Carbon Storage Potential Research Articles

Exploring the correlation between tree structure characteristics and carbon storage in historic gardens using TLS technology: a case study of Jian Xin Pavilions at Jingyi Park, Fragrant Hills Park

Historic gardens contain a greater number and variety of ancient trees, which are older, have unique forms, and larger volumes. These trees hold significant value in both natural ecosystems and cultural heritage. However, current research on the carbon sequestration value of ancient and non-ancient trees in historical gardens is relatively lacking. Based on the unique morphology and carbon storage estimation needs of ancient trees in historic gardens, this paper proposes a morphology-based point cloud single-tree segmentation method. This method can precisely extract the morphological structures of various tree species and accurately estimate their carbon storage. From the perspective of carbon sequestration, it evaluates the correlation between the structural characteristics and carbon storage of trees in historic gardens, as well as the potential changes in their carbon storage capacity.Using the Jing Yi Park’s Jian Xin Pavilions in Fragrant Hills Park as a case study, this method was applied to extract structural indicators of 116 ancient and non-ancient trees. The total carbon storage was found to be 19,171.13 kg, with an average carbon storage of 165.27 kg per tree. Among these, ancient trees accounted for 13,178.32 kg, or 68.74% of the total carbon storage. The study revealed that the correlation between tree age and carbon storage varied by species, and there were significant positive correlations between carbon storage and tree height, DBH, and canopy volume. Notably, there was a significant linear growth trend between DBH, canopy volume, and carbon storage. By 2030, the total carbon storage is projected to increase to 21,924.96 kg, with an annual average increase of 393.40 kg, representing a growth rate of 14.4%.The results indicate that studying the correlation between structural characteristics and carbon storage of aged trees in historical gardens can shed light on the important role of trees in sustainable carbon sequestration. The precise extraction of tree information through 3D digital technology and the prediction of carbon storage potential not only offer new perspectives for the conservation of cultural heritage in historical gardens, urban microclimate planning and design, and spatial management of carbon sinks and emissions but also have significant value for promoting the scientific management and protection of urban green spaces.

An interlinked dynamic model of timber and carbon stocks in Japan's wooden houses and plantation forests

Carbon absorption in growing trees is an important element of a carbon-neutral society, and the long-term storage of carbon stocks is a crucial sustainability challenge. Previous studies have focused on either live-biomass carbon stocks in plantation forests or anthropogenic carbon stocks in man-made objects. For a comprehensive nature-based climate solution, an analytical framework, dataset, and scenario setup for modeling the interrelationship between timber supply and demand are required. This study developed an interlinked material flow analysis model in which the timber demand for wooden houses is connected with timber supply from managed plantation forestry. We demonstrate the model by quantifying both live-biomass and anthropogenic carbon stocks and their potentials in Japan. We compared multiple scenario-runs of the model for wooden house demands estimated by population change with varying combinations of house types, structures, and lifespans. Our results show that carbon stocks will reach a maximum amount of 1.1 billion t-C by 2050 in a scenario of high demand for wooden detached houses with lifespan extensions. On the other hand, we also found that the aging of plantation forests and their reduced carbon-stocking capacities appear inevitable in any scenario owing to the limited demand for timber. Notably, despite the widely different settings of the various scenarios, our results exhibited narrow variances in future potential carbon storage in Japan. This can be explained by the unique population characteristics and building demographics of Japan. These counterintuitive findings highlight the need for interrelated modeling of the forestry and construction sectors. Our model and its scope are versatile and applicable to other case study areas, estimation periods, and target materials.

Enhancing soil carbon in solar farms through active land management: a systematic review of the available evidence

Abstract Ground-mounted solar farms are becoming common features of agricultural landscapes worldwide in the move to meet internationally agreed Net Zero targets. In addition to offering low-carbon energy, solar farms in temperate environments can be purposely managed as grasslands that enhance soil carbon uptake to maximise their climate benefits and improve soil health. However, there is little evidence to date on the ecosystem effects of land use change for solar farms, including their impact on soil carbon storage and sequestration potential through land management practices. We review the latest evidence on the associations between grassland management options commonly adopted by solar farms in temperate regions (plant diversity manipulation, mowing, grazing, and nutrient addition) and soil carbon to identify appropriate land management practices that can enhance soil carbon within solar farms managed as grasslands. Soil carbon response to land management intervention is highly variable and context-dependent, but those most likely to enhance soil carbon accrual include organic nutrient addition (e.g., cattle slurry), low-to-moderate intensity sheep grazing, and the planting of legume and plant indicator species. Plant removal and long-term (years to decades) mineral fertilisation are the most likely to result in soil carbon loss over time. These results can inform policy and industry best practice to increase ecosystem service provision within solar farms and help them deliver net environmental benefits beyond low-carbon energy. Regular monitoring and data collection (preferably using standardised methods) will be needed to ensure soil carbon gains from land management practices, especially given the microclimatic and management conditions found within solar farms.

Advancing carbon sequestration and nutrient management in the South African dairy industry for sustainable growth

The dairy industry in South Africa is currently grappling with significant challenges, including escalating costs and diminishing profit margins. However, these difficulties also create a pivotal opportunity for the sector to embrace sustainable practices that not only enhance environmental stewardship but also encourage economic resilience. A crucial step in this transition is to dispel prevalent misconceptions about the industry’s environmental footprint and to highlight its positive contributions to sustainable agricultural practices. Farmers are encouraged to adopt innovative strategies that enhance soil health and reduce their ecological impact. This review focuses on essential factors influencing nutrient management and the processes that contribute to soil carbon enhancement. Effective management is crucial for the sustainability of pasture-based dairy systems, as herbage biomass significantly influences nutrient cycling and soil organic matter accumulation. For instance, well-managed pastures with high biomass can efficiently recycle nutrients from manure, enhancing plant growth. This process contributes to soil organic carbon buildup, which aids in carbon sequestration. In contrast, poor nutrient management can lead to nutrient imbalances and lower herbage production, reducing carbon storage potential. Moreover, the movement of nutrients below the surface is a critical pathway for enhancing soil health and promoting ecological balance. By implementing sustainable practices and refining nutrient stewardship strategies, pasture-based dairy farmers can significantly advance their sustainability goals. This includes recognizing the broader implications of soil health on farm productivity and environmental resilience, as well as the potential for improved biodiversity.

Risk assessment and management strategy of geologic carbon storage in multi-well site

Many oil and gas production areas may serve as potential geologic carbon storage(GCS) sites, but large-scale CO2 injection in these sites with multiple legacy wells poses a leakage risk. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the well leakage risk of these GCS sites and develop effective risk management strategies to minimize CO2 and brine leakage. In this study, we hypothesized a GCS site based on the Jingbian area in the Ordos Basin, which has 177 legacy wells. We conducted a three-dimensional geological modeling of the site and simulated the injection and migration of CO2. Using the National Risk Assessment Partnership’s open-source Integrated Assessment toolkit, we outlined a workflow for assessing the risk of CO2 and brine leakage in multi-well site. Simulations of CO2 and brine leakage through 177 existing wells into the USDW or the atmosphere are used as an indicator of potential risk. Finally, we proposed risk management strategies based on well integrity, injection rate, and pollution range, verifying their effectiveness. The results of the 95th percentile (P95) model implementation showed that the leakage risk of GCS sites was low over 150 years, with a CO2 leakage of 15,996.4 tonnes(0.16 % of the 107 t injected). The risk-based strategy outperformed both distance-based strategy and hybrid strategy overall. Reducing injection rates alone proved ineffective as a risk management strategy. Only high-risk wells near the injection zone may cause pollution to USDW. Meanwhile, legacy wells have negligible impact on atmospheric pollution. The management strategy based on pollution range can be used as a supplement to the risk-based strategy in practical engineering.

Carbon Sequestration and Landscape Influences in Urban Greenspace Coverage Variability: A High-Resolution Remote Sensing Study in Luohe, China

Urbanization has significantly altered urban landscape patterns, leading to a continuous reduction in the proportion of green spaces. As critical carbon sinks in urban carbon cycles, urban green spaces play an indispensable role in mitigating climate change. This study aims to evaluate the carbon capture and storage potential of urban green spaces in Luohe, China, and identify the landscape factors influencing carbon sequestration. The research combines on-site data collection with high-resolution remote sensing, utilizing the i-Tree Eco model to estimate carbon sequestration rates across areas with varying levels of greenery. The study reveals that the carbon sequestration capacity of urban green spaces in Luohe City is 1.30 t·C·ha−1·yr−1. Among various vegetation indices, the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) explains urban green space carbon sequestration most effectively through an exponential model (R2 = 0.65, AIC = 136.5). At the city-wide scale, areas with higher greening rates, better connectivity, and more complex edge morphology exhibit superior carbon sequestration efficiency. The explanatory power of key landscape indices on carbon sequestration is 78% across the study area, with variations of 71.5%, 62%, and 84.9% for low, medium, and high greening rate areas, respectively. Moreover, when greening rates reach a certain threshold, maintaining and optimizing the quality of existing green spaces becomes more critical than simply expanding the green area. These insights provide valuable guidance for urban planners and policymakers on enhancing the ecological functions of urban green spaces during urban development.

Modelling the Effects of Forest use Change on Brownification of Finnish Rivers under Atmospheric Pressure.

Browning of surface waters due to increased terrestrial loading of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is observed across the Northern Hemisphere. The effects influence several ecosystem services from freshwater productivity to water purification. Brownification is often explained by changes in large-scale anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem functioning (acidification, climate change, and land cover changes). This study examined the effect of forest use changes on water browning in Finland, considering the effects of global pressures. Our goal was to find the ecosystems and geographic areas that are most sensitive to environmental pressures that increase the loading of DOM. We were also looking for land use strategies that decrease browning. We combined mathematical watershed modelling to scenarios of climate change, atmospheric deposition, and forest use change. Changes included scenarios of forest harvest and protection on forest, that were derived from European Union's regulation. The study area covered 20 watersheds from south to north of Finland. In northern Finland brownification continue. In southern Finland global influence (atmospheric deposition, climate change) seem to weaken, giving more space for local forest use change having an influence on brownification. Forest use change was more influential in river basins dominated by organic soils than in mineral soils. Extending forest protection decreased brownification especially in areas where the influence of atmospheric pressure is decreasing. When forest protection is planned to provide a carbon storage and sequestration potential and to favor biodiversity, it has favorable effect on surface water quality as well.

Land use and altitudinal variability in biomass and carbon storage potential in mid-hill and sub-humid conditions of north-western Himalayas

Land use and altitudinal variability in biomass and carbon storage potential in mid-hill and sub-humid conditions of north-western Himalayas

Blue carbon dynamics across a salt marsh-seagrass ecotone in a cool-temperate estuary

Abstract Background Seagrass and salt marsh ecosystems are recognised for their role in climate change mitigation and adaptation given their carbon storage potential. However, factors driving variability in blue carbon ecosystems are understudied, yet are important to account for. Aims Examine the variability of sediment organic carbon (SOC) and its drivers (seagrass morphometrics and sediment nutrients) at different spatial scales; > 1 km, ~ 150 m and ~ 10 m across the salt marsh-seagrass ecotone. Methods We collected the top 5 cm of sediment in the Olifants River Estuary, a cool-temperate system in South Africa. Using a line transect approach, we sampled across the salt marsh-seagrass ecotone (~ 10 m) in triplicate transects (~ 50 m apart) at three sampling sites (1–3 km) and analysed for SOC and elemental nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content. Seagrass morphometrics (shoot density, leaf length and number per shoot) were measured. Results There was significant (P < 0.05) spatial heterogeneity in SOC stocks between sites (1–3 km) and between salt marshes and seagrass, but low variability at ~150 m. We detected a significant decrease in SOC from salt marsh towards the seagrass edge, with seagrass SOC remaining uniform. Nitrogen content was positively correlated with SOC in seagrass and salt marshes (P < 0.05), but seagrass morphometrics were not significant drivers of SOC. Conclusions The dynamics of blue carbon differ between salt marshes and seagrass, with spatial heterogeneity of SOC at scales > 1 km, suggesting that future BC assessments need to account for spatial heterogeneity to improve the accuracy of carbon removal estimates.

