Potential Antimicrobial Effects Research Articles

Whole genome sequencing of the poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing novel Bacillus subtilis Tamang strain, isolated from spontaneously fermented kinema

Kinema, a traditional fermented soybean food from the Himalayas, is well-liked for its sticky texture and flavourful umami taste. Among 175 bacterial strains from spontaneously fermented kinema samples, Bacillus subtilis Tamang strain stood out for its high stickiness and viscosity. The strain’s Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) contains various groups of glutamic acid and has a molecular weight of 660 kDa. It demonstrates the ability to solubilize iron, preserve ferritin in Caco-2 cells, and exhibit antibacterial properties. The genome of B. subtilis Tamang is devoid of plasmid elements but does feature nine insert elements. Noteworthy is the presence of unique secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial effects, such as amyloliquecidin GF610, bogorol A, and thermoactinoamide A. A total of 132 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) were identified, hinting at possible prebiotic characteristics. The genome analysis revealed genes responsible for γ-PGA production via the capBCA complex. Furthermore, genes associated with fibrinolytic activity, taste enhancement, biopeptides, immunomodulators, and vitamins like B12 and K2 were found, along with probiotics and various health benefits. The genetic material for L-asparaginase production, known for its anti-cancer properties, was also detected, as well as CRISPR-Cas systems. The absence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes confirms the safety of consuming B. subtilis Tamang as a food-grade bacterium.

Chemical Composition of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial tuberous plant from the genus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) and has been widely used in foods for thousands of years. The present study examined the ethanol extract of turmeric for its chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and free radical scavenging properties. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified eight compounds in the turmeric extract. Potential antimicrobial effects of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg turmeric equivalents (TE)/mL were evaluated in vitro against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas sp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus). Concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg TE/mL inhibited the growth of S. aureus and significantly suppressed that of Pseudomonas sp., E. faecalis, and L. innocua. The growth of all strains, including E. coli, was inhibited by 10 mg TE/mL. Moreover, free radical scavenging capacities were determined using HO●, ABTS●+, and DPPH● (HOSC, ABTS, and RDSC, respectively) radicals. The turmeric ethanol extract had a TPC value of 27.12 mg GAE/g, together with HOSC, RDSC, and ABTS values of 1524.59, 56.38, and 1.70 μmol TE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that turmeric extract has potential applications for use in functional foods to reduce microbial burdens and oxidative stress-related health problems.

Potential anticancer, antiviral and antimicrobial effect of Red Sea soft coral.

Potential anticancer, antiviral and antimicrobial effect of Red Sea soft coral.

Unveiling the functional food properties of Pepromia pellucida: Phytochemical profiling, antioxidative potential, and their nanoemulsion fraction in wound healing efficacy

Peperomia pellucida, a tropical plant belonging to the Piperaceae family, has long been recognized for its potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial effects. This study investigates the efficacy of Peperomia pellucida nanoemulsion (PPNE) as a novel therapeutic approach for improving burn wound healing in Wistar rats. The nanoemulsion was formulated using the high-energy ultrasonication method, optimized for droplet size, polydispersity index, and stability. A 30 % burn wound was induced on the dorsum of 60 Wistar rats, which were then divided into three groups: control (untreated), silver sulfadiazine (SSD) treated, and PPNE treated. Inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that PPNE treatment significantly accelerated wound closure rates compared to both control and SSD-treated groups, with complete wound closure achieved by day 10 in the PPNE-treated group. Histopathological examination revealed improved re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and collagen deposition in the PPNE group compared to the control and SSD groups. Additionally, PPNE treatment significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting a reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress in the treated wounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of P. pellucida nanoemulsion as a promising and effective therapeutic approach for improving burn wound healing. The observed enhanced wound healing properties may be attributed to the combined anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of the PPNE, warranting further investigation and potential clinical application.

Polyphenolic compounds in the combat of foodborne infections - An update on recent evidence.

