Potato Shoot Research Articles

Construction and Comparation of Critical Nitrogen Concentration Dilution Curves for Spring and Autumn Potato in China

Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for the growth and development of potato plants. The precise application of nitrogen can improve the yield and quality of potatoes and enhance their resistance to diseases. The changes in the critical N dilution curves of the shoot, root, and whole plants of potato were analyzed according to different N levels. The difference in the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve of potatoes in spring and autumn was discussed. It is of great significance for the precise management of nitrogen fertilizer in spring and autumn potatoes. In this experiment, four field experiments were conducted using two potato cultivars (Zheshu956 and Yongma1) with four varying N application levels (N0–N3). Two identical varieties were planted at the same location in the spring and autumn and there was no significant difference in the selection of the same varieties between the two seasons. The dry matter and nitrogen concentration of roots, stems, leaves, and tubers were measured after transplantation at different stages. The results showed that the critical nitrogen concentration models for the shoot, root, and whole plant of potatoes were constructed as follows: spring potato shoot, N = 4.8712 W−0.203, root, Nc = 1.8477 W−0.157, and whole plant, Nc = 4.1679 W−0.293; autumn potato shoot, Nc = 3.8653 W−0.204, root, Nc = 2.1529 W−0.158; and whole plant, Nc = 3.2569 W−0.304. The critical nitrogen curves for the aboveground part and the whole plant of spring potato were significantly higher than that of autumn potato. Under N2 (160 kg ha−1) treatment, both spring and autumn potatoes reach their maximum yield. The critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve based on the whole plant was determined to be more appropriate for potatoes. The critical nitrogen concentration curves of potatoes in spring and autumn were significantly different for the aboveground part and the whole plant, but there was no significant difference for the underground part. The separately constructed nitrogen nutrition indices can be used to diagnose the nitrogen requirements of spring and autumn potatoes.

Grafting of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) onto Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): Harvesting Double Crops from a Single Plant

Rapid Urbanization and industrialization have been overtaking land for food production at the global level. Further, climate change has necessitated the modification of the existing food production system to adapt the changing environmental situations. Grafting is a rapid and economical solution to improving the yield in Solanaceous vegetables. In this study, the effects of grafting tomato (cv. Garv) on potato (cv. Desiree) rootstock were evaluated for yield of tomato and potato in comparison to non-grafted tomato and non-grafted potato plants. The results showed that the yield of tomato was significantly higher in non-grafted tomato (11.05 t/ha) and tomato grafted on potato with decapitation of potato shoots (4.07 t/ha) compared to that of tomato grafted on potato without decapitation of potato shoots (0.94 t/ha). On the other hand, the yields of non-grafted potato (1.44 t/ha) and tomato grafted on potato without decapitation of potato shoots (1.00 t/ha) were statistically higher than that of tomato grafted on potato with the decapitation of potato shoots. There were no statistical differences between the treatments for dry matter content and Total Soluble Solutes (TSS) of tomato and potato. The yield of tomato of the grafted pomato was negatively correlated to the yield of potato rootstock, but it was not statistically different. The data from this study suggest grafting of tomato on potato with decapitation of potato shoots is recommended for obtaining higher yield of grafted tomato and without decapitation of potato shoots for higher yield of potato from grafted plants.

Effect of Salicylic Acid and Nano-Silicon of the Enzymatic Activity for Potato Shoots Grown Under Salt Stress in Vitro

The experiment was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University during the September 2021 to June 2022. The experiment was conducted according to a complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors and ten replicates. The first factor included sodium chloride in three concentrations (0, 50, 100) mmol.L-1, and the second factor included five concentrations of salicylic acid and nano-silicon (0, 1.5 mg.L-1 nano-silicon, 3.0 mg.L-1 nano-silicon and 14 mg.L-1 salicylic acid, 28 mg.L-1 salicylic acid). The results of the experiment showed the interaction between sodium chloride and addition of salicylic acid or nano silicon to the MS medium, and there was a significant effect of the enzymatic activity and proline. The interaction treatment ( 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl with salicylic acid14 mg.L-1) recorded the highest activity of Peroxidase (43.03), compared with the interaction treatment (0 mmol.L-1 NaCl with salicylic acid14 mg.L-1) which recorded the lowest activity of the Peroxidase enzyme reached (23.22). The interaction treatment ( 50 mmol.L-1 NaCl with salicylic acid at a 14 mg.L-1) recorded the highest activity of the enzyme (14.13).Compared with the interaction treatment (0 mmol.L-1 NaCl with 28 mg.L-1 salicylic acid), which recorded the lowest activity of the catalase enzyme (8.89). The interaction treatment (100 mmol.l-1 NaCl without adding nano-silicon or salicylic acid ) recorded the highest average of shoots content of proline (0.868). Compared with the interaction treatment (0 mmol.L-1 NaCl with 14 mg.L-1 salicylic acid), which recorded the lowest average in proline content (0.555).

Effect of Salicylic Acid and Nano Silicon on the Morphological Traits of Potato Shoot Grown in Vitro Under Salt Stress

The experiment was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University during the September 2021 to June 2022. The experiment was conducted according to a complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors and ten replicates. The first factor included sodium chloride in three concentrations (0, 50, 100) mmol.L-1, and the second factor included five concentrations of salicylic acid and nano-silicon (0, 1.5 mg.L-1 nano-silicon, 3.0 mg.L-1 nano-silicon and 14 mg.L-1 salicylic acid, 28 mg.L-1 salicylic acid). The results of the experiment showed the interaction between sodium chloride and addition of salicylic acid or nano silicon to the MS medium, and there was a significant effect on most of the studied indicators. The interaction treatment without adding sodium chloride with salicylic acid at a concentration 28 mg.L-1 gave the highest rate in the shoots length. While the interaction treatment without adding sodium chloride with salicylic acid at a concentration 14 mg. L-1 gave the highest average of dry weight percentage. Also, the treatment of addition sodium chloride 50 mmol.L-1 with salicylic acid at a concentration of 14 mg.L-1 gave the highest average in the number of shoots.

Influence of Mineral Treatment, Plant Growth Regulators and Artificial Light on the Growth of Jewel Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam. cv. Jewel) In Vitro

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam), a member of the bindweed family (Convolvulaceae Juss.), is well known for its food, medicinal, and industrial values. It is estimated that more than 7000 sweet potato cultivars have been bred to date. Jewel sweet potato (I. batatas Lam cv. Jewel) is one of the most popular cultivars of sweet potato grown today because of its high nutritional value, delicious taste, and is suitable for all processing methods. However, little is known about the micropropagation of jewel sweet potato. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of three important factors, including culture medium, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and artificial light sources, on the induction, proliferation, and growth of in vitro I. batatas 'Jewel' shoots obtained from the axillary bud and shoot tip explants. The different Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt levels (33%, 50%, 100%, and 150%) were used to study the influence of mineral treatment. To assess the influence of PGRs, we used 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) combined with various cytokinins, including 0.5-2.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.5-2.0 mg/L kinetin (Kn), and 0.1-1.0 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). On the other hand, the in vitro shoots were cultivated in a light room with different lighting conditions. Three lighting treatments (differences in the ratio between the red (R) and blue (B) spectra) were used. Research results have shown that the medium containing 50% MS salt concentration supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP or 0.5 mg/L Kn combined with 0.5 mg/L IAA was the most suitable for induction, proliferation, and growth of in vitro jewel sweet potato shoots. On the other hand, stem pieces bearing the axillary buds' explants were determined to be suitable for the shoot induction. Using artificial light with different blue/red ratios also had a significant effect on the growth of explants and stimulates shoot or root formation.

Improvement of recovery cycle of cryopreserved potato shoot tips – Small changes, but huge impact

Improvement of recovery cycle of cryopreserved potato shoot tips – Small changes, but huge impact

Effects of Elevated Temperature and Salicylic Acid on Heat Shock Response and Growth of Potato Microplants

Potato is a globally important, highly heat-susceptible crop species. We investigated the effects of prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on microplant growth and heat-shock response (HSR) in three unrelated potato genotypes/cultivars. Long-term exposure to 29 °C (mild heat stress) caused a significant reduction in the number of surviving explants and shoot morphometric parameters in heat-sensitive genotypes, while exposure to 26 °C (warming) caused only a decline in shoot growth. Interestingly, 26 °C-temperature treatment stimulated root growth in some investigated genotypes, indicating a difference between favorable temperatures for potato shoot and root growth. SA showed a protective effect regarding potato shoot growth at 26 °C. At 29 °C, this effect was genotype-dependent. SA did not affect the number of roots and inhibited root elongation at all temperature treatments, indicating the difference between shoot and root responses to applied SA concentration. Although HSR is mainly considered rapid and short-lived, elevated transcript levels of most investigated HSFs and HSPs were detected after three weeks of heat stress. Besides, two StHSFs and StHSP21 showed elevated expression at 26 °C, indicating extreme potato heat-susceptibility and significance of HSR during prolonged warming. SA effects on HSFs and HSPs expression were minor and alterable.

High Doses of Pesticides Induce mtDNA Damage in Intact Mitochondria of Potato In Vitro and Do Not Impact on mtDNA Integrity of Mitochondria of Shoots and Tubers under In Vivo Exposure.

It is well known that pesticides are toxic for mitochondria of animals. The effect of pesticides on plant mitochondria has not been widely studied. The goal of this research is to study the impact of metribuzin and imidacloprid on the amount of damage in the mtDNA of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in various conditions. We developed a set of primers to estimate mtDNA damage for the fragments in three chromosomes of potato mitogenome. We showed that both metribuzin and imidacloprid considerably damage mtDNA in vitro. Imidacloprid reduces the rate of seed germination, but does not impact the rate of the growth and number of mtDNA damage in the potato shoots. Field experiments show that pesticide exposure does not induce change in aconitate hydratase activity, and can cause a decrease in the rate of H2O2 production. We can assume that the mechanism of pesticide-induced mtDNA damage in vitro is not associated with H2O2 production, and pesticides as electrophilic substances directly interact with mtDNA. The effect of pesticides on the integrity of mtDNA in green parts of plants and in crop tubers is insignificant. In general, plant mtDNA is resistant to pesticide exposure in vivo, probably due to the presence of non-coupled respiratory systems in plant mitochondria.

EVALUATION EFFECT OF APPLICATION METHODS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON POTATOES PLANT GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY IN NEWLY RECLAIMED SANDY SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

The present work was conducted to: evaluate the effect of application methods of CT, HA and FA individually or in combination without and with recommended mineral fertilizers doses (RMFD) (50 and 100%), on potato growth and their yields. To achieve these objectives, a field experiment during winter seasons of 2019 was conducted at El Nagah Village, El-Tahrir Region, El Beheira Governorate, Egypt (Latitude 30o.40´N- Longitude 30o.33´E) (represented newly reclaimed sandy soil). The layout of the experiment was a split- plot design, with the main plots arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) plants cultivar Spunta, as a tuber crop. Three application methods of the used organic amendments were applying. These methods were: soil application (through drip irrigation Drip), foliar spray Spray and the alternative between them Spray/Drip. The application methods of Spray/Drip was carried out by applying half amount of each organic amendments applying as soil application and the other 50% was applied as foliar spray). This study including the treatments of control (without any applications of organic amendments treatment). The used CT was added at a rate of 200 L fed-1. FA and HA were added at a rate of 6 and 10 Kg fed-1. respectively. The used mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied at two rates (50 and 100% of recommended dose for the potato plants. After 40 and 65 days from sowing, dry matter yields (DMY) of the growing plants (shoots) and at harvesting, tuber yield per fed. feddan=4200 m2), as well as quality traits their elemental composition, mainly contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were determined. The obtained results indicated that, DMY (shoots and tuber) of potato plants received the combined application of CT+ HA+ FA were the highest values under all application methods compared to their individual application, under both levels of mineral fertilization, at 40 and 65 days after sowing for shoots as well as at harvesting for tubers. The maximum values of N, P and K contents of potato shoot at 40 and 65 days after sowing and in tubers were obtained from double application (Spraying/Drip (method treatments of the in-combination treatments of organic amendments under both levels of recommended mineral fertilization. Accordingly, the duple application Spray/Drip methods of organic amendments, considered a more beneficial application methods in the cultivation of potato plants (Spunta cultivar) in newly reclaimed sandy soils due to it resulted in a high tuber yield, quality and reducing the environmental pollution as a result from reducing the additions of the mineral fertilizer with the in combination organic amendments.

