Potential Applications Of Chitosan Research Articles

Research progress on chitosan and its derivatives in the fields of corrosion inhibition and antimicrobial activity.

Chitosan stands out as the only known polysaccharide of its kind, second only to cellulose. As the second-largest biopolymer globally, chitosan and its derivatives are extensively used in diverse areas such as metal anti-corrosion prevention, food production, and medical fields. Its benefits include environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability. Notably, the use of chitosan and its derivatives has gained substantial attention and has been extensively researched in the fields of metal anti-corrosion prevention and antibacterial applications. By means of chemical modification or synergistic action, the inherent limitations of chitosan can be substantially improved, thereby enhancing its biological and physicochemical properties to meet a wider range of applications and more demanding application requirements. This article offers a comprehensive review of chitosan and its modified composite materials, focusing on the enhancement of their anticorrosion and antibacterial properties, as well as the mechanisms by which they serve as anticorrosion and antibacterial agents. Additionally, it summarizes the synthesis routes of various modification methods of chitosan and their applications in different fields, aiming to contribute to the interdisciplinary development and potential applications of chitosan in various areas.

Application of Response Surface Methodology on Brewery Wastewater Treatment Using Chitosan as a Coagulant

Brewery wastewater (BWW) treatment seems to be challenging for conventional wastewater treatment processes. Hence, different processes (i.e., biological, physical, chemical, and advanced oxidation processes) have been investigated; however, reports on parametric optimization using statistical tools are scant. In this present study, the potential application of chitosan as a biopolymer coagulant in decontaminating BWW was investigated. Operating conditions were optimised using the central composite design in response surface methodology (RSM) with 16 experimental runs. The effect of process variables, i.e., pH (4–8), chitosan dose (2–4) g/L and contact time (15–45 min) on the removal of turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and orthophosphates were investigated. Experimental results obtained were statistically analysed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and second-order polynomial response predictive models as functions of input variables with a significant regression coefficient of R2 > 0.95 at 95% confidence were obtained. At numerical optimum conditions of pH (8), chitosan dose (2 g/L), and contact time (43 min), validation experimental responses of 91% turbidity, 89% TOC, and 65% orthophosphate removals were obtained at a standard deviation of ±0.588, ±0.395, and ±3.603, respectively. The validation results at optimum conditions suggest that proper adjustment of pH, chitosan dose, and contact time is imperative for maximising the efficiency of chitosan in treating BWW. Moreover, the findings of the current study demonstrate that chitosan can be used as a viable bio-coagulant in BWW treatment prior to being discharged into water receiving bodies.

Synthesis method of chitin become chitosan polymer from shrimp shells for enhanced oil recovery

The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits and procedures for making chitosan polymer from chitin found in shrimp shells. This initial research aims to synthesize chitosan membrane from chitosan powder and its characteristics. Chitin is the main organic material found in groups of crustaceans, insects, fungi, molluscs and arthropods animals. Crab, shrimp and lobster shells have long been known as sources of chitin production as their chitin content is quite high. Chitin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer after cellulose. This non-toxic natural biopolymer is produced commercially from shrimp and crab shell waste. Chitosan powder is prepared from shrimp shells through deproteination, demineralization and deacetylation processes. Chitosan is characterized by conducting tests of water content, ash content, nitrogen content, viscosity, degree of deacetylation, analysis of functional groups by IR spectroscopy and crystallinity by X-ray diffraction. Chitosan characterization is seen from physical appearance, functional group analysis and crystallinity. The potential application of chitosan, as a deacetylated chitin derivative is multidimensional in nature, such as in food and nutrition, biotechnology, materials science, medicine and pharmacy, agriculture and environmental protection. Chitin isolation from shrimp shells and its synthesis into chitosan, makes shrimp shells more beneficial for other fields. One of the applications of chitin is as chitosan polymer, which is used as an injection fluid in the field of Enhanced Oil Recovery.

The Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Chitosan in Dental Sciences: A Review

Chitosan is significant and more promising biomaterial. It is a commonly available polysaccharide and easy to synthesis: the structure and the reactive groups of chitosan aid in obtaining an extended modification of chitosan for various applications. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan are significant, among them the antimicrobial, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic are of importance. Earlier it was widely used for industrial applications. The superior biological properties, along with other advantages, has enhanced the applications in biomedical and dentistry. It is widely used for bone regeneration, tissue replacement, drug delivery, wound healing, anti-plaque, anti-cariogenic and modifying of dental materials to obtain better properties. Mostly the studies are in primitive research. More studies are to be done to obtain the best advantages of the material. The understanding of the material and its usage are useful for extended for further developments. This review provides information on chitosan on material, properties, synthesis and applications.

