Potassium Penicillin Research Articles

SERS calibration substrate with a silent region internal standard for reliable simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotics in water

As the extensive use of antibiotics has led to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for quantitative assessment of antibiotic residues in the environment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a rapid and cost-effective detection method, but it suffers from the high variability in signal intensities, its quantitative detection remains challenging. Herein, we have developed a SERS calibration substrate with a silent region internal standard, enabling simultaneous and reliable quantitative detection of three commonly antibiotics of penicillin potassium (PP), tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and levofloxacin (LEV). The calibration substrate is made by assembling Au @ 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) @ SiO2 on silicon wafer. The chemically-inert silica shell allows the substrate to remain SERS active for more than 24 weeks in the air. The vC ≡ N of 4-MBN in the silent region of 1800–2800 cm−1 provides an effective reference for correcting Raman signal fluctuations. The relative SERS intensity by normalizing to the internal standard (IS) of vC ≡ N shows a linear response against to the logarithmic concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.997, 0.976, 0.998 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 26.9, 28.2, 2.4 nM for PP, TCH and LEV, respectively. Furthermore, simultaneous detection and principal component analysis (PCA) of these antibiotics in lake water with a concentration range of 1–100 mg/L can achieve a sensitivity and specificity of 100 %. This novel quantitative technique of using this SERS calibration substrate shows promises as a high-throughput platform for multiple trace antibiotics analysis.

Splenic hematoma and hemoperitoneum in a Thoroughbred racehorse after racing.

To describe the clinical presentation of a Thoroughbred filly with acute hemoperitoneum from a splenic source immediately after racing. A 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly used for racing and that had raced shortly before presentation to the hospital. On presentation, the filly was quiet, alert, and responsive with a heart rate of 76 beats/min, pale mucous membranes, and absent borborygmi. All other physical examination parameters were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed echogenic free abdominal fluid and a splenic hematoma. Abdominocentesis yielded sanguinous fluid with a PCV of 35%. The next day, repeat ultrasound revealed the splenic hematoma with capsular separation. The filly was treated overnight with isotonic crystalloid fluids and aminocaproic acid (40 mg/kg, IV, slow bolus over 30 minutes followed by 20 mg/kg, IV, q 6 h), potassium penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IV, q 6 h), gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h), and omeprazole (4 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h). The lowest PCV obtained from the filly was 36 hours after presentation. The filly stabilized with medical treatment and was discharged to a farm for further recuperation. There are no published reports detailing hemoperitoneum of splenic origin in Thoroughbreds immediately after racing. Hemoperitoneum of splenic origin is not common in horses, with most cases of hemoperitoneum being secondary to acute trauma, neoplasia, parturition, or postoperative complications. While uncommon, this case raises awareness to another differential for a colicky horse immediately after racing.

Thermal, X-ray spectroscopy, morphological, density functional theory and molecular modeling studies on yttrium(III), germanium(IV), tungsten(VI), and silicon penicillinate antibiotic complexes

This manuscript elucidates the thermal stability analysis of four distinct penicillinate complexes, comprising yttrium(III), germanium(IV), tungsten(VI), and silicon, over a temperature ranging from 25 to 800°C. Thermal data revealed the high thermal stability nature of the decomposition steps. According to the spectroscopic measurements, the chemical formula of penicillinate complexes were [Y(Pin)2].Cl.6H2O complex (1), [Ge(Pin)2].2Cl.2H2O complex (2), [W(Pin)2].4Cl complex (3), and [Si(Pin)2].2Cl.2H2O complex (4). The powder XRD pattern revealed crystalline to polycrystalline natures. The synthesized penicillinate complexes were subjected to theoretical calculations utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, employing the lanL2DZ/6-311G++ level of theory. The optimized geometry of each penicillinate complex was discerned, and a comprehensive evaluation of various properties, including the HOMO→LUMO electronic energy gap, molecular electrostatic potential map, and additional physical parameters, was conducted and validated against experimental findings. Molecular docking tool was used to explore the anticancer activity of the synthesized penicillinate complexes in comparison with penicillin potassium drug (Pin). For the computational investigation, two kinases — CSF1R (PDB ID: 7MFC) and MEK2 (PDB ID: 1S9I) associated with breast cancer progression and estrogen-dependent breast cancer were utilized. This comprehensive analysis provides a deeper understanding of the synthesized penicillinate complexes and their potential applications. KEY WORDS: Penicillinate complexes, TGA-DrTGA, TEM, XRD, DFT/TD-DFT, Molecular docking Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 973-988. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.13

Hemadsorption extracorporeal therapy removes cytokines ex vivo in horses.