Effects of Microbial Consortia, Applied as Fertilizer Coating, on Soil and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Potato Yield

The use of biological inputs in crop production systems, as complements to synthetic inputs, is gaining popularity in the agricultural industry due to increasing consumer demand for more environmentally friendly agriculture. An approach to meeting this demand is the inoculation of field crops with beneficial microbes to promote plant growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the scientific literature reports inconsistent results following applications of bio-inoculant to fields. The effects of inoculation with beneficial microbes on bulk soil and rhizospheric microbial communities is often overlooked as precise monitoring of soil microbial communities is difficult. The aim of this research was to use Illumina high throughput sequencing (HTS) to shed light on bulk soil and rhizospheric microbial community responses to two commercial microbial inoculants coated onto fertilizer granules, applied to potato fields. Bulk soil samples were collected 4 days before seeding (May 27th), 7 days after seeding (June 7th), at potato shoot emergence (June 21st) and at mid-flowering (July 26th). Rhizospheric soil was collected at the mid-flowering stage. The Illumina MiSeq HTS results indicated that the bulk soil microbial community composition, especially prokaryotes, changed significantly across potato growth stages. Microbial inoculation did not affect bulk soil or rhizospheric microbial communities sampled at the mid-flowering stage. However, a detailed analysis of the HTS results showed that bulk soil and rhizospheric microbial community richness and composition were different for the first treatment block compared to the other three blocks. The spatial heterogeneity of the soil microbial community between blocks of plots was associated with potato tuber yield changes, indicating links between crop productivity and soil microbial community composition. Understanding these links could help in production of high-quality microbial inoculants to promote potato productivity.

Transformasi Genetik Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) dengan Gen acvB Menggunakan Vektor Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mediated Genetic Transformation of acvB Gene in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Genetic transformations are now routinely applied to plant mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens as the most convenient technique. This study aimed to prove the success of A. tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation in potato. A. tumefaciens LBA (pBI 121) and explant of potato shoot were used in this study. Explants were grown in vitro on Murashige and Skoog media. Transformation was implemented using smear technique by smearing A. tumefaciens to injured explant. Experimental groups consisted of two groups: control group which did not receive transformation treatment and treatment group receiving transformation treatment. Explant growth was observed through the presence of shoots, branches and the shoot height. Explants in the treatment group resulted in a higher number of shoots, branches, and shoot heights compared to control. Phenol compounds appear in explant epidermal tissue, indicating the wounds produced by A. tumefaciens infection, thus the gene predicted to be transformed. Identification by PCR is needed to prove the existence of the acvB gene in potato plants genome, using acvB specific PCR primer as the marker, such as (5?-CCCT CTAG AGAC CCGC GCCA AGGCG-3?) and (5?CGCG TCGA CCTT GTCG GAAAG -3?) with 540-bp in base pair size produced.