Driving Carbon Capture in Parallel with Industrialization in Developing Countries: Opportunities, Challenges and Strategies

Purpose: This paper reviews the potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to help developing nations decrease carbon emissions as they undergo the industrialization required for development. It also identifies the related opportunities, challenges, and strategies for effectively integrating CCS during this process by drawing lessons from the experiences of developed and developing countries that have achieved success. Materials and Methods: The study employs a thorough literature review, statistical analysis of data, and examination of real-world case studies. Comparing Norway, South Korea, the United States, China, and India's experiences, it focuses on successful models and key factors influencing CCS adoption in different regions, offering insights for other developing nations. Findings: The review and analysis show that developed countries have made considerable advancements in utilizing CCS technologies to lower emissions, whereas developing nations encounter significant obstacles due to financial constraints, insufficient expertise, and inadequate regulations. Nevertheless, underdeveloped nations can employ CCS technologies for enduring economic expansion with appropriate global cooperation, financial assistance, and technology sharing. Finally, it pinpoints effective tactics and models developing nations can use to improve their CCS capabilities. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: This research has implications for theory, practice, and policy by enhancing understanding of how CCS can help promote sustainable industrial growth in developing nations and providing a template for integrating CCS into national climate plans. It also mentions the importance of detailed and effective regulatory frameworks, financial incentives, and global cooperation required in addressing CCS challenges in developing countries.

Assessing the of carbon and nitrogen storage potential in Khaya spp. stands in Southeastern Brazil

The objective of this study was to assess the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil, forest floor, and aboveground biomass in 9.5 years-old planted stands of three Khaya spp. (K. grandifoliola, K. ivorensis, and K. senegalensis). The study was conducted at the Reserva Natural Vale (RNV), Brazil. The stands were planted at 5 × 5 m spacing, distributed over rectangular plots of 1250 m2. Soil bulk density at the evaluated depths, as well nitrogen contents, were similar among the species. However, K. ivorensis exhibited higher carbon concentration in the soil. In general, there were no differences in carbon and nitrogen content in soil between the three species; however, the values obtained are comparable to those of the reference area–Native Forest. The carbon stocks in the aboveground biomass for K. grandifoliola, K. ivorensis, and K. senegalensis averaged 37.97, 33.66 and 33.86 Mg ha−1, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). These values collectively represent about 28% of the total carbon stocks across the observed compartments. Notably, the nitrogen content within the aboveground biomass did not differ among these species. Therefore, African mahogany possesses a robust potential to store both carbon and nitrogen.

