Potential Drug Delivery Carrier Research Articles

Targeted delivery of letrozole-loaded Mg-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor used as an anticancer drug. Conventional Letrozole therapies for breast cancer often cause adverse effects when administered orally or parenterally. Efforts have been made to develop an advanced drug delivery system for breast cancer treatment, aiming to improve drug release accuracy and therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. This study focuses on magnesium-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (Mg-doped CFNPs) as potential drug delivery carrier for breast cancer treatment. Mg-doped CFNPs with the chemical formula Co1-xMgxFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) were synthesized with different concentrations of 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 % by the sol gel method with a fine size of 30–70 nm and their characteristics such as surface morphology, structural properties, chemical composition, and charge were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis respectively. After synthesis, the Mg-doped CFNPs were coated with Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and encapsulated with Letrozole, which exhibited <10 % hemolytic activity across all concentrations, as well as minimal cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells (HEK-293) but exhibited significant toxicity towards breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231).The best results were obtained at a concentration of 25 % in both the hemolytic assay and the MTT assay, which indicated that increasing the amount of magnesium in cobalt decreased the toxicity and increased the drug release efficiency of nanoparticles.

Engineering of Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers for Therapeutic Applications.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), have garnered considerable attention as potential carriers for drug delivery, owing to their inherent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and prolonged circulation half-life. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the role of erythrocytes in drug delivery, elucidating recent advancements in delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, nucleic acids, antibodies, protein enzymes, and nanoparticles. Two primary strategies for encapsulating drugs within erythrocytes are systematically discussed: internal loading and surface loading. Each strategy offers distinct advantages in terms of drug stability and release kinetics. Notably, the utilization of erythrocyte membrane camouflaged nanocarriers holds promise for enhancing the biocompatibility of conventional nanoparticles and facilitating targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of biomedical applications of erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems are examined, ranging from cancer treatment to diabetes management, thrombosis prevention, and immunotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of current technologies in erythrocyte-loaded drug delivery, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for advancing therapeutic interventions in various disease contexts.

Investigation of transition metals (Ag, Au, Pd, Pt and Ru)-doped boron nitride nanocarrier for drug delivery process of favipiravir: An intuition from DFT

The scientific community is keenly interested in developing efficient drug delivery systems using B12N12, particularly for carrying anti-influenza drugs like Favipiravir (FAV) against life-threatening RNA virus infections. This study delves into the exploration of transition metal-doped B12N12 nanostructures as potential carriers for drug delivery. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the wB97XD/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory, the research specifically investigates the efficacy of transition metal-doped (Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, and Ru) boron nitride nanocages as effective agents for delivering the FAV drug. The systematic exploration of adsorption energy, electronic features, and thermodynamic properties (ΔG and ΔH) of FAV interacting with B12N12 and transition metals-doped (Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, and Ru) nanocages reveals a significant improvement in drug-carrying capacity, marked by notable physisorption capabilities as evident from negative adsorption energies. The confirmation of FAV’s interaction with doped-B12N12 nanocages was supported by a comprehensive analysis encompassing frontier molecular orbitals, adsorption energy, fractional charge transfer, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), non-covalent interaction(NCI), and natural bond orbital (NBO) assessments. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), density of states (DOS), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses reveal nanocages as charge acceptors and drug as charge donor during the adsorption process. The band gap energies decreased upon FAV adsorption on both pristine and doped nanocages except Au and Pd doped nanocages. Among the doped cases, the Ag-doped B12N12 nanocage exhibits the most significant reduction in the HOMO-LUMO energy difference, and therefore should be the most effective nanocarrier for FAV. The results of this study offer novel insights for the development of B12N12 nanocages as carriers for the FAV drug.

Enhanced Stability and Solidification of Volatile Eugenol by Cyclodextrin-Metal Organic Framework for Nasal Powder Delivery.

Eugenol (Eug) holds potential as a treatment for bacterial rhinosinusitis by nasal powder drug delivery. To stabilization and solidification of volatile Eug, herein, nasal inhalable γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (γ-CD-MOF) was investigated as a carrier by gas-solid adsorption method. The results showed that the particle size of Eug loaded by γ-CD-MOF (Eug@γ-CD-MOF) distributed in the range of 10-150μm well. In comparison to γ-CD and β-CD-MOF, γ-CD-MOF has higher thermal stability to Eug. And the intermolecular interactions between Eug and the carriers were verified by characterizations and molecular docking. Based on the bionic human nasal cavity model, Eug@γ-CD-MOF had a high deposition distribution (90.07 ± 1.58%). Compared with free Eug, the retention time Eug@γ-CD-MOF in the nasal cavity was prolonged from 5min to 60min. In addition, the cell viability showed that Eug@γ-CD-MOF (Eug content range 3.125-200µg/mL) was non-cytotoxic. And the encapsulation of γ-CD-MOF could not reduce the bacteriostatic effect of Eug. Therefore, the biocompatible γ-CD-MOF could be a potential and valuable carrier for nasal drug delivery to realize solidification and nasal therapeutic effects of volatile oils.