Potential Application of Biopolymer Chitosan and Cationic/Anionic Polymers in Textile Wastewater Treatment

Biopolymer chitosan have been investigated for color removal in textile wastewater by using coagulation process of biopolymers and synthetic polymers. After the wastewater samples were treated with 0.1% chitosan for chitosan coagulation process, coagulation process of cationic or anionic polymer were performed by using chitosan and cationic polymer (CSC) or chitosan and anionic polymer (CSA) polymer concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/l at pH 6-8, respectively. The color removal efficiency of textile wastewater samples before and after treatment with chitosan followed by cationic/anionic polymers has been evaluated. The color removal by chitosan was dependent on pH and the maximum percent removal 31.4 ± 3.3% has been observed at pH 7. The optimum parameters for polymer-biopolymer coagulation process in this study was CSC at dosage of 0.2 g/l, pH 8 and CSA at dosage of 0.1 g/l, pH 7. Besides, its chemical analyses including Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dissolved solid, and suspended solid were analyzed in order to consider the potential application of chitosan in textile wastewater treatment. The results showed that the COD, dissolved solid and suspended solid of pre-treated textile wastewater were 290, 3998.7 and 280.7 mg/l, respectively, however, both dissolved solid and suspended solid were higher than the regulatory standard for wastewater. As the optimum condition, the COD, dissolved solid and suspended solid of textile wastewater after treatment with CSC (0.2 g/l at pH 8) were 260.7, 1939.8 and 103.6 mg/l, respectively, while the COD, dissolved solid and suspended solid of textile wastewater after treatment with CSA (0.1 g/l at pH 7) were 190.6, 3002.2and 106.8 mg/l, respectively. All of the results after treatments were within the regulatory standard. Therefore, the combination of chitosan and cationic/anionic polymers could be utilized in textile wastewater treatment.

A review of chitosan-, alginate-, and gelatin-based biocomposites for bone tissue engineering

Bone diseases and injuries have a major impact on the quality of life. Classical treatments for bone repair/regeneration/replacement have various disadvantages. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) received a great attention in the last years. Natural polymers are intensively studied in this field due to their properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability, abundance in nature, high processability). Unfortunately, their mechanical properties are poor, which is why synthetic polymers or ceramics are added in order to provide the optimal compressive, elastic or fatigue strength. Moreover, growth factors, vitamins, or antimicrobial substances are also added to enhance the cell behavior (attachment, proliferation, and differentiation). In this review, new scientific results regarding potential applications of chitosan-, alginate-, and gelatin based biocomposites in BTE will be provided, along with their in vitro and/or in vivo tests.

Chitosan: A Multifunctional Polymer

Chitin is the most important natural polysaccharide after cellulose, found in crustaceous shell or in cell walls of fungi. Chitosan, one of the natural multifunctional polymers, due to its unique and versatile biological properties is regarded as a useful compound in medical and pharmaceutical technology. In recent times chitosan has been far and wide used as a popular formulation excipient due to its inimitable characteristics in the field of pharmaceutical sciences as binding, disintegrating, stabilizing, suspending, tablet coating, and film forming material. Recently, considerable research effort has been made in order to develop safe and efficient chitosan products. Chitosan has been comprehensively investigated for its suitability for its controlled release characteristics in various studies. Oral delivery of genes and peptides by means of different formulations based on chitosan is also investigated in various examinations by the capability of its absorption and penetration enhancing properties. It is possessing tremendous mucoadhesive and inherent anti-microbial properties, so that it can be used as a carrier for novel drug delivery. In addition to the above mentioned reasons, tailoring the controlled release and to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the low molecular weight drug compounds can also be achieved by this polymer and moreover in combination with various polymers is feasible due its compatibility i.e. low chemical reactivity. This brief editorial epitomizes the potential applications of chitosan in novel drug delivery systems.