451 Establishing producer research sites for the development of beef and bison climate-smart agriculture

Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and livestock production are topics that are increasingly intertwined. While livestock production is frequently presented as harmful to the environment, this perception fails to consider the carbon sequestration that takes place in livestock grazing systems and the role that grazing ruminants have in maintaining healthy grassland ecosystems. Grazing lands, which are often unsuited to row crop agriculture, are estimated to account for 25% of the global soil sequestration potential for soil carbon storage. Grazing livestock producers are often overlooked in the GHG reduction conversation, despite over 70% of beef GHG emissions being attributed to the cow-calf sector, which is primarily grazing. Furthermore, there is a relative lack of data surrounding the implementation of climate-smart agriculture practices on grazing operations and a lack of cost-effective methods to measure carbon/GHG sinks and sources on these landscapes. The potential climate benefits are considerable, with nearly 940 million acres of rangelands in the U.S. supporting forage-based livestock production. South Dakota State University recently received funding to support a large-scale climate-smart project focused on grazing beef and bison. For this project, we are utilizing the Cottonwood Field Station that has over 80 yr of historical grazing data, along with six grazing beef and bison ranching operations in the Northern Great Plains. The work on these ranches will focus on measuring and monitoring the impacts of climate-smart NRCS land practices, including cover crops, improved pasture and range seedings, prescribed grazing, and prescribed burning. A significant focus will be extensive, annual soil sampling across these operations to continuously monitor changes in soil organic carbon, bulk density, texture, pH, and soil microbiome community profiles. Each operation will have GreenFeed methane pasture units deployed for 5 yr to monitor changes in beef cattle and bison methane emissions in response to climate-smart practice adoption. We are also assessing biodiversity pre and post climate-smart practice adoption, as biodiversity improvements may be one of the most overlooked and yet most important responses to climate-smart land practice implementation. Over the duration of this project, a large-scale, comprehensive data collection will be achieved and used to refine GHG and carbon sequestration estimates associated with range livestock systems. Data resulting from this project will be used to inform research protocols and prediction models, fill knowledge gaps, and shape science-based discussions and marketing strategies for climate-smart agricultural commodities.

Potential for nutrients reuse, carbon sequestration, and CO2 emissions reduction in the practice of domestic and industrial wastewater recycling into agricultural soils: A review

This review assesses the feasibility of reusing treated wastewater for irrigation in agricultural soils as a strategy for nutrients recycling and mitigation of CO2 emissions. Through a literature review, it was examined wastewater sources enriched with carbon and nutrients, including municipal wastewater and associated sludge, vinasse, swine wastewater, as well as wastewater from the food industry and paper and pulp production. The review also explores the dynamics of organic matter within the soil, discussing the aspects related to its potential conversion to CO2 or long-term storage. It was found that industrial wastewaters, owing to their higher organic matter and recalcitrance, exhibit greater potential for carbon storage. However, the presence of pollutants in wastewater necessitates careful consideration, particularly concerning their impact on soil quality. Toxic metals, microplastics, and organic compounds emerged as significant contaminants that could accumulate in the soil, posing risks to ecosystem health. To mitigate the environmental impacts, it was evaluated various wastewater treatment technologies and their associated carbon emissions. While advanced treatments may effectively reduce the contaminant load and mitigate soil impacts, their adoption is often associated with an increase in CO2 emissions. Membrane bioreactors, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors were identified as promising technologies with lower carbon footprints. Looking ahead, future research should aim to enhance the understanding of carbon dynamics in soil and validate the environmental impacts of treated wastewater disposal. Despite remaining uncertainties, the literature indicates a positive outlook for wastewater recycling in soil, offering a viable strategy for carbon storage and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon Sequestration Characteristics of Typical Sand-Fixing Plantations in the Shiyang River Basin of Northwest China

A predominant management practice to reduce wind erosion in the arid deserts of northwest China is the planting of shrubs. However, the carbon sequestration capacity of these sand-fixing plantations has not received much attention. In this study, the carbon sequestration capacity of six typical sand-fixing plantations (Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge, Caragana korshinskii Kom., Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Calligonum mongolicum Turcz., Artemisia desertorum Spreng. and Hedysarum scoparium Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) in the Shiyang River Basin were compared and analyzed. We evaluated how carbon sequestration may vary among different species, and examined if plantation age or management style (such as the additional construction of sand barriers, enclosure) positively or negatively influenced the carbon storage potential of these plantation ecosystems. Our results showed that all six plantations could store carbon, but plant species is the controlling factor driving carbon stock accumulation in plantations. The actual organic carbon stored beneath 25-year-old T. ramosissima, H. ammodendron, C. korshinskii, H. scoparium, C. mongolicum and A. desertorum plantations was 45.80, 31.80, 20.57, 20.2, 8.24 and1.76 Mg ha−1, respectively. Plantations using a clay–sand barrier had 1.3 times the carbon sequestration capacity of plantations that only used wheat straw and sand barriers. Similarly, enclosed plantations had 1.4 times the carbon storage capacity of unenclosed plantations. Plantation age greatly impacts carbon sequestration capacity. A 25-year-old H. ammodendron plantation has a carbon sequestration capacity three times greater than that of 3-year plantation. We conclude that while afforesting arid areas, H. ammodendron and T. ramosissima should be prioritized, and priority also should be given to using clay–sand barrier and enclosure.