In recent years, the incidence of food-borne bacterial enteric diseases has increased worldwide causing significant health care and socioeconomic burdens. According to the World Health Organization, there are an estimated 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses worldwide each year, resulting in 420,000 deaths. Despite intensive efforts to tackle this problem, foodborne pathogenic microorganisms continue to be spread further. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find novel anti-microbial non-toxic compounds for food preservation. One way to tackle this issue may be the usage of polyphenols, which have received increasing attention in the recent years given their pleotropic health-promoting properties. This prompted us to perform a literature search summarizing studies from the past 10 years regarding the potential anti-microbial and disease-alleviating effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds against foodborne bacterial pathogens. The included 16 studies provide evidence that polyphenols show pronounced anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. In addition, synergistic anti-microbial effects in combination with synthetic antibiotics were observed. In conclusion, phenolic compounds may be useful as natural anti-microbial agents in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries in the combat of foodborne infections.

Free Radical Scavenging, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus Leaves Extract Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Background Herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, has been used for centuries in traditional healing practices to harness the therapeutic properties of different plant-derived elements. Acorus calamus, a perennial herbaceous plant, has significant historical importance in traditional medicine, specifically in Ayurveda, where it is referred to as "Vacha."This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial characteristics of the A. calamus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract. The objectives of the research are to provide valuable knowledge about the preparation of A. calamus DMSO extract and to explore its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Materials and methods The A. calamus DMSO extract was derived from leaves, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (H2O2 assay), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assays. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the agar well diffusion technique and the time-kill curve assay. Results In DPPH and H2O2 tests, the DMSO extract of A. calamus showed significant antioxidant activity, near that ofstandard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay demonstrated a correlation between the dose and the activity of reducing ferric ions. The A. calamusDMSO extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties in BSA and EA denaturation assays, similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. The anti-inflammatory potential of the A. calamus DMSO extract was further confirmed through the membrane stabilization assay. The DMSO extract of A. calamus exhibited a significant inhibition zone against the pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the antimicrobial evaluation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard antibiotic. The time-kill curve assay validated the antibacterial efficacy, which was dependent on the concentration. Conclusion The A. calamus DMSO extract exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting its traditional use in alternative medicine. The findings suggest its potential as a natural resource of compounds with bioactive properties for use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Discovery of Potential Anti-Microbial Molecules and Spectrum Correlation Effect of Ardisia crenata Sims via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprints and Molecular Docking.

Ardisia crenata Sims, an important ethnic medicine, is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for treating laryngeal diseases and upper respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of extracts and potential antimicrobial compounds of A. crenata Sims. It was found that the roots of A. crenata Sims have a potential inhibitory effect on Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus, with MICs of 1.56 mg/mL and 0.39 mg/mL, and the leaves of A. crenata Sims have a potential inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with MICs of 3.12 mg/mL and 6.77 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, five compounds including one catechin and four bergenins were obtained from roots. These components were identified on the fingerprint spectrum, representing chromatographic peaks 16, 21, 22, 23, and 25, respectively. Among these, 11-β-d-glucopyranosyl-bergenin and (-)-gallocatechin showed potential inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC of 0.26 and 0.33 mg/mL, respectively. The roots, stems, and leaves of A. crenata Sims are very similar in chemical composition, with large differences in content. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that 16 batches of A. crenata Sims could be divided into four main production areas: Guizhou, Jiangsu, Guangxi, and Jiangxi. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that 11-β-d-glucopyranosyl-bergenin had a better affinity for Casein lytic proteinase P (ClpP), and (-)-gallocatechin possessed a strong affinity for LasA hydrolysis protease and LasB elastase. These findings suggest catechin and bergenins from A. crenata Sims can be used as antimicrobial activity molecules.

Qualitative assessment of the flowering buds of Mesua ferrea Linn with special emphasize on HPTLC and universal DNA bar-coding technique and evaluation of its antimicrobial potential