Chitosan inhibits enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A in growth medium and chicken meat

Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming bacterium and a major cause of bacterial food-borne illness. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of chitosan against spore germination, spore outgrowth and vegetative growth of C. perfringens food poisoning (FP) isolates. Chitosan of differing molecular weights inhibited germination of spores of all tested FP isolates in a KCl germinant solution containing 0.1 mg/ml chitosan at pH 4.5. However, higher level (0.25 mg/ml) of chitosan was required to effectively arrest outgrowth of the germinated C. perfringens spores in Tripticase-yeast extract-glucose (TGY) medium. Furthermore, chitosan (1.0 mg/ml) was bacteriostatic against vegetative cells of C. perfringens in TGY medium. Although chitosan showed strong inhibitory activities against C. perfringens in laboratory medium, higher levels (2.0 mg/g) were required to achieve similar inhibition of spores inoculated into chicken meat. In summary, the inhibitory effects of chitosan against C. perfringens FP isolates was concentration dependent, and no major difference was observed when using different molecule weight chitosan as an inhibitor. Our results contribute to a better understanding on the potential application of chitosan in cooked meat products to control C. perfringens-associated disease.

Preparation, characterization, and potential application of chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan metal nanoparticles in pharmaceutical drug delivery.

Naturally occurring polymers, particularly of the polysaccharide type, have been used pharmaceutically for the delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Chitosan, the second abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide next to cellulose, is a biocompatible and biodegradable mucoadhesive polymer that has been extensively used in the preparation of micro-as well as nanoparticles. The prepared particles have been exploited as a potential carrier for different therapeutic agents such as peptides, proteins, vaccines, DNA, and drugs for parenteral and nonparenteral administration. Therapeutic agent-loaded chitosan micro- or nanoparticles were found to be more stable, permeable, and bioactive. In this review, we are highlighting the different methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan micro- and nanoparticles, while reviewing the pharmaceutical applications of these particles in drug delivery. Moreover, the roles of chitosan derivatives and chitosan metal nanoparticles in drug delivery have been illustrated.

Environmental stress stability of microencapsules based on liposomes decorated with chitosan and sodium alginate

In this study, liposomes (LPs), chitosan (CH) coated LPs, sodium alginate (AL) and CH multilayered LPs (AL-CH-LPs) were developed based on the electrostatic interaction between charged polysaccharides at a certain pH. The increase of polymer layers on LPs led to a monotonic increase in size from ∼600 (LPs) to ∼1810nm (AL-CH-LPs) and negative charge from −12.5 to −25.2mV, regarded as a consequence of the formation of gradually expanded structures by cationic CH and anionic AL. The environmental stress including pH, storage and ionic strength (10–200mM NaCl) had significant impact on the appearance and the particle size of the double-layered liposome (AL-CH-LPs). Furthermore, LPs showed the highest release rate of hydrophilic model ingredient (vitamin C) under gastrointestinal conditions, while the polymers had a capacity to reduce the vitamin C release in simulated intestinal fluid. This work provided useful information on the potential application of CH and AL based delivery systems.

Potential applications of chitosan in oral mucosal delivery

The accessibility of the oral cavity makes application of drugs easy and acceptable to the patient, while permitting easy removal in the event of adverse reactions. Drugs penetrating the oral mucosa can be delivered systemically via direct entry into the systemic circulation thus avoiding the hepatic first-pass effect and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to the low permeability of the oral mucosa, new strategies are needed to improve the delivery of drugs across the mucosa. In order to improve the availability of drugs across the oral mucosa, mucoadhesive systems are applied to prolong the retention time of the delivery system on the mucosa. Furthermore, availability can be improved by using permeation enhancers. Chitosan with its favorable properties such as bioadhesivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and permeation enhancing activity, offers great advantages over other polymers that are used for oral mucosal delivery. A wide choice of chitosan delivery systems such as solutions, gels, sponges, films, fibers, tablets and micro-/nanoparticles have been shown to be capable of delivering drugs into the oral cavity as well as across the oral mucosa. In this review, applications of chitosan for oral mucosal delivery will be reviewed and the possibilities and limitations discussed.

Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine

Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine

Chitosan: A Unique Polysaccharide for Drug Delivery

The aim of this review is to give an insight into the many potential applications of chitosan as a pharmaceutical drug carrier. The first part of this review concerns the principal uses of chitosan as an excipient in oral formulations (particularly as a direct tableting agent) and as a vehicle for parenteral drug delivery devices. The use of chitosan to manufacture sustained-release systems deliverable by other routes (nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal, and implantable devices) is discussed in the second part.