Archaeosomes for Oral Drug Delivery: From Continuous Microfluidics Production to Powdered Formulations.

Archaeosomes were manufactured from natural archaeal lipids by a microfluidics-assisted single-step production method utilizing a mixture of di- and tetraether lipids extracted from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the exceptional stability of archaeosomes as potential carriers for oral drug delivery, with a focus on powdered formulations. The archaeosomes were negatively charged with a size of approximately 100 nm and a low polydispersity index. To assess their suitability for oral delivery, the archaeosomes were loaded with two model drugs: calcein, a fluorescent compound, and insulin, a peptide hormone. The archaeosomes demonstrated high stability in simulated intestinal fluids, with only 5% of the encapsulated compounds being released after 24 h, regardless of the presence of degrading enzymes or extremely acidic pH values such as those found in the stomach. In a co-culture cell model system mimicking the intestinal barrier, the archaeosomes showed strong adhesion to the cell membranes, facilitating a slow release of contents. The archaeosomes were loaded with insulin in a single-step procedure achieving an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 35%. These particles have been exposed to extreme manufacturing temperatures during freeze-drying and spray-drying processes, demonstrating remarkable resilience under these harsh conditions. The fabrication of stable dry powder formulations of archaeosomes represents a promising advancement toward the development of solid dosage forms for oral delivery of biological drugs.

Evaluation of the Immunosafety of Cucurbit[n]uril In Vivo.

Cucurbiturils are a family of macrocyclic oligomers capable of forming host-guest complexes with various molecules. Due to noncovalent binding to drug molecules and low toxicity, cucurbiturils has been extensively investigated as potential carriers for drug delivery. However, the immune system's interactions with different drug carriers, including cucurbiturils, are still under investigation. In this study, we focused on cucurbiturils' immunosafety and immunomodulation properties in vivo. We measured blood counts and lymphocyte subpopulations in blood, spleen, and bone marrow, and assessed the in vivo toxicity to spleen and bone marrow cells after intraperitoneal administration to BALB/c mice. When assessing the effect of cucurbit[6]uril on blood parameters after three intraperitoneal injections within a week in laboratory animals, a decrease in white blood cells was found in mice after injections of cucurbit[6]util, but the observed decrease in the number of white blood cells was within the normal range. At the same time, cucurbit[7]uril and cucurbit[8]uril did not affect the leukocyte counts of mice after three injections. Changes in the number of platelets, erythrocytes, and monocytes, as well as in several other indicators, such as hematocrit or erythrocyte volumetric dispersion, were not detected. We show that cucurbiturils do not have immunotoxicity in vivo, with the exception of a cytotoxic effect on spleen cells after сucurbit[7]uril administration at a high dosage. We also evaluated the effect of cucurbiturils on cellular and humoral immune responses. We founded that cucurbiturils in high concentrations affect the immune system in vivo, and the action of various cucurbiturils differs in different homologues, which is apparently associated with different interactions in the internal environment of the body.

Imidazolium-based zwitterionic liquid-modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticles as a potential intravenous drug delivery carrier.

Zwitterionic-based systems offer promise as next-generation drug delivery biomaterials capable of enhancing nanoparticle (NP) stimuli-responsiveness, biorecognition, and biocompatibility. Further, imidazole-functionalized amphiphilic zwitterions are able to readily bind to various biological macromolecules, enabling antifouling properties for enhanced drug delivery efficacy and bio-targeting. Herein, we describe structurally tuned zwitterionic imidazole-based ionic liquid (ZIL)-coated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles made with sonicated nanoprecipitation. Upon ZIL surface modification, the hydrodynamic radius increased by nearly 20 nm, and the surface charge significantly shifted closer to neutral. 1H NMR spectra suggests that the amount of ZIL on the nanoparticle surface is controlled by the structure of the ZIL and that the assembly occurs as a result of non-covalent interactions of ZIL-coated nanoparticle with the polymer surface. These nanoparticle-zwitterionic liquid (ZIL) constructs demonstrate selective affinity towards red blood cells in whole mouse blood and show relatively low human hemolysis at ∼5%. Additionally, we observe higher nanoparticle accumulation of ZIL-NPs compared with unmodified NP controls in human triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Furthermore, although the ZIL shows similar protein adsorption by SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS protein analysis data demonstrate a difference in the relative abundance and depletion of proteins in mouse and human serum. Hence, we show that ZIL-coated nanoparticles provide a new potential platform to enhance RBC-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatments.