BackgroundThe study has been scientifically exploring the powder sample and extracts of flowering buds of Mesua ferrea Linn (FBMF) based on pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters. The medicinal plant Mesua ferrea Linn was identified by Botanical verification and the universal DNA bar-coding technique. The FBMF powder’s quality was performed by the micromeritics properties like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index, and optical microscopy method, and physicochemical evaluations were performed by the swelling index, foaming index, loss on drying, extractive values, and ash values. The extract’s preliminary phytochemical screening was accomplished by the alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and glycoside tests. To ensure the presence of a bioactive compound of each FBMF extract by qualitative HPTLC study against the reference β-sitosterol Rf value of 0.83 was revealed at 254 nm with a developed solvent system toluene, ethyl acetate, and acetic acid (6:2:0.1) v/v. Many pharmacological benefits, including those related to wound healing, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, analgesic, sedative effects, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and atopic dermatitis, have been demonstrated by this phytosterol. An antimicrobial study was carried out by a well diffusion method and, lastly, measured minimum inhibitory concentration and compared to the marketed active pharmaceutical component. Numerous skin infections of more invasive, serious illnesses are caused by potential antimicrobial activity.ResultsThe universal DNA bar-coding of plant Mesua ferrea Linn has shown a high percentage of identity. The micrometrics properties and physicochemical evaluation of the powder sample of FBMF were in an acceptable range. The preliminary phytochemical screening shows that all extracts contain steroids and carbohydrates. Moreover, flavonoids were found in ethyl acetate and ethanol, and a qualitative HPTLC study confirmed that every extract contains β-sitosterol. N-hexane extract of FBMF shows the potential antimicrobial activity with Staphylococcus aureus, and the MIC value was observed at 0.062 mg/ml.ConclusionOur research demonstrated that the plant Mesua ferrea Linn has been successfully authenticated by a DNA bar-coding technique, and all extracts of FBMF contain β-sitosterol. The n-hexane solvent extracts have shown the potential highest antimicrobial effects compared to other extracts. These results support using n-hexane extracts as a traditional medicine for treating several diseases.Graphical

Biosurfactant-capped CuO nanoparticles coated cotton/polypropylene fabrics toward antimicrobial textile applications

The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the importance of implementing effective measures to prevent the spread of microorganisms. Consequently, there is a growing demand for antimicrobial materials, specifically antimicrobial textiles and face masks, because of the surge in diseases caused by bacteria and viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Face masks that possess built-in antibacterial properties can rapidly deactivate microorganisms, enabling reuse and reducing the incidence of illnesses. Among the numerous types of inorganic nanomaterials, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have been identified as cost-effective and highly efficient antimicrobial agents for inactivating microbes. Furthermore, biosurfactants have recently been recognized for their potential antimicrobial effects, in addition to inorganic nanoparticles. Therefore, this research’s primary focus is synthesizing biosurfactant-mediated CuO NPs, integrating them into natural and synthetic fabrics such as cotton and polypropylene and evaluating the resulting fabrics’ antimicrobial activity. Using rhamnolipid (RL) as a biosurfactant and employing a hydrothermal method with a pH range of 9–11, RL-capped CuO NPs are synthesized (RL-CuO NPs). To assess their effectiveness against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms, the RL-CuO NPs are subjected to antibacterial testing. The RL-capped CuO NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity at much lower concentrations than the individual RL, CuO. RL-CuO NPs have shown a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.2 mg ml−1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.6 mg ml−1 for E. coli and a MIC of 0.8 mg ml−1 and a MBC of 1.2 mg ml−1 for S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the developed RL-CuO NPs are incorporated into cotton and polypropylene fabrics using a screen-printing technique. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of the coated fabrics is evaluated, revealing that RL-CuO NPs coated fabrics exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extract (Anacardium occidentale) against Enterococcus faecalis Strains

The resistance of microorganisms present in the root canal system is a problem associated with the failure of endodontic treatments. Therefore, the search for treatments based on herbal extracts has been an alternative to prevent persistent endodontic infections. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of cashew nut shell liquid extract (E-CNSL) against Enterococcus faecalis strains. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Petri dishes containing Mueller Hinton agar were inoculated on the surface by the microorganism using a swab, then 20 μL of the E-CNSL solution at concentrations of 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL was aseptically deposited in the wells of the inoculated media. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. All the strains studied showed an inhibition halo ≥6 mm at both concentrations of the extract. Therefore, the extract of cashew nut shell liquid (A. occidentale) showed a potential antimicrobial effect against E. faecalis strains.