Linking forest carbon opportunity costs and greenhouse gas emission substitution effects of wooden buildings: The climate optimum concept

Forests play a crucial role in achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission targets in the coming decades, as they can act as natural carbon sinks by removing carbon dioxide from the Earth's atmosphere. The use of wood as a building material leads to lower GHG emissions throughout its life cycle compared to other building materials and is therefore considered a valid climate change mitigation strategy. However, the impact of wood harvesting on the potential carbon storage in forests has largely been ignored. In this study, we investigated whether the use of wood as a building material is beneficial for climate change mitigation when considering carbon opportunity costs, which represent the amount of carbon prevented from accumulating in forests due to wood extraction. We introduce the climate optimum concept, which links both GHG emission substitution and associated carbon opportunity cost of wooden buildings. Application of the concept to a case study building shows that the GHG substitution benefits of wooden buildings for climate change mitigation are overshadowed by carbon opportunity costs in forests. In our analysis, no wooden scenario achieves sufficient life cycle embodied GHG emission substitution in order to compensate for the unrealized carbon storage potential in the forest system due to harvest. Wood-based GHG mitigation strategies in the building sector and beyond need to consider this unrealized carbon storage potential of forests expressed via carbon opportunity costs, in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the climate impact of forests and wood-based products.

Optimizing Injection Well Trajectory to Maximize CO2 Storage Security and Minimize Geomechanical Risk

Summary The work demonstrates an optimal well design for a potential geological carbon storage (GCS) project in Kern County, California (USA). Carbon dioxide (CO2) plume shape, size, and pressure response history in the subsurface are outcomes. We created a toolbox (pyCCUS) to standardize the well design optimization process and it is applicable to different carbon storage assets. This toolbox is helpful to maximize storage security and minimize geomechanical risk. The numerical model of the storage formation features two-way coupled transport and geomechanical deformation. It honors a predefined injection scheme with injection rates that ramp up and then decline for a total of 12.3 MtCO2 injection in 18 years. The peak injection rate is greater than 1 MtCO2/yr, whereas the post-injection monitoring period is 100 years. We propose to develop a long, deviated injection well to best address the injectivity and plume migration challenges for this complex, heterogeneous, dipping formation. The chosen well trajectory improves injectivity while minimizing formation pressure buildup. The well design optimization successfully reduces the pressure buildup by 54% over the base design while only increasing the areal extent of the plume by 21%. We quantify the CO2 plume shape and size at the land surface. The plume grows rapidly during injection, but it increases only slightly after shut-in due to slow updip migration driven by buoyancy. The plume becomes stationary within the post-injection monitoring period. The optimal injector design balances the optimization goals of CO2 plume size, pressure increase, and pressure buildup at geological faults. The optimal injection well design is robust under uncertainties from injection schemes and geological model realizations. Rock deformation due to the pressure buildup is also computed. The model estimates 2.1 cm of uplift that occurs during the year of the peak annual injection rate. Land surface uplift strongly correlates with the subsurface pressure response.

Sustainability transitions in the agri-food system: Evaluating mitigation potentials, economy-wide effects, co-benefits and trade-offs for the case of Austria

As a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and with a substantial potential of carbon storage, agriculture and food (agri-food) systems play a two-fold role in achieving the Paris goal of well below 2 °C of global warming. Against this background, this paper assesses the mitigation potentials, economic effects, co-benefits and trade-offs of biophysically feasible transitions of the Austrian agri-food system. By combining biophysical accounting with a comparative-static multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model, we assess both supply- and demand-side driven transition scenarios. These scenarios entail substantial changes in the Austrian agri-food system, mitigating between 70 and 110% of GHG emissions relative to the reference pathway in 2050, with lower emission intensities from agricultural practices and enhanced sinks through afforestation. Two out of three scenarios lead to economy-wide costs of up to 1% of gross domestic product. Despite these small changes at the macroeconomic scale, output effects within the Austrian agri-food sectors are substantial, with primary production and manufacturing of plant-based products emerging as winners in terms of sectoral revenue, while animal-based primary production and manufacturing lose. The agri-food system transitions considered create health co-benefits, but reveal trade-offs between mitigation potentials, biodiversity conservation and economic effects.

Relationship between Above-ground Biomass and Different Vegetation Indices of Tea Plantation of Alipurduar District, West Bengal, India

This study investigates the relationship between above-ground biomass (AGB) and various vegetation indices in the tea plantations of Alipurduar District, West Bengal, India. The research was conducted in three major tea estates: Kumargram, Sankos and Newlands, using stratified random sampling across 36 plots. Field measurements of trees, shrubs and herbs were taken and AGB was estimated using allometric equations. Sentinel-2 satellite data was utilized to derive vegetation indices such as NDVI, GNDVI, SAVI, MSAVI, EVI-1, EVI-2, NDVIRE, RDVI, DVI, OSAVI and ARVI. The study found significant variation in AGB, ranging from 31.40 Mg ha-1 to 68.84 Mg ha-1, with an average of 47.22 Mg ha-1. Strong positive correlations were observed between AGB and indices like GNDVI (r=0.96) and EVI-2 (r=0.96), indicating their effectiveness in biomass prediction. The integration of remote sensing technologies enhances the scalability and precision of biomass estimation, providing valuable insights into the carbon storage potential and ecological health of tea plantations. These findings have implications for sustainable management and climate change mitigation in agroforestry systems.

Carbon Sequestration and Storage of Urban Trees in a Polluted Semiarid City

Cities play a critical role in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which exacerbate climate change and impact urban populations. Urban green infrastructure, such as urban trees, provides essential ecosystem services, including reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the impact of urban trees on climate change in semiarid, polluted cities like Tehran, the capital and largest metropolis of the Middle East. This study assesses the carbon sequestration and storage potential of Tehran’s urban infrastructure using the i-Tree Eco model. A randomized cluster sampling method was employed, collecting data on species composition, diameter at breast height (DBH), and total tree height. The results indicate that Tehran’s urban trees sequester approximately 60,102 tons of carbon per year, equivalent to 220,393 tons of CO2. The net carbon storage in urban trees is about 254,579 tons, equivalent to 933,455 tons of CO2. Parks and urban green spaces demonstrate the highest rate of carbon sequestration per hectare, followed by urban services land use. Prioritizing the planting of species with high sequestration rates like Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) and Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (Mediterranean cypress) could enhance carbon sequestration efforts in Tehran. These data provide valuable insights into the carbon sequestration potential and environmental impact of different land use types, and may aid in the development of effective environmental policies and land management strategies in semiarid urban areas and other cities in similar settings.

Analysis of the potential of marine bioblue carbon storage and their regional contributions in Shanghai marine areas

Shanghai's extensive coastline and offshore marine areas feature diverse ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the current status, spatial distribution, and total capacity of marine carbon storage in Shanghai. Surveys were conducted on oyster reefs, phytoplankton, and fish populations from August to November 2022, with samples collected to quantify biomass and carbon content. The carbon storage of oyster reefs, phytoplankton, and fish was found to be 2.045 × 105 tC, 5113.19 kgC, and 56.6014 tC, respectively. The spatial distributions exhibited significant heterogeneity, influenced by substrate type, nutrient concentrations, and fishing activities. The total marine carbon storage capacity in Shanghai's offshore waters was estimated at 2.045 × 105 tC, highlighting a pathway for achieving regional carbon neutrality goals. This study enriches baseline data, elucidates carbon sequestration functions and spatial patterns, and provides scientific support for marine ecological protection and blue carbon resource utilization. Future research should investigate spatiotemporal variation mechanisms and potential regulation pathways.