 5 L photobioreactors is described. At the 2-L scale, citramalate titres from carbon dioxide reached 6.35 g/L with space–time yields of 1.59 g/L/day whilst 5-L PBRs yielded 3.96 ± 0.23 g/L with a productivity of 0.99 ± 0.06 g/L/day. We believe the decrease in productivity from 2-L to 5-L scale was likely due to the increased pathlength and shading for light delivery reducing incident light per cell. However, changes in productivity and growth characteristics are not uncommon when scaling up biotechnology processes and have numerous potential causes.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates that the use of a process parameter control regime can ameliorate precursor limitation and enhance citramalate production. Since pyruvate and/or acetyl-CoA give rise to numerous products of biotechnological interest, the workflow presented here could be employed to optimise flux towards other heterologous pathways. Understanding the factors controlling and thus increasing carbon partitioning to product will help progress cyanobacteria as part of a carbon–neutral circular bioeconomy. This is the first study using design of experiment to optimise overall carbon fixation rate and carbon partitioning to product, with the goal of improving the performance of a cyanobacterium as a host for biological carbon capture.

Engineering a two-enzyme system in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum for efficient biotransformation of phytosterols to dihydrotestosterone.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a valuable steroid drug with widespread clinical applications, but traditional chemical synthesis is environmentally harmful and requires complex reaction conditions. This study introduces a one-step microbial transformation method for the production of DHT from inexpensive phytosterols (PS) using engineered Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (MNR). The heterologous expression of 5α-reductase (5α-R) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) in MNR enabled the efficient conversion of PS to DHT. To further enhance 5α-R activity, semi-rational mutagenesis was employed, which significantly increasing DHT production. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the underlying mechanisms driving this enhancement. Additionally, the incorporation of a PntAB-based NADPH regeneration system further improved DHT yield. Process optimization resulted in a maximum DHT concentration of 1.123 g·L-1, representing the first gram-scale microbial production of DHT. Compared to traditional chemical synthesis, this biotransformation method offers milder reaction conditions, reduced environmental impact, and eliminates the need for toxic catalysts. This work demonstrates a sustainable and efficient microbial method for DHT production, with significant industrial potential for the greener manufacturing of steroid hormone drugs.

Potential of Biogas Production from Wastewater of Shredded Pork Processing with Cow Manure

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving the economy, especially in developing countries. Since they are essential employment resources and support local development, in SMEs relate to processed meat production, large amounts of wastewater containing blood, fat, and protein require high-efficiency treatment methods to prevent environmental pollution. If the wastewater is not treated appropriately, the impact will cause environmental pollution. Therefore, this research aims to study the potential of biogas production from wastewater of shredded pork processing (WSPP) to find the optimal substrate-to-inoculum ratio and evaluate its industrial application potential. The research also experimented following the biochemical methane potential method, where the total volume was 1000 mL, and the working volume was 400 mL. The experiment used the substrate-to-inoculum ratio (SIR) ratios, which were 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 VS-based. The operating temperatures were 35 ± 2 °C in the mesophilic period. The study results showed that the most appropriate ratio for biogas production was 2:1 VS-based. During the 33 days of the experiment, it was found that the potential of the highest cumulative biogas and methane yield was 1640.19 ± 97.46 and 650.59 ± 48.04 N mL/g VS added, respectively, which contained a maximum methane content of 68.60%. Moreover, COD, TS, and VS removal efficiency were 57.57 ± 2.28, 57.30 ± 2.19, and 1.49 ± 0.16, respectively. The research results demonstrated that the wastewater from the WSPP was a high-potential substrate for biogas production and would continuously be developed at the industrial level.

