Potential Entry Points Research Articles

Methodological guidelines for a rapid appraisal of agricultural innovation systems under agroecology (RAAIS-AE)

The agricultural innovation system (AIS) is an approach that considers agricultural innovation from a multidisciplinary perspective. The Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Innovation Systems is one of the commonly used operational methods. It involves a series of structured and participatory activities, including interviews, focus group discussions, and stakeholder workshops, to identify the actors, institutions, and relationships involved in the AIS, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the system. This approach has been structured in such a manner that it adapts easily to different contexts where different stakeholders, such as developers, academicians, and policymakers are working with community members on innovation. A reflection on the concept -what to know (the requirements) and what to get (the outputs) is necessary for coming up with practical, reflective analysis and applicable procedures for a deeper understanding of the context where the innovations are introduced. Following this will enable us to fully understand the bottlenecks in transitioning from conventional systems to an agroecological model thus pinpointing potential entry points for promoting these systems’ dissemination and scaling.

Hand infections : when to consult a hand surgeon ?

The hand is an anatomical site frequently affected by infection due to its central role in all daily activities. It is therefore regularly the site of wounds (contused, penetrating, insect stings, bites, etc.), all of which are potential entry points for infections. Recognition by the general practitioner of the red flags requiring an urgent specialist consultation is therefore essential in order to improve the patient's functional prognosis, determined by the initial management. In this article, we focus on the most frequent situations encountered in primary care.

A Blockchain based Secure Authentication Technique for Ensuring User Privacy in Edge Based Smart City Networks

In the past decade, modernization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Edge Computing (EC), and Smart Cities has attracted significant academic interest due to its diverse applications in the fields of healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and defense. EC offers numerous advantages, including faster and more efficient services, lower latency, improved data processing, managed bandwidth consumption, scalable, real-time decision-making, security, reduced network congestion, and increased resilience. Despite these benefits, EC networks face persistent challenges, particularly related to security and privacy concerns. Addressing these security challenges requires strong authentication mechanisms, which demand extra resources like processing power and memory, often surpassing the limited capabilities of lightweight edge devices compared to cloud systems. This highlights the critical need for securing edge nodes and ensuring user privacy before real-world deployment and data transfer. User and edge device authentication is vital to prevent external and internal Impersonation and Reflection attacks that threaten system integrity and confidentiality. This paper presents a BlockChain based Authentication technique for Edge Networks (BCAuthEN) that utilizes a Consortium Blockchain (CB) with key agreements for biometric authentication, incorporating a Fuzzy Extractor (FE) to secure user biometrics and passwords. In addition, BCAuthEN offers multifactor and continuous authentication by monitoring user behavior and biometrics. BCAuthEN has been formally verified through Real-Or-Random (RoR) modeling and AVISPA tool, proving its effectiveness in enhancing privacy, and security. The proposed technique ensures robust security by preventing attackers at the potential entry points (edge nodes). In addition, BCAuthEN reduces computation cost, communication overhead and improves throughput. BCAuthEN provides strong resilience by achieving high detection accuracy and reduces false positives against impersonation and reflection attacks. Results have shown that BCAuthEN improves communication costs and reduces overhead by 10% and 7%, respectively, as compared to the recent biometric and key-based user authentication techniques.

The Asian Citrus Psyllid (<i>Diaphorina citri</i>) in Africa: using MaxEnt to predict current and future climatic suitability, with a focus on potential invasion routes

The Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a major citrus pest. The species has been introduced to West and East Africa, but has not yet spread to southern Africa, where it could have a devastating impact on citrus farming and livelihoods. A proactive response is key to mitigating the species’ impacts, particularly the ongoing monitoring of potential invasion routes and entry points into South Africa. Species distribution models (SDMs) were developed under current and future climates for ACP in Africa, and these models were used to (1) determine where the species likely poses a threat, (2) identify potential invasion routes into South Africa, and (3) assess how these factors will be affected under climate change. The SDMs indicated that there is an almost contiguous band of suitable climate along the east coast of Africa that joins the species’ current range in East Africa to South Africa, and under aggressive climate change a potential route of invasion through Namibia and Botswana. Much of South Africa is climatically suitable for the species, but under climate change, climatically suitable areas are likely to shift further inland. The spread of ACP into South Africa is unlikely to be prevented, but the outputs of the present models will inform monitoring activities and assist with preparations to respond to this predicted biological invasion.