SGAE-MDA: Exploring the MiRNA-disease associations in herbal medicines based on semi-supervised graph autoencoder

Research indicates that miRNAs present in herbal medicines are crucial for identifying disease markers, advancing gene therapy, facilitating drug delivery, and so on. These miRNAs maintain stability in the extracellular environment, making them viable tools for disease diagnosis. They can withstand the digestive processes in the gastrointestinal tract, positioning them as potential carriers for specific oral drug delivery. By engineering plants to generate effective, non-toxic miRNA interference sequences, it's possible to broaden their applicability, including the treatment of diseases such as hepatitis C. Consequently, delving into the miRNA-disease associations (MDAs) within herbal medicines holds immense promise for diagnosing and addressing miRNA-related diseases. In our research, we propose the SGAE-MDA model, which harnesses the strengths of a graph autoencoder (GAE) combined with a semi-supervised approach to uncover potential MDAs in herbal medicines more effectively. Leveraging the GAE framework, the SGAE-MDA model exactly integrates the inherent feature vectors of miRNAs and disease nodes with the regulatory data in the miRNA-disease network. Additionally, the proposed semi-supervised learning approach randomly hides the partial structure of the miRNA-disease network, subsequently reconstructing them within the GAE framework. This technique effectively minimizes network noise interference. Through comparison against other leading deep learning models, the results consistently highlighted the superior performance of the proposed SGAE-MDA model. Our code and dataset can be available at: https://github.com/22n9n23/SGAE-MDA.

A novel fabrication and characterization of PEGylated hydroxyapatite-zirconia oxide nanoparticles for biomedical application

Calcium phosphate-based nanomaterials (NMs) have garnered substantial attention for their potential applications in addressing bone-related diseases. However, the production of nanomaterials with optimal bioactivity and minimal toxicity remains a challenging endeavor. Hence, the current study focused on the synthesis and characterization of PEGylated hydroxyapatite-zirconia oxide nanoparticles (PHAP-ZrO2 NPs) and assessed their cytotoxicity on both HEK-293 cells and red blood cells, with a specific emphasis on their suitability for applications in bone tissue engineering. PHAP-ZrO2 NPs were synthesized employing both the sol-gel and grinding methods, enabling a comparative assessment of their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the properties of the synthesized PHAP-ZrO2 NPs were thoroughly examined utilizing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Notably, TEM analysis revealed the distinctive oval shape of the PEG-HAP-ZrO2 NPs. The zeta size and zeta potential of PHAP-ZrO2 NPs were 122.8 ± 0.16 nm and − 25.7 ± 6.6 mV, respectively. The in-vitro cytotoxicity analysis confirmed that the PHAP-ZrO2 NPs (1 mg/mL) have 71.5 ± 5.3% of cell viability with minimal toxicity. Similarly, PHAP-ZrO2 NPs did not cause substantial toxicity (5.76 ± 0.057%) to red blood cells (RBCs) compared to PBS (2.27 ± 0.119%). Overall, the high throughput characterization and cytotoxicity results of this study demonstrate that the synthesized PHAP-ZrO2 NPs could be developed as potential drug delivery carriers for therapeutic applications.

The influence of preparation conditions on the formation and extent of interactions in chitosan/xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complexes as potential drug delivery carriers

The influence of preparation conditions on the formation and extent of interactions in chitosan/xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complexes as potential drug delivery carriers

Biopolymer-Based Nanosystems: Potential Novel Carriers for Kidney Drug Delivery.

Kidney disease has become a serious public health problem throughout the world, and its treatment and management constitute a huge global economic burden. Currently, the main clinical treatments are not sufficient to cure kidney diseases. During its development, nanotechnology has shown unprecedented potential for application to kidney diseases. However, nanotechnology has disadvantages such as high cost and poor bioavailability. In contrast, biopolymers are not only widely available but also highly bioavailable. Therefore, biopolymer-based nanosystems offer new promising solutions for the treatment of kidney diseases. This paper reviews the biopolymer-based nanosystems that have been used for renal diseases and describes strategies for the specific, targeted delivery of drugs to the kidney as well as the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles that affect the targeting success.

Improvement in Skin Penetration Capacity of Linalool by Using Microemulsion as a Delivery Carrier: Formulation Optimization and In Vitro Evaluation.