Selenium nanoparticles coated bacterial polysaccharide with potent antimicrobial and anti-lung cancer activities

Bacterial exopolysaccharides are homopolymeric or heteropolymeric polysaccharides with large molecular weights (10–1000 kDa). Exopolysaccharides' functional uses and potential have revolutionized the industrial and medicinal industries. Hence, the aim of the present study was to optimize the production of bacterial exopolysaccharide and apply it as a capping agent for selenium nanoparticles synthesis. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from dairy products then biochemically characterized and assessed for their potential antimicrobial effect. The most potent EPS producer was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain A2 with accession number OP218384 using 16S rRNA sequencing. Overall, FTIR data of the extracted EPS revealed similarity with amylopectin spectrum. 1H NMR spectrum revealed an α-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage pattern in the polysaccharides while the 13C NMR spectrum can also be separated into two main portions, the anomeric carbons region (δ 98–102 ppm) and the non-anomeric carbons region (δ 60–81 ppm). Antimicrobial activity of the produced EPS showed maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans respectively. The EPS capsule layer surrounding the bacterial cells was detected by TEM study. Optimization of EPS production was evaluated using Taguchi design, trial 23 reported the highest biomass yield and EPS output (6.5 and 27.12 g/L respectively) with 2.4 and 3.3 folds increase (from the basal media) respectively. The optimized exopolysaccharide was used as a capping and stabilizing agent for selenium nanoparticles (EPS-SeNPs) synthesis. Zeta potential, size and PDI of the synthesized nanoparticles were − 19.7 mV, 45–65 nm and 0.446 respectively with strong bactericidal and fungicidal effect against the tested pathogens. Complete microbial growth eradication was recorded after 6, 8 and 10 h against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. EPS-SeNPs showed a potent antioxidant effect reached 97.4% and anticancer effect against A549 lung cancer cell line (IC50 reached 5.324 µg/mL). EPS-SeNPs inhibited cancerous cell growth at S phase. Moreover, molecular studies revealed the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl2's was inhibited and Bax was activated. The present investigation successfully synthesized selenium nanoparticles through bacterial EPS with significantly high antimicrobial and anticancer activity.

Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of various Plantago albicans solvent extracts and their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial effects

Herbs and aromatic plants are valuable and excellent sources of nutrients mainly used as food additives. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the phytochemical constituents, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of five Plantago albicans extracts (PAE) (hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and aqueous). Moreover, the phytochemical analysis outlined the significantly (p < 0.05) richness of PAE in total polyphenol content (TPC), mainly in ethanol (384.00 ± 2.00 mg GAE/g DR) and acetone (371.33 ± 1.15 mg GAE/g DR) extracts with significantly (P ≤ 0.05) high total flavonoid content (TFC), also in ethanol (219.00 ± 2.65 mg QE/g DR) and acetone (170.33 ± 1.53 mg QE/g DR) extracts, which was later confirmed by HPLC-MS spectral analysis for the most relevant extracts identifying nineteen compounds with the major one was luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The extracts with potent antioxidant activity, exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms. Pearson's correlation revealed that a negative and significant correlation between the antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) and the polyphenols quantity (TPC, TFC). On the other hand, PAE displayed antibacterial effect against all the tested bacterial strains with a strong activity towards E. faecalis. Computational study including toxicological and pharmacokinetic assessment qualified and forecasted a significant drug-likeness properties. Therefore, the present study provides new findings on the use of PAE for the treatment of various disease and application in food processing industry.

The Antibacterial Effect of Tinospora Cordifolia (Guduchi) and Its Role in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance.

Tinospora cordifolia, often known as "Guduchi," has a variety of medicinal characteristics, including those that are anti-diabetic, ant-iinflammatory, anti-periodic, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-stress. Drug development projects face significant obstacles because of the rapid rise in antimicrobial drug resistance in the world healthcare system and the introduction of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. In order to combat the MDR infections isolated from patients' bodies, the current study was conducted to evaluate and investigate the antibacterial capabilities of Tinospora cordifolia. Using the agar well diffusion method, Tinospora cordifolia extracts (aqueous, chloroform, and ethanol) were tested for their antibacterial effectiveness against 30 MDR pathogens, and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration. To determine whether there were any medicinally useful and significant bioactive ingredients in the plant extract, phytochemical analysis was performed. In comparison to the aqueous extract which had little effect, the antibacterial activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts exhibited a potential antimicrobial effect against most of the tested bacterial isolates. Phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia extract showed alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, proteins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Our findings show that Tinospora cordifolia plays a potential role in combating the antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates.