The Asian Citrus Psyllid (<i>Diaphorina citri</i>) in Africa: using MaxEnt to predict current and future climatic suitability, with a focus on potential invasion routes

The Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a major citrus pest. The species has been introduced to West and East Africa, but has not yet spread to southern Africa, where it could have a devastating impact on citrus farming and livelihoods. A proactive response is key to mitigating the species’ impacts, particularly the ongoing monitoring of potential invasion routes and entry points into South Africa. Species distribution models (SDMs) were developed under current and future climates for ACP in Africa, and these models were used to (1) determine where the species likely poses a threat, (2) identify potential invasion routes into South Africa, and (3) assess how these factors will be affected under climate change. The SDMs indicated that there is an almost contiguous band of suitable climate along the east coast of Africa that joins the species’ current range in East Africa to South Africa, and under aggressive climate change a potential route of invasion through Namibia and Botswana. Much of South Africa is climatically suitable for the species, but under climate change, climatically suitable areas are likely to shift further inland. The spread of ACP into South Africa is unlikely to be prevented, but the outputs of the present models will inform monitoring activities and assist with preparations to respond to this predicted biological invasion.

Organotypic brain slices as a model to study the neurotropism of the highly pathogenic Nipah and Ebola viruses.

Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses with case fatality rates of up to 90%. While the brain is a known target organ following NiV infection, involvement of the central nervous system in EBOV-infected patients only became more evident after the West African epidemic in 2013-2016. To gain a deeper comprehension of the neurotropism of NiV and EBOV with respect to target cells, affected brain regions and local inflammatory responses, murine organotypic brain slices (BS) were established and infected. Both NiV and EBOV demonstrated the capacity to infect BS from adult wt mice and mice lacking the receptor for type I IFNs (IFNAR-/-) and targeted various cell types. NiV was observed to replicate in BS derived from both mouse strains, yet no release of infectious particles was detected. In contrast, EBOV replication was limited in both BS models. The release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-9, IL-17a and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), was observed in both virus-infected models, suggesting a potential role of the inflammatory response in NiV- or EBOV-induced neuropathology. It is noteworthy that the choroid plexus was identified as a highly susceptible target for EBOV and NiV infection, suggesting that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier may serve as a potential entry point for these viruses.

Nurses' health promotion practices in rural primary health care in Nigeria. A qualitative study.

Nurses play a vital role in providing high-quality primary healthcare and health promotion services. The state of research highlights their often complex operational realities and shows the need for an evidence-based understanding of nurses' perspectives on health promotion practices, especially in low-resource settings. This study focuses on how community health nurses in rural primary healthcare centers in Nigeria perceive their health promotion role and the opportunities and challenges of, and potential entry points for strengthening, their practice. A sample of 10 nurses from eight rural primary healthcare centers in eight local government areas of Anambra state, Nigeria, was purposively selected. Data were collected via semistructured telephone and written interviews and analyzed by qualitative content analysis using a deductive-inductive approach. Nurses emphasized their commitment to supporting patients and communities to develop skills and take control of their own lives. Nurses described their role as facilitators of behavioral and environmental change, individual and community empowerment facilitators as well as social activists. Factors that enhance the health promotion practice of nurses include adequate skills, sufficient human and material resources and community support and participation. Inhibiting factors included insufficient funding, poor working conditions, staff shortages, high workload, lack of training opportunities and low participation of community members. Overcoming challenges and facilitating health promotion activities in rural communities require bolstering nurses by providing further training opportunities for enhancing their health promotion competencies and creating supportive environments. Future research should focus on how to strengthen nurses' health promotion efforts through interprofessional and intersectoral collaboration.

Latent profiles and predictors of barriers to care in Swiss children and adolescents with rare diseases.

Children and adolescents with rare diseases face significant barriers when accessing healthcare. We aimed to assess and predict these barriers and investigate associations with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Swiss parents (N = 189) of children with rare diseases including the Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ), containing six barriers and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to uncover distinct classes, which were compared using chi-square tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. Relevant medical and sociodemographic class predictors were identified using Elastic Net regression, followed by regression analysis to investigate their role in predicting barriers to care and examine the effects of these classes on HRQoL. Two distinct groups were identified, a higher barriers class (59%) and a lower barriers class (41%). In the higher barriers class, participants showed elevated scores across all subscales and specifically on pragmatics and expectations. More barriers to care were linked to a nonstable disease course (OR = 2.27, p = .002) and a diagnosis after the age of 3months (OR = 2.17, p = .006). Individuals in the higher barriers class exhibited more psychological comorbidities (p = .044), congenital malformations/deformations/chromosomal abnormalities (p=.042), and medical misdiagnoses (p = .006). Children in the higher barriers class had significantly lower PedsQL scores compared to the lower barriers class (p<.05). This study highlights the need for comprehensive assessment of barriers to pediatric care in rare diseases, offering potential entry points for targeted interventions.