Linalool is an aromatic oil with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-UVB-induced skin damage effects. The aim of this study was to develop a linalool-loaded microemulsion formulation for topical application. In order to quickly obtain an optimal drug-loaded formulation, statistical tools of the response surface methodology and a mixed experimental design with four independent variables of oil (X1), mixed surfactant (X2), cosurfactant (X3) and water (X4) were used to design a series of model formulations in order to analyze the effect of the composition on the characteristics and permeation capacity of linalool-loaded microemulsion formulations and to obtain an appropriate drug-loaded formulation. The results showed that the droplet size, viscosity and penetration capacity of linalool-loaded formulations were significantly affected by formulation component proportions. The skin deposition amount of the drug and flux of such formulations expressively increased about 6.1-fold and 6.5-fold, respectively, when compared to the control group (5% linalool dissolved in ethanol). After 3 months of storage, the physicochemical characteristics and drug level did not show a significant change. The linalool formulation-treated rat skin showed non-significant irritation compared to skin treatments in the distilled-water-treated group. The results showed that specific microemulsion applications might be considered as potential drug delivery carriers for essential oil topical application.

Surface Glycan Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles by Lectin Microarray and Glycoengineering for Control of Cellular Interactions.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs)are a group of cell-derived membrane vesicles that carry a variety of cargo such as protein, nucleic acids, andlipids, and are secreted by almost all cell types. Functionally, EVs play important roles in physiological andpathological processes such as immune responses and tumor growth through intercellular communication bytransferring this molecular information between cells. Therefore, they have potential versatile clinical applicationsas disease biomarkers and drug delivery carriers. Notably, subpopulations of EVsexhibit distinct characteristics depending on their cell of origin, including the expression of surface glycans, whichhave been implicated in a variety of cellular processes such as field cancerization, cell recognition, and signaltransduction. However, these are features have not been fully exploited because of the difficulty in analyzing theseproteins. In this paper, we summarize the advancements in glycoengineering andhigh-performance lectin microarray for high-throughput analysis of EV glycans to generate an index ofheterogeneity to identify disease biomarkers, and describe how understanding the function of EVs in disease canenhance their potential application in the clinic.

Accelerated germination of aged recalcitrant seeds by K+-rich bulk oxygen nanobubbles

Bulk nanobubbles, measuring less than 200 nm in water, have shown their salient properties in promoting growth in various species of plants and orthodox seeds, and as potential drug-delivery carriers in medicine. Studies of recalcitrant seeds have reported markedly increased germination rates with gibberellin treatment; however, neither the mechanism promoting germination nor the implication for food safety is well elucidated. In our study, recalcitrant wasabi (Eutrema japonicum) seeds treated with bulk oxygen nanobubbles (BONB) containing K+, Na+, and Cl− (BONB-KNaCl) showed significantly accelerated germination. As germination progressed, 99% of K+ ions in the BONB-KNaCl medium were absorbed by the seeds, whereas Ca2+ ions were released. These results suggest that the germination mechanism involves the action of K+ channels for migration of K+ ions down their concentration gradient and Ca2+ pumps for the movement of Ca2+ ions, the first potential discovery in germination promotion in recalcitrant seeds using nutrient solutions with BONB-KNaCl.

Multi-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled release of vincristine

As medical research progresses, the derivation and development of biological materials such as hydrogels have steadily gained more interest. The biocompatibility and non-toxicity of chitosan make chitosan hydrogels potential carriers for drug delivery. This work aims to develop two multi-reactive, safe, and highly swellable bio-hydrogels consisting of chitosan-graft-glycerol (CS-g-gly) and carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-glycerol (CMCS-g-gly), for sustained and controlled drug release, improved bioavailability along with entrapment in nanocarriers, which reduces side effects of vincristine sulphate. CS-g-gly and CMCS-g-gly are successfully prepared and fully characterized using analytical techniques. Under various conditions, the prepared hydrogels exhibit a high swelling ratio. Vincristine-loaded CS-g-gly (VCR/CS-g-gly), and CMCS-g-gly (VCR/CMCS-g-gly) show high encapsulation efficiency between 72.28-89.97%, and 56.97-71.91%, respectively. VCR/CS-g-gly show a sustained release behavior, and the maximum release of VCR from hydrogels reached 82% after 120 h of incubation. MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line) and MCF-10 (normal breast cell line) are evaluated for cell viability and apoptosis induction. The in-vitro anti-tumor efficacy is investigated using flow cytometry. The tetrazolium-based MTT assay of hydrogels shows no evidence of significant cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and MCF-10 cells. According to these findings, these hydrogels can effectively deliver drugs to MCF-7 and other breast cancer cells.

DNA Nanogel for Cancer Therapy

AbstractDNA nanogel exhibits properties of both the DNA and hydrogel, for example, remarkable biocompatibility, programmability, high drug loading capacity, and rapid stimuli‐responsive nature to microenvironment, which make it a potential ideal carrier for drug and gene delivery. In this review, DNA nanogels are categorized into two types, that is, rolling circle amplification‐based nanogel and hybridization‐based nanogel. Construction methods, design ideas for different functions, and applications in chemotherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy of nanogels are discussed. It is believed that this review will help readers to have a deeper understanding of the basic design strategies of DNA nanogels for specific targeting, loading of various anticancer agents, and stimuli‐responsive degradation of nanogels for the controlled release of drugs, which will ultimately help to design more effective delivery system for better therapeutic effects. It is very likely that DNA nanogel, as an intelligent drug carrier, will play a greater role in cancer treatment in future.

Applications of microalga-powered microrobots in targeted drug delivery.

Over the past decade, researchers have proposed a new class of drug delivery systems, bio-hybrid micro-robots, designed with a variety of living cell-driven micro-robots that utilize the unique mobility of natural organisms (bacteria, cells, exosomes, etc.) to transport effective drugs. Microalgae are considered potential drug delivery carriers. Recent studies have shown that microalga-based drug delivery systems exhibit excellent biocompatibility. In addition, microalgae have a large surfactant area, phototaxis, oxygen production, and other characteristics, so they are used as a carrier for the treatment of bacterial infections, cancer, etc. This review summarizes the modification of microalgae including click chemistry and electrostatic adsorption, and can improve the drug loading efficiency through dehydration and hydration strategies. The prepared microalgal drug delivery system can be targeted to different organs by different dosing methods or using external forces. Finally, it summarizes its antibacterial (gastritis, periodontitis, skin wound inflammation, etc.) and antitumor applications.

Preparation and Optimization of Poly-Tannic Acid Nanoparticles as Potential Polymeric Drug or Drug Delivery Carrier

Tannic acid (TA), as a common natural catechol derivative, has been widely applied as antibacterial drug or in the construction of carriers for drug delivery with metal ions. However, unlike dopamine, another catechol derivative whose polymerized form of nanoparticles have been successfully constructed and adopted in various biomedical fields, the development of poly-TA nanoparticles (PTANPs) is rarely reported and the optimization studies are even less. Therefore, the understanding of details and information regarding to the synthesis of PTANPs can provide insights into the polymerization process of TA and inspire the development of other catechol derivatives based nanoscale platforms for diverse scientific applications. Herein, we used a typical sodium hydroxide (NaOH) triggered polymerization followed by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) degradation to prepare PTANPs. In our study, we explored the impact of temperature, weight/volume of reactants (TA, NaOH and H2O2) and reaction time (NaOH and H2O2) on the size of finally obtained PTANPs, which can give guidance and inspiration for future researches and facilitate the studies of followers.

Carrier-free Chinese herbal small molecules self-assembly with 3D-porous crystal framework as a synergistic anti-AD agent

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by multiple factors. Single-target drugs have limited efficacy for AD treatment. Therefore, multi-target intervention strategy has great potential. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is mostly used in the form of compound prescription, which has the polypharmacology behavior. Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei are frequently used as the couplet medicines of TCM for AD therapy. In this study, the novel carrier-free nanoassembly with 3D-porous frame crystal structure has formulated from supramolecular self-assembly of berberine (BER) and rhein (RHE), the main active components of Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, respectively. Combining with the spectral data and single crystal structure, the self-assembly process was clarified as dominated by electrostatic interaction and π-π stacking. In vitro release property, cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation regulation, radical elimination, metal ions chelation and cytotoxicity assay indicated that the obtained BER-RHE assembly had the Fickian diffusion-controlled sustained release ability, synergistic biological activities and virtually no neurotoxicity. In addition, in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) level evaluation showed that the assembly could reduce the accumulation of intracellular ROS in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Meanwhile, BER-RHE assembly could also be used as a novel potential carrier for drug delivery due to its superior 3D-porous frame. This green and facile strategy for carrier-free nanoassembly microscopic construction via supramolecular self-assembly might provide inspiration for the development of multi-target therapy for AD and the design of the novel drug delivery system.

Recent Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery System

Nanoparticle drug delivery system is used for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine because of beneficial properties, such as better encapsulation, bioavailability, control release, and lower toxic effect. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nano scale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. There are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc. in the treatment of various diseases.The controlled self-assembly of organic and inorganic materials may enable their use in theranostic applications. This review presents an overview of a recent advanced nanoparticle system that can be used as a potential drug delivery carrier and focuses on the potential applications of nanoparticles in various biomedical fields for human health care.