Effect of ginger essential oil and 6-gingerol on a multispecies biofilm of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of ginger essential oil (GEO) and 6-gingerol on a multispecies biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a polypropylene surface. The minimum inhibitory concentration concentrations obtained for GEO were 100 and 50mg/mL and for 6-gingerol 1.25mg/mL. Sessile cell counts ranged within 5.35-7.35 log CFU/cm2 in the control biofilm, with the highest sessile growth at 72h. GEO treatments acted on the total population regardless of concentration at 1 and 48h. L. monocytogenes behaved similarly to the total population, showing GEO action at 1h and keeping the same pattern at 48, 72, and 96h. Better action on S. Typhimurium was obtained at times of 1, 72, and 96h. P. aeruginosa showed logarithmic reduction only when treated with GEO 50mg at 24h. As for 6-gingerol, in general, there was no significant action (p > 0.05) on the evaluated sessile cells. GEO showed antimicrobial activity againstL. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa, acting as an inhibitor of biofilm formation. As for 6-gingerol, it was considered a possible antimicrobial agent but without efficacy during biofilm formation.

Synthesis, structure and biological evaluation as antibacterial agents of Ru(II)-p-cymene-aryldicyclohexylphosphine complexes

The syntheses of two neutral complexes with formula [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(P(Cy)2Ar)Cl2], where P(Cy)2Ar = dicyclohexylphosphine, Ar = Ph (1) and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl (4-dma-ph) (2) were performed. Both complexes were fully characterized by molar conductivity, elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 that were elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction show that both structures adopt the pseudo-octahedral geometry characteristic of organoruthenium species. Absorption spectra and electrochemical behavior of the complexes were also evaluated and their results were supported by DFT analysis. Both complexes were active against tested bacterial strains: Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and three species Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). 2 shows higher bacterial growth inhibition activity compared to 1, which might be due to its molecular structure that could facilitate the interaction among this complex and the biological environment. These results agreed with the Langmuir monolayer and molecular docking studies. 1 and 2 change the pressure isotherms of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol, a phospholipid used as a bacterial membrane model. Molecular Docking studies performed with S. aureus and E. Coli bacteria using the Topoisomerase IV (4URN) and DNA Gyrase as receptor (1KZN), showed that both complexes have potential antimicrobial effects compared to the ciprofloxacin.

The Preliminary Study on Antibacterial Efficacy of 4 Organic Acids on Mastitis Pathogens in Dairy Cattle

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacies of formic acid, lactic acid, malic acid and citric acid against mastitis-caused pathogens. Pathogens used in this study were Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and reduction of total bacterial count were examined. The results revealed that the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of formic acid against all tested pathogens was 0.191%v/v indicating the best bactericidal performance. In comparison, the following orders were 10.625% lactic acid, 12.37% malic acid and 12.43% citric acid, respectively. These acids at their best solutions were then used to test their antimicrobial efficacies on teats of dairy cattle. It was found that 12.43% citric acid, as well as 10.625% lactic acid, showed the best performance due to the reduction rate at 1.15 log10cfu/ml.(P&lt;0.05) and 1.69 log10 cfu/ml (P=0.32), respectively. On the contrary, formic acid and malic acid were significantly unable to reduce the total bacteria compared with the control group. In conclusion, the results in this study revealed that citric acid and lactic acid have potential antimicrobial effects against mastitis-caused pathogens in dairy cattle.

Influence of ZnO Nanoparticles on the Properties of Ibuprofen-Loaded Alginate-Based Biocomposite Hydrogels with Potential Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects.