Fluorimetric Tool to Discriminate Glomerular and Tubular Injuries In Vivo.

The etiology and pathological complexity of acute kidney injury (AKI) pose great challenges for early diagnosis, typing, and personalized treatment. It is an important reason for poor prognosis and high mortality of AKI. In order to provide a relatively noninvasive diagnostic and typing method for AKI, we proposed the pathological changes of albumin permeability after glomerular injury and reabsorption efficiency after tubular injury as potential entry points. Thus, a renal tubule labeling fluorescent dye which features albumin concentration-related fluorescence intensity was used to fit these pathological changes. Utilizing this fluorescence assay, we realized urinary tract obstruction imaging as early as 12 h after morbidity. For glomerular and tubular injury discrimination, compared to a healthy control, membranous nephropathy as a representative glomerular injury resulted in enhanced fluorescence intensity of the kidney due to increased albumin penetration, while renal tubular injury caused insufficient dye reabsorption to exhibit weakened fluorescence intensity. The significant differences demonstrated the feasibility of this approach for fluorescence imaging-based AKI typing in vivo.

Intermittent Detections of ISAV-HPR0 in a Salmon Recirculating Aquaculture System, and Implications for Sampling

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen in global Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) aquaculture. The existence of both non-pathogenic (ISAV-HPR0) and pathogenic (HPR-deleted ISAV) forms of the virus impacts hatchery management. In November 2016, fish tested positive for ISAV-HPR0 at the National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center in Maine. A cohort exposed to the fish testing positive for ISAV were lethally sampled over a 7-month period (February–August 2017). No positive samples were detected during this time. Additional testing aimed to determine the extent of the ISAV infections in the facility’s fish and to investigate the water sources as potential virus entry points. Fish testing was designed to detect 2% pathogen prevalence with 95% confidence (assuming diagnostic sensitivity of 85%). Over a three-year period, ISAV-HPR0 was detected in spawning fish annually and once in smolts. Repeat testing of smolts from the affected tank three weeks later failed to detect ISAV-HPR0. Over a one-year period of weekly or biweekly evaluation of the incoming water sources, ISAV was never detected. These findings suggest that ISAV-HPR0 infections in monitored hatchery populations can evade detection and that episodes of high prevalence of ISAV-HPR0 associated with spawning can be highly transient. In both cases, conventional surveillance based on recurrent testing of healthy populations may provide only a very limited indication of the HPR0 status. Instead, targeting surveillance to periods of physiological stress, such as spawning and smoltification, and adjusting the sample sizes to account for a related surge in prevalence, should enhance the detection capacity in hatchery settings while also reducing testing costs.

How to measure agroecology? A rapid appraisal approach based on focus group discussions

ABSTRACT This study presents an approach to assess agroecology at village level through focus group discussions with village committees and district extension agents. This approach is intended as an alternative to resources-intensive assessment methods, covering larger areas and providing rapid yet empirical evidences for policy and practice. It is based on the translation of the 13 agroecology principles of the High-Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) into 21 contextualized indicators and questions that are relevant for the research area. They are grouped into four entry points for transformative action: land use and governance, farm management, social interactions, and socio-economic situation. This approach was tested in 16 villages and three districts in Xiengkhouang Province in Laos. The results show that villages are at an intermediate agroecological level. Comparable results and conclusions were achieved, regarding potential entry points for transformative action in specific villages, encouraging the reliability of the approach. It also showed to be promising in terms of the capacity to characterize the status of the 13 principles of agroecology, and to capture their changes in time. This approach may be further combined with other assessment methods to complement the aspects that require finer understanding or assessment over large territories.

A global multi-indicator assessment of the environmental impact of livestock products

Driven by a growing and more affluent population, changing diets and lifestyles, the demand for livestock products is expected to surge in the next decades. Satisfying this demand will result in additional pressures on land systems. The increasingly globalized supply chains of the livestock economy will further decouple many of these impacts from the places where livestock are reared. In this study, we determined the impact intensities of global livestock production across three environmental indicators: deforestation, biodiversity loss and marine eutrophication. To this end, we used global data on the production of crops (and grass), their trade and use as feed in livestock-production systems, as well as livestock production data. We found the highest deforestation and biodiversity impact intensities in the tropics in Central and South America, Southeast Asia and Central Western Africa. In contrast, the highest values for marine eutrophication intensities were found in countries located in Northern Europe and in South and in East Asia. Our analyses show differences caused by varying efficiencies in livestock production systems and by the sourcing patterns of feed items. In grazing systems for the production of ruminant meat, for example, the resulting impact intensities are dominated by the consumption of grass. In intensive and industrialized production systems, the bulk of the deforestation and, to a lesser extent, biodiversity impacts are linked to imported soybean feed. Our results can help identify livestock production systems and countries that would qualify as priority action targets, as well as potential entry points to make their livestock production systems more sustainable. They can also be used to assist consumers in comparing impacts across and within livestock food product types. Ultimately, understanding the environmental impacts embodied in global supply chains of livestock products can help create better regulatory policies and science-based interventions for protecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Basketball Returns Home: The Diffusion and Translocation of Basketball to Scotland

The early history of basketball and its diffusion to Scotland is yet to be fully acknowledged and recorded. Two themes are addressed in this article: the spread of basketball worldwide and the process of its translocation to a new country; and whether it was voluntarily accepted or culturally imposed or both upon its new host. Some of the preliminary contributions to knowledge about the global diffusion of basketball during its infancy are added to and reimagined, with a specific focus regarding the arrival and infancy of basketball in Scotland. Based on a body of empirical evidence from the British Newspaper Archive alongside the Archive and Special Collection at Springfield College in conjunction with secondary sources which document the inception of basketball in Britain and Scotland, four potential entry points and groups who were responsible for translocating basketball to Scotland are examined. The four: Hampstead College graduates; Scottish-based Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) workers; Scottish sojourners; and Mormon Missionaries. In the process, other possibilities including Springfield graduates and James Naismith are disregarded. To start, the origins of basketball in the United States and its Scottish connections are outlined, before denoting the inception of basketball in the United Kingdom and Scotland.

Attitudes towards Technology: Insights on Rarely Discussed Influences on Older Adults’ Willingness to Adopt Active Assisted Living (AAL)

Background: European research policy promotes active assisted living (AAL) to alleviate costs and reach new markets. The main argument for massive investments in AAL is its potential to raise older adults’ Quality of Life and enhance their freedom, autonomy, mobility, social integration, and communication. However, AAL is less widely spread in older adults’ households than expected. Research Aim: We investigate how the variable “technology acceptance” is connected to socio-economic-, social, health, “personal attitude towards ageing”, and “Quality of life” variables. Method: We conducted a study in Vienna between 2018 and 2020, questioning 245 older adults (M = 74, SD = 6.654) living in private homes. We calculated multivariate models regressing technology acceptance on the various exploratory and confounding variables. Results: Experiencing an event that made the person perceive their age differently changed the attitude towards using an assistive technological system. Participants perceived technology that is directly associated with another human being (e.g., the use of technology to communicate with a physician) more positively. Conclusion: Older adults’ attitudes towards technology may change throughout their lives. Using major events in life as potential entry points for technology requires awareness to avoid reducing the lives of older adults to these events. Secondly, a certain human preference for “human technology” may facilitate abuse if technology is given a white coat, two eyes, a nose, and a mouth that may falsely be associated with a natural person. This aspect raises the ethical issue of accurate information as a significant precondition for informed consent.

Securing Smart Cities: A Cybersecurity Perspective on Integrating IoT, AI, and Machine Learning for Digital Twin Creation

The burgeoning evolution of smart cities, characterized by the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML), heralds a transformative era in urban management and citizen engagement. These technological advancements promise enhanced efficiency in city operations, improved public services, and a sustainable urban environment. However, the complexity and interconnectedness inherent in these systems introduce significant cybersecurity challenges, necessitating innovative approaches to safeguard the digital infrastructure of smart cities. This paper aims to explore the cybersecurity landscape of smart cities from the perspective of integrating IoT, AI, and ML for the creation of digital twins, offering a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and threats within this domain. Smart cities leverage IoT to connect various components of the urban infrastructure, including transportation systems, utilities, and public services, creating an integrated network of devices that communicate and share data. The incorporation of AI and ML into this framework facilitates intelligent decision-making, enabling the automation of services and the optimization of resources. This synergy enhances the quality of life for residents, promotes economic development, and supports sustainable environmental practices. However, the dependence on digital technologies also exposes smart cities to a range of cybersecurity risks, from data breaches and privacy violations to the disruption of critical infrastructure. The integration of IoT, AI, and ML in smart cities, while offering unprecedented opportunities for urban innovation, also amplifies the complexity of the cybersecurity landscape. IoT devices, often designed with minimal security features, become potential entry points for cyber attacks. The vast amount of data generated and processed by these devices, if compromised, could lead to significant privacy and security breaches. AI and ML models, for their part, are susceptible to manipulation and bias, which can undermine the integrity of decision-making processes. The interconnectivity of systems means that a breach in one sector could have cascading effects throughout the city's infrastructure. Against this backdrop, the paper investigates the role of digital twins in mitigating cybersecurity risks in smart cities. Digital twins, digital replicas of physical entities or systems, offer a powerful tool for simulating and analyzing smart city operations, including cybersecurity scenarios. By mirroring the city's infrastructure in a virtual environment, digital twins allow for the identification of vulnerabilities, the simulation of cyber attacks, and the evaluation of potential impacts. This proactive approach to cybersecurity enables city administrators to anticipate threats and implement protective measures before real-world systems are compromised. The research questions guiding this inquiry include: How can the integration of IoT, AI, and ML enhance the resilience of smart cities against cyber threats? What are the specific cybersecurity challenges presented by these technologies, and how can they be addressed? And, most crucially, what role can digital twins play in fortifying the cybersecurity defenses of smart cities? To address these questions, the paper begins with a review of the current state of smart city technology, focusing on the integration of IoT, AI, and ML. It then delves into the cybersecurity challenges unique to this technological landscape, drawing on recent examples of cyber incidents in smart cities. The analysis highlights the vulnerabilities introduced by the widespread use of IoT devices and the complexities of securing AI and ML systems. Following this, the discussion turns to the potential of digital twins as a cybersecurity tool, examining how they can be employed to detect vulnerabilities, simulate attacks, and plan responses. The paper argues that while the integration of IoT, AI, and ML in smart cities presents significant cybersecurity challenges, it also offers opportunities for innovative solutions. Digital twins emerge as a promising approach to enhancing the cybersecurity posture of smart cities, enabling a dynamic and proactive defense mechanism. By facilitating the simulation of cyber threats in a controlled environment, digital twins allow city administrators to identify weaknesses, test the efficacy of protective measures, and develop more resilient urban infrastructures. In conclusion, the integration of IoT, AI, and ML in smart cities represents a double-edged sword, offering both remarkable opportunities for urban innovation and formidable cybersecurity challenges. This paper underscores the critical importance of adopting a cybersecurity perspective in the development and management of smart cities, highlighting the potential of digital twins as a strategic tool in mitigating these risks. As smart cities continue to evolve, embracing these technologies in a secure and responsible manner will be paramount in realizing their full potential while safeguarding the digital and physical well-being of urban populations.

Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) Testbed Design of Thermal Power Plant for Threat Modeling and Attack Vector Analysis

Industrial control systems (ICSs) are extensively utilized worldwide to control and regulate various processes in energy utilities. It consists of various field devices, control and monitoring devices and communication devices. This paper focuses on the testing and analysis of various attack vectors that could potentially occur in a hardware-in-loop (HIL) Industrial Control System (ICS) testbed designed for a 500 MW thermal power plant. In this testbed, four typical process scenarios have been identified that can be manipulated through cyber-attacks, leading to severe issues such as plant shutdown or even explosions. The four significant plant scenarios recognized include minimal coal mill levels and increased temperatures in the classifier, heightened primary airflow to the coal mill, the tripping of an ID fan, and adjustment of the Super-heater temperature to its lowest setting. Also, we utilize the STRIDE threat modeling methodology to accurately represents the elements of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), their inter-dependencies, and the potential attack entry points and system vulnerabilities.

Sentimental Analysis on Forex Market

Sentiment analysis in the forex market is all about understanding how traders feel about a particular currency or the overall market. This perception can influence price movements, so traders use sentiment analysis to gauge market direction and identify potential entry and exit points for their trades. Common tools for this include reports on commercial and non-commercial positions (like the Commitment of Traders report), broker sentiment indicators, and even social media analysis. By understanding where the crowd is leaning, traders can make more informed decisions about their own positions.

The Necessity to Investigate In Vivo Fate of Nanoparticle-Loaded Dissolving Microneedles.

Transdermal drug delivery systems are rapidly gaining prominence and have found widespread application in the treatment of numerous diseases. However, they encounter the challenge of a low transdermal absorption rate. Microneedles can overcome the stratum corneum barrier to enhance the transdermal absorption rate. Among various types of microneedles, nanoparticle-loaded dissolving microneedles (DMNs) present a unique combination of advantages, leveraging the strengths of DMNs (high payload, good mechanical properties, and easy fabrication) and nanocarriers (satisfactory solubilization capacity and a controlled release profile). Consequently, they hold considerable clinical application potential in the precision medicine era. Despite this promise, no nanoparticle-loaded DMN products have been approved thus far. The lack of understanding regarding their in vivo fate represents a critical bottleneck impeding the clinical translation of relevant products. This review aims to elucidate the current research status of the in vivo fate of nanoparticle-loaded DMNs and elaborate the necessity to investigate the in vivo fate of nanoparticle-loaded DMNs from diverse aspects. Furthermore, it offers insights into potential entry points for research into the in vivo fate of nanoparticle-loaded DMNs, aiming to foster further advancements in this field.

Smart intrusion detection system with balanced data in IoMT infra

The IoMT (Internet of Medical Things) has allowed for uninterrupted, critical patient observation, improved diagnosis precision, and efficient therapy. However, despite the usefulness of such medical things (devices), they also raise a lot of confidentiality and security issues since they provide potential entry points for hackers to exploit. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a technique for detecting network intrusions that combines precision, flexibility, and consistency. Addressing diverse information sources is challenging for finding negligible intrusions in sophisticated network systems, a core problem for current Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). In this research, we propose a deep learning-based method for efficient network IDS in cases when data is unevenly distributed. Therefore, to address the poor identification rate of intrusions, we present a unique CGAN-CNN (Conditional Generative Adversarial Network-Convolutional Neural Network) IDS approach that oversamples from the unbalanced information based on the CGAN paradigm to overcome the functional deterioration induced by such unbalanced data, especially during intrusion detection. In addition, the sub-networks’ critic and generator each get additional constraints as part of the CGAN’s standard operating procedure, which helps to reduce the amount of leeway in the convergence process and speeds up the impact of convergence. To validate the effectiveness of the suggested model, we conducted an investigation using the most contemporary publicly available datasets, namely NIDS (Network Intrusion Detection System), and the CICDDoS2019 (Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity Distributed Denial of Service 2019) dataset from the Canadian Institution for Cybersecurity, and for healthcare-oriented image datasets Kaggle, respectively. The experimental findings validated the superiority of the CGAN-CNN approach described in this research. Notified as more trustworthy indications, F1-score and precision performed at 97.88%, and 97.15%, respectively.

Bahaya Hewan Liar (Wild Life Hazard) Terhadap Pelayanan Lalu Lintas Penerbangan di Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim Batam

This research was conducted at Hang Nadim International Airport, Batam, to investigate the handling of wildlife hazards that impact flight operations and safety. The research methodology used was qualitative descriptive. Data collection techniques included documentation study and direct field observations from December 2020 to March 2021. The research findings indicated that the presence of wildlife activities at Hang Nadim International Airport can compromise the safety objectives of Air Traffic Service (ATS). Instances of aircraft experiencing delays during takeoff and landing were identified, along with frequent discoveries of bird carcasses on the runway that could become Foreign Object Debris (FOD), thereby affecting the smooth flow of air traffic. Special attention is required to manage wildlife hazards in order to enhance flight operations and safety at Hang Nadim International Airport. Additionally, effective coordination and structured management systems are needed, including the establishment of a dedicated unit for wildlife prevention, the procurement of bird repellent devices for prevention purposes, surveillance and control of bird disturbances in the vicinity of the airport, regular tree felling and land clearance around the airport to prevent wildlife nesting and foraging, and infrastructure improvements to eliminate potential entry points for wildlife into the manouvering and movement areas.