Rapid laser printing of cost-effective, scalable and flexible carbon-based fabrics for solar water evaporation

Solar interfacial evaporation represents a sustainable, cost-effective and carbon-neutral approach for freshwater scarcity. Nevertheless, most of the solar water evaporator face challenges related to scalability, flexibility and theoretical evaporation limit. Moreover, the poor stability in harsh water environments and high-cost of evaporators significantly restrict their industrial potential. The simultaneous optimization of high evaporation rates, environmental resistance and economic viability in a single device remains a rare accomplishment. Herein, a large-area black toner-fiber (BTF) composite film was rapidly produced with laser printing technology. Benefiting from the high photoabsorption of carbon black particles and the abundance of hydrophilic sites within the fabric fibers, the solar-thermal conversion efficiency is increased from 12.0 % to 85.3 %, and the water evaporation enthalpy is reduced to 1849.8 J g−1. The BTF-based evaporator possesses an evaporation rate of high as 1.51 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun. Furthermore, the evaporator also exhibits excellent properties on desalination and removal of organic pollutants, with an ion removal rate of ≈100 %. This design strategy for carbon-based evaporator offers a cost-effective, scalable alternative for tackling drinkable-water scarcity.

Cashew phenol modified lignosulfonate strategy for the preparation of high-performance dye dispersants.

Lignin-based dye dispersants (LDD), as one of the most common lignin resource end-application product, is difficult to meet the rapidly developing needs of modern fiber dyeing due to their inherent structural defects. The efficient upgrading and modification of LDD is of great significance to the value-added application of lignin resources and the expansion of LDD sinking market. In this study, using industrial kraft lignin as raw material, cashew phenol was introduced into lignosulfonate in the form of CC bonds by ingenious utilizing the structural characteristics of lignin disordered condensation. Aromatic ring in cashew phenol could provide sufficient sulfonic acid group grafting sites, while C15 fatty chain could enhance steric hindrance effect. In the dispersibility test, the dispersing power showed 99.09 %, and the low/high temperature dispersion (LTD/HTD) were 5 s/4 and 6 s/4, respectively, higher than the dispersibility level of LDD in the market, has great commercial value and industrial potential. Combined with FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC and ICP, the structural properties of lignin were analyzed in detail, and the degree of sulfonation-condensation was balanced-optimized. The CC bond condensation process between cashew phenol and lignin was revealed, and the mechanism of action on dye particles was elucidated.

A green approach for delignification of corn husks and their application as an unpowered thermo-responsive sensor

The world is adopting biodegradable materials to replace existing petroleum-based plastics, owing to their toxicity and unfriendly environmental aspects. Biodegradable corn husk (CH) is considered a promising alternative due to its environmental friendliness and widespread availability as agricultural waste. In this work, a green process for the delignification of corn husk was developed and preparation of CH-based reversible thermo-responsive delignified corn husk (RTDCH) sensors was done which exhibit different colors corresponding to particular temperature ranges. These RTDCH sensors employed with reversible thermo-responsive nanoparticles (RTNPs) were characterized thoroughly using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), which ensures their successful synthesis. Upon deploying them for sensing temperatures from 20 to 80℃, different color displays appeared rapidly within 5seconds, which helps to identify the particular temperature range. The RTDCH exhibited excellent reusability for several cycles and maintained consistency in color displays at certain exposed temperatures. The RTDCH, being unpowered, fast responsive, accurate, biodegradable, economical, and scalable production feasibilities, has the necessary traits to become practical at the industrial level. Such materials have tremendous potential for the food industry, scientific laboratories, and monitoring the temperature of industrial processes. The strategy adopted in this work is crucial since it is paving the way for the development of advanced functional materials from natural wastes through green synthesis approaches.

Troubled RFC—Can the Lost Glory be Brought Back?

Recreational Facilities Company (RFC) was a unique initiative established with the goal of developing, maintaining and growing recreation facilities in India. It was one of the top-rated and successful family entertainment hotspots during the 1990s. But within a decade, things started to falter at RFC. Once a favourite hotspot, RFC started losing life due to several issues, such as changes in higher management, maintenance and service issues, depleting employee morale, customer satisfaction and increased competition. It was during this time Mr Avinash Makhwana was appointed as CEO of RFC with the task of a much-needed strategic turnaround. With a huge growth potential for the recreational industry, the biggest challenge for Mr Avinash was to decide what strategies should be used to turn around RFC and from where to start. The case discusses how Mr Avinash got into diagnosis mode by appointing an external agency to do an unbiased comprehensive situation analysis of RFC. The case is useful for discussing turnaround management, focussing on organizational culture, people management, etc.