Hydrogels are a favorable alternative to accelerate the burn wound healing process and skin regeneration owing to their capability of absorbing contaminated exudates. The bacterial infections that occur in burn wounds might be treated using different topically applied materials, but bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a major problem worldwide. Therefore, the use of non-antibiotic treatments represents a major interest in current research. In this study, new antibiocomposite hydrogels with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (AG) were obtained using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazinyl-2)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride as an activator. The combination of Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to reduce inflammation, fever and pain in the body, with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was used in this study aimed at creating a complex hydrogel with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action and capable of improving the healing process of wounds caused by burns. FTIR spectra confirmed the cross-linking of AG with HA as well as the successful incorporation of ZnO NPs. Using electronic microscopy, it was noticed that the morphology of hydrogels is influenced by the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Moreover, the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into hydrogels also has an influence on the swelling behavior at both pH 7.4 and 5.4. In fact, the swelling rate is lower when the amounts of the activator, HA and ZnO NPs are high. A drug release rate of almost 100% was observed for hydrogels without ZnO NPs, whereas the addition of nanoparticles to hydrogels led to a decrease in the release rate to 68% during 24 h. Cellular viability tests demonstrated the non-cytotoxic behavior of the hydrogels without the ZnO NPs, whereas a weak to moderate cytotoxic effect was noticed for hydrogels with ZnO NPs. The hydrogels containing 4% and 5% ZnO NPs, respectively, showed good antimicrobial activity against the S. aureus strain. These preliminary data prove that these types of hydrogels can be of interest as biomaterials for the treatment of burn wounds.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Salvia verbenaca

The antimicrobial activity of several extracts and fractions of Salvia verbenaca L. (Lamiaceae) was investigated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Micrococcus luteus La 2971, Micrococcus flavus ATCC 14452, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112, Kluyveromyces fragilis NRRL 2415 and Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403. The methanol extract, butanol and chloroform fractions have shown potential antimicrobial effects against some bacteria and the yeast cultures tested, with grown inhibition area diameters in the range 10.8 – 22.4 mm, and MIC values between 0.03 and 0.34 µL/mL. The results of the study support the use of the plant in traditional medicine.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Lycopene, Vitamin E, and Lycopene-Vitamin E Combination Against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study.

Background Lycopene is a naturally occurring compound classified as a carotenoid, a group of pigments responsible for the vibrant colors observed in many fruits and vegetables. It is most commonly associated with red-colored fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, and papaya. Vitamin E encompasses a group of chemical compounds that share a structural relationship with alpha-tocopherol and are essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a fat-soluble vitamin and is known for its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of lycopene extract, vitamin E extract, and their combination against oral pathogens for their potential application in the treatment of oral diseases. Materials and methods The potential antimicrobial effects of extracts derived from lycopene, vitamin E, and their combination were evaluated against oral commensals like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Three concentrations (25 μl, 50 μl, and 100 μl) of the extract were tested. Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and Rose Bengal agar (RBA) bases were utilized to determine the zone of inhibition.And the experiments were repeated in triplicate for each group. Results The identification and assessment of the antimicrobial activity of lycopene extract, vitamin E extract, and their combination revealed the greatest efficacy at the highest concentration (100 μl) against all tested microbial strains. Notably, C. albicans exhibited the highest susceptibility compared to the other strains. Vitamin E had the least antimicrobial effect and combination had the highest antimicrobial effect. Conclusion The results of our study demonstrated substantial antimicrobial activity of lycopene and vitamin E. These findings suggest that lycopene and vitamin E can be harnessed in the development of diverse drug formulations for the treatment of oral diseases.

A Natural Feed Additive Phytobiotic, Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), and the Health Status of Poultry

Abstract The addition of antibiotic growth promotors in poultry diets results in a development of resistant bacterial strains and accumulation of drug residues in the meat and eggs. The new trend in poultry industry is the dietary addition of natural feed additives including phytobiotics. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a natural cheap feed source that has been extensively used in the livestock production. In poultry production system, pomegranate by-products such as peel powder or extract, seed oil, or juice showed high nutritional values, several health benefits, and good economic profits. Pomegranate displays a growth promoting effect and an enhancement of carcass traits of broilers, along with an improvement of the egg production traits parameters. Moreover, dietary pomegranate by-products showed a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial effects on the treated birds. Modulation of both humeral and cell mediated immune response, hypo-lipidemia, as well as enhancement of liver functions have been proved following dietary treatment with different pomegranate by-products. Therefore, this review article was designed to present the different effects of dietary pomegranate by-products on the production indices of broilers and layers, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immune status, as well as the blood parameters.