The effects of physicochemical properties of hydroponic substrates on the uptake of macronutrients in potato shoot, root and minitubers

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important and economical vegetables. Minitubers are small pathogen-free tubers produced from in vitro plantlets after translocation to greenhouse followed by the creation of healthy and high-quality seed tubers. Hydroponic systems increase the production of these potato minitubers. This study investigates the effects of several growth media on elements uptake by potato shoot, root, and minitubers. There were significant correlations between in root, shoot, and minituber elements uptake and the properties of cultivation beds. The perlite + peat moss medium is recommended for hydroponics production of potato minitubers.

Chloride Changes Soil–Plant Water Relations in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

There is evidence that chloride (Cl―) can lead to both an improved hydration and water use efficiency in plants due to its osmotic properties. The potato crop is widely assumed to be sensitive to Cl―. This is based on studies which found tuber yield or tuber starch reductions following a Cl― fertilization. However, there are also contradictory reports which could not find any detrimental effect of Cl― fertilization on potato plant development. As potato is inefficient in the use of water, we aimed to test if it is possible to improve the hydration status of potato without reducing tuber yield and dry matter by means of Cl― fertilization. We conducted a pot experiment with four different Cl― doses and investigated soil–plant water relations, biomass, tuber yield and dry matter development. Our findings deliver an indication that the potato crop is much less sensitive to Cl― than previously assumed and, more importantly, that a Cl― supply can indeed improve the potato shoot water status. This happened without impairing tuber yield and dry matter. Since potato is very sensitive to drought stress, we assume that Cl― fertilization is a promising measure to improve the drought resilience of potato.

Antiviral potential of plant polysaccharide nanoparticles actuating non-specific immunity

The development of high-end targeted drugs and vaccines against modern pandemic infections, such as COVID-19, can take a too long time that lets the epidemic spin up and harms society. However, the countermeasures must be applied against the infection in this period until the targeted drugs became available. In this regard, the non-specific, broad-spectrum anti-viral means could be considered as a compromise allowing overcoming the period of trial. One way to enhance the ability to resist the infection is to activate the nonspecific immunity using a suitable driving-up agent, such as plant polysaccharides, particularly our drug Panavir isolated from the potato shoots. Earlier, we have shown the noticeable anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity of Panavir. Here we demonstrate the pro-inflammation activity of Panavir, which four-to-eight times intensified the ATP and MIF secretion by HL-60 cells. This effect was mediated by the active phagocytosis of the Panavir particles by the cells. We hypothesized the physiological basis of the Panavir proinflammatory activity is mediated by the indol-containing compounds (auxins) present in Panavir and acting as a plant analog of serotonin.

Correction to: Cryopreservation of Potato Shoot Tips for Long-Term Storage.

Chapter 2 was previously published non-open access. It has now been changed to open access under a CC BY 4.0 license, and the copyright holder updated to ‘The Author(s)’. The book has been updated with this change.

Cryopreservation of Potato Shoot Tips for Long-Term Storage.

Cryopreservation is currently the only method which allows long-term conservation of living clonal plant material in the vapor or liquid phase of nitrogen (at -140 to -196°C) allowing tissue to be viable for decades or perhaps centuries. Specifically, for species with recalcitrant seeds or requiring constant vegetative propagation, it is the method of choice for the long-term conservation of its genetic resources. The protocol described here is a modification of a previously developed plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2)-droplet vitrification method of potato shoot tips, adapted from Musa species. Utilizing this protocol, the International Potato Center (CIP) has successfully stored in the cryobank more than 3000 cultivated potato accessions, belonging to seven species and nine different taxa[16], originating principally from ten countries in South and Central America. As part of CIP's quality management system, all vegetative material placed in cryo is routinely subsampled, thawed, and assessed to confirm that whole plantlets can be produced after storage in liquid nitrogen. Complete plant recovery rates of thawed shoot tips range from 20% to 100% (average rate: 60%). This chapter describes the complete set of steps from the routine procedure of cryopreserving potato shoot tips for long-term conservation.

Large-scale validation of an improved rewarming and recovery method for cryopreserved potato shoot tips

Large-scale validation of an improved rewarming and recovery method for cryopreserved potato shoot tips

Sterilization Technique of Granola Kembang Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for in vitro Culture

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a plant that widely used, both fresh and processed. However, the productivity of this plant is still low because the quality of seeds is still limited and is not good enough. The cultivar of granola kembang is potential to be developed because of the short harvest life and high yield. In vitro propagation through tissue culture can be done to produce high-quality seeds. The success of tissue culture is strongly influenced by explant sterilization techniques. Bacterial, fungal, and browning contamination can interfere with the process of culture propagation. In this study, six sterilization techniques were applied to potato shoot explants to get the right sterilization techniques for in vitro culture of potato. Various combinations of sterilant and their order of use are also used. Growth of stem length and number of leaves was also investigated for four weeks after planting (WAP). The results showed that sterilization using Tween-20, benomyl 50%, and agrimycin outside LAF and NaOCl 15% (v/v), NaOCl 10% (v/v), and alcohol 70% inside LAF could produce the highest percentage of sterile explant, 70%, compare to other techniques. Nevertheless, the sterilization technique used in this study did not affect the acceleration of stem growth and the number of leaves.   Keywords: granola kembang, in vitro, potato, sterilization, tissue culture

The application of microbial originating bioregulators to obtain in vitro lines of potato with increased resistance to parasitic nematodes

Aim. Obtaining in vitro new lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Vernissage with genetically mediated resistance to the parasitic nematode H. schachtii on nutrient MS media with microbial bioregulators. Methods. In vitro conditions the process of organogenesis of potato plants on nutrient MS media containing microbial bioregulators used at concentrations 25-100 μl/l in combination with phytohormones 2 mg/l BAP and 0,1 mg/l NAA was investigated. Using dot blotting method the degree of hybridization between cytoplasmic si/miRNA isolated from cells of potato plants-regenerants, grown on the artificial invasive background, and nematode mRNA was studied. In the wheat seedlings cell-free system in vitro the silencing activity of si/miRNA isolated from cells of potato plants-regenerants on the template of nematode mRNA was investigated. Results. The experiments conducted in vitro conditions showed that the addition of microbial bioregulators at concentrations 25-100 μl/l in combination with phytohormones 2 mg/l BAP and 0,1 mg/l NAA into MS media increased the efficiency of regeneration of potato shoots to 43–47 % as compared with similar indices obtained on control MS media. The increase of the degree of hybridization to 19-38 % between cytoplasmic mRNA isolated from cells of nematode H. schachtii and si/miRNA isolated from cells of experimental potato plants-regenerants grown in vitro conditions on nutrient media containing bioregulators on the artificial invasive background was shown. Conclusions. Using microbial bioregulators in vitro conditions as components of nutrient MS medium increases potato shoot regeneration efficiency and enhances RNAi-mediated resistance of plants-regenerants to parasitic nematode H. schachtii.
 Keywords: microbial bioregulators, potato organogenesis in vitro, potato resistance to nematode Heterodera schachtii, RNA interference.

ON THE ISSUE OF THE RELEVANCE OF STUDYING THE POTATOES NEMATOFAUNA IN THE KURSK REGION

The Kursk region is a region with traditional potatoes cultivation, in where this culture ranks third in terms of cultivation volume. Today a considerable amount of crops is adversely affected by phytonematodes, which has a negative effect on the quality and quantity of plant production. In the Kursk region the spareness of plants makes about 40% in hotbeds of severe infection by the end of the growing period. The favorable soil conditions of the Kursk region create a suitable atmosphere for the development of the phytonematode invasion, which always almost is accompanied by bacterial or viral infection, as well by various mycoses, which together create some difficulties in identifying plant diseases. The first signs of nematode invasion can be observed soon after the appearance of potato shoots. Sick plants form few weak stalks, which begin to turn yellow prematurely. Chlorose begins on lower leaves, gradually it covers the plant completely. There is total plant death under unfavourable conditions (drought, low soil fertility). There is therefore a need to study nematophauna and to carry out the phytogelminthological monitoring of crops and seed material of potatoes to prevent crop losses.