Fuel properties evaluation and inherent correlation analysis of oxidatively torrefied corn stalk

Fuel properties evaluation and inherent correlation analysis of biochar are important in assessing the variation of fuel performance. This study investigates fuel performance changes under different oxidative torrefaction conditions of corn stalks. The obtained results imply that such a method is conducive to enhancing fuel properties, with the values of energy-mass co-benefit index (EMCI), upgrading energy index (UEI), Hardgrove grindability index (HGI), and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) range at 4-9, 500-3500, 60-120, and 9.5-12. This indicates that oxidative torrefaction is efficient for fuel performance improvement. For elemental transformation and carbonization degree, the oxidatively torrefied biochar possesses a higher proportion of elemental carbon content and better graphitization degree (GD), thus contributing to a more stable structure. Good linear relationships are exhibited from the analysis of comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) versus elemental carbon proportion (ECP), comprehensive combustion index (CCI) versus ECP, CPI versus GD, and CCI versus GD, with correlation coefficients of 0.9741, 0.9524, 0.9689, and 0.9166, respectively. This suggests that the carbonization extent is highly related to biochar pyrolysis and combustion characteristics. Overall, the obtained results are conducive to enhancing inherent correlation cognition of fuel property indicators. In doing so, the fuel property can be better adjusted for performance enhancement, thus facilitating efficient biochar production with better industrial application potential.

Geochemical suitability of Limestone for Cement making: A case study of Joldhal Formation

In this work, we investigate the industrial potentiality of limestone deposits in the Joldhal Formation of the Shimoga Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton. Based on their mineralogy, petrography, and geochemical characteristics. Twenty-five different limestone samples were collected from distinct locations and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction techniques. Petrographically, these limestone deposits consist predominantly of calcite, quartz, chlorite, mica, micrites, etc. The X-ray diffraction studies indicated the dominance of calcite as an essential carbonate mineral, and quartz, kaolinite, chlorite, and mica/illite are major gangue minerals in the studied limestone. The results of the geochemical investigation of 25 samples indicated that the limestone from the study area exhibits a wide range of variation in LOI (27.99–42.82 wt%), SiO2 (0.21–19.60 wt%), CaO (27.80–55.50 wt%), Al2O3 (0.11–8.48 wt%), Fe2O3 (0.23–9.28 wt%), and MgO (0.51–9.79). Traces of K2O, Na2O, and TiO2 are found. This study illustrates how crucial it is to evaluate limestone's geochemical characteristics prior to cement making. Various factor analyses were calculated, like lime saturation factor, silica modulus, and alumina ratio, for suitable high-quality cement production. Bandigudda, Hanne, and Joldhal area valuable for cement manufacturing, unlike Medugondanahalli and Vitalapura, due to their impure quality and below-average parameter values. The results indicate suitability for cement production. The deposit's SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 content meet the ultimate moduli values of the raw material, indicating its suitability for cement production. This study emphasizes the significance of the geochemical evaluation of limestone for cement production

The potential of craft industries based on Javanese ethnic culture and the local economy in Indonesia: perspectives of creativity

The potential of craft industries based on Javanese ethnic culture and the local economy in Indonesia: perspectives of creativity

Optimizing Batch Time Allocation in Tobacco Shred Production Through Smart Scheduling

This paper introduces a smart scheduling system aimed at optimizing batch time allocation in cigarette tobacco shred production. Traditional scheduling methods, which rely on fixed schedules based on historical data, often fail to adapt to dynamic production environments, leading to inefficiencies. To address these limitations, the system continuously monitors real-time data from the production line, including machine performance, material flow, and environmental conditions. Utilizing machine learning algorithms and predictive analytics, the system dynamically adjusts production schedules to anticipate needs, identify potential bottlenecks, and optimize resource allocation. The system was validated in a real production workshop, demonstrating significant improvements in flexibility, efficiency, and overall production quality. These advancements underscore the transformative potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in modern manufacturing.