Plasma cytokine adsorption has shown benefit as an adjunctive therapy in human sepsis but has yet to be investigated in horses. We hypothesized that ex vivo filtration of equine plasma with a novel cytokine adsorption device would significantly reduce concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokines. We also hypothesized that the device would adsorb medications commonly used to treat sepsis. 8 horses owned by North Carolina State University. Four liters of heparinized whole blood was collected from healthy adult horses (n = 8) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL) for 6 hours (37 °C.) from June 4, 2023, to December 15, 2023. Plasma was filtered through a cytokine adsorption device or sham circuit. Samples were collected at 11 time points for multiplex cytokine analysis. Chemistry analysis was performed before and after filtration. To investigate the impact of the device on medication concentrations, equine plasma containing potassium penicillin, gentamicin, and flunixin meglumine was filtered through the cytokine adsorption device or sham for 6 hours. Drug concentrations before and after filtration were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Prefiltration versus postfiltration sample concentrations were analyzed by Student paired t test using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (P < .05). Filtration of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine plasma (n = 8) for 6 hours resulted in significant mean reductions in the cytokines IL-10, IL-5, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β, as well as albumin. Drug concentrations of potassium penicillin, gentamicin, and flunixin meglumine were also significantly reduced by filtration. This work provides proof of concept for further investigation of extracorporeal cytokine adsorption as a potential adjunct treatment for equine sepsis.

Endowing an amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission molecule with turn-on fluorescence in both latent fingerprints development and antibiotics detection

The water-soluble aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule is desirable as a turn-on fluorescence probe, but it is challenging because most AIE-based molecules are lipophilic and can emit strong fluorescence in water. To address the problem, tetraphenylethene (TPE) backbones are decorated with hydrophilic pyridine ethanol-related groups, and a series of novel amphiphilic TPE-based pyridinium salts (denoted as TPE-Py-OH, TPE-2Py-2OH and TPE-4Py-4OH) are synthesized. Encouragingly, TPE-2Py-2OH aqueous solution which is almost non-emissive can be used as a bifunctional turn-on fluorescent probe for developing latent fingerprints (LFPs) and detecting antibiotics. Level 3 details in LFPs are developed via soaking/ spraying method, owing to that AIE phenomenon is activated by the combination of lipophilic part in TPE-2Py-2OH and fatty acid residues in fingerprints. The method is worthy to promote, because it displays the advantages of water solubility, low working concentration, ease of operation, good stability, high safety, high contrast, high sensitivity, and high selectivity. It can also response to penicillin potassium (PNG) with a detection limit of 0.18 μM because the electrostatic interaction between TPE-2Py-2OH and PNG can mainly induce the enhanced fluorescence. This discovery provides a facile approach to design more promising amphiphilic AIE-based turn-on fluorescence probes.

Current Antimicrobial Use in Horses Undergoing Exploratory Celiotomy: A Survey of Board-Certified Equine Specialists.

In the past decade, there has been a considerable increase in the recognition of antimicrobial resistance in equine practice. The objective of this study was to survey the current clinical use of antimicrobials for a commonly performed surgical procedure (exploratory celiotomy) with the goal of understanding how recent literature and changes in microbial resistance patterns may have impacted antimicrobial selection practices. An electronic survey was distributed to veterinary professionals within the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) and the American College of Veterinary Surgery (ACVS). A total of 113 completed surveys were returned. Practitioners reported antimicrobials were most frequently given 30-60 min preoperatively (63.1%). Two antimicrobial classes were typically administered (95.5%), with gentamicin (98.2%) and potassium penicillin (74.3%) being the most common. Antimicrobials were typically not re-dosed intraoperatively (78.6%). Factors that affected overall treatment length postoperatively included resection (81.4%), bloodwork (75.2%), enterotomy (74.3%), fever (85.0%), incisional complications (76.1%), and thrombophlebitis (67.3%). The most common duration of antimicrobial use was 1-3 d for non-strangulating lesions (54.4% of cases) and inflammatory conditions such as enteritis or peritonitis (50.4%), and 3-5 d for strangulating lesions (63.7%). Peri-incisional and intra-abdominal antimicrobials were used by 24.8% and 11.5% of respondents, respectively. In summary, antimicrobial usage patterns were highly variable among practitioners and, at times, not concordant with current literature.

Penicillin and amikacin mixture has bactericidal activity equivalent to gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin mixture in equine frozen semen.

Neat stallion semen can contain a variety of microorganisms, some of which may impair sperm quality and/or cause infection of the mares' reproductive tract. For this reason, antibiotics are commonly added to semen extenders. A combination of gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS) has been recommended for use, but there are no reports on the use of this mixture in equine semen extender. Penicillin and amikacin (PA) are safe for preserving sperm quality while effectively controlling bacterial growth in equine cooled stored semen, but data on frozen semen are scarce. Therefore, a bioequivalence study was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of GTLS and PA in equine frozen semen. Nine mature, healthy stallions were used in the study. Split ejaculates were processed using media without antibiotics (Control) or with different antibiotics. For the GTLS group, centrifugation medium and freezing extender were prepared with gentamicin 250 μg/ml, tylosin 50 μg/ml, lincomycin 150 μg/ml and spectinomycin 300 μg/ml. For the PA group, the centrifugation medium was prepared with potassium penicillin G (PPG) 1200 units/ml and the freezing extender was prepared with PPG 1200 units/ml and amikacin 500 μg/ml. Semen processed in extenders without antibiotics had higher (p< .005) bacterial loads throughout all cryopreservation processing steps than semen samples processed using antibiotics. There were no differences in semen bacterial load after centrifugation, 15 and 30min after final extension, and after thawing between GTLS and PA groups, but PA had faster (p< .05) kill-time kinetics than GTLS. Only minor differences in sperm kinetic parameters were observed among groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated bioequivalence between GTLS and PA in mitigating end-point bacterial loads. Prudent concentrations of the antibiotic mixtures evaluated in this study can be considered both effective and sperm-safe for equine frozen semen.

Potassium penicillin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in healthy conscious and anesthetized horses.

To determine the effects of general anesthesia on the safety and efficacy of co-administered potassium penicillin G (PEN) and gentamicin (GENT) in horses. Nonrandomized crossover. Six adult, Thoroughbred horses. Horses were administered PEN (22 000 IU/kg IV) and GENT (6.6 mg/kg IV). Plasma samples were collected over a 6 h period and synovial fluid was collected at 30 min and 6 h respectively. Drug administration and sample collection protocols were repeated after at least a 48 hour washout period and induction of anesthesia using xylazine/ketamine and maintenance with isoflurane gas. Drug concentrations were determined using ultrapressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. A 2-compartment model was used to determine pharmacokinetics and differences were determined between conscious and anesthetized horses using paired t-tests (significance P< .05). Potassium penicillin g and GENT had higher minimum plasma concentrations (PEN 0.44 vs. 0.11 μg/mL, P= .002; GENT 3.0 vs. 1.9 μg/mL, P= .009), longer half lives (PEN 71 vs. 59 min, P= .018; GENT 149 vs. 109 min, P= .038), and slower clearances (PEN 3.41 vs. 5.1 mL/kg/min, P= .005; GENT 1.18 vs. 1.48 mL/kg/min, P= .028) in anesthetized horses vs. conscious horses. The PEN concentrations remained above the breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 0.5 μg/mL) for 332 min in anesthetized vs. 199 min in conscious horses. The GENT concentrations reached 10 times higher than the breakpoint MIC (2 μg/mL) in all horses and were maintained for 58 vs. 59 min in anesthetized and conscious states, respectively. Synovial fluid concentrations were higher in conscious horses vs. anesthetized horses at 30 min for PEN (7.0 vs. 0.93 μg/mL, P< .001) and 30 (5.3 μg/mL vs. 0.79 μg/mL, P< .001) and 360 min (3.4 vs. 1.82 μg/mL, P < .003) for GENT. General anesthesia resulted in lower intrasynovial concentrations and delayed clearance of PEN/GENT in horses. Redosing healthy anesthetized horses with PEN prior to 4-5 h is not necessary. When administered to anesthetized horses, intravenous PEN/GENT may not reach adequate intrasynovial concentrations to treat or prevent common pathogens. The doses or dosing intervals of antimicrobials administered to horses undergoing anesthesia may need to be adjusted to ensure maintenance of safe and effective plasma concentrations.

Retrospective evaluation of association between perioperative antimicrobial protocol and complications following elective equine synovial endoscopy.

BackgroundProphylactic perioperative antimicrobial protocols in equine synovial endoscopy have been described but not compared with respect to post‐operative outcomes and complications. Increasing antimicrobial resistance in equine practice and interest in promoting judicious use of antimicrobials has prompted reevaluation of drug selection and dosing strategies.ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of and compare post‐operative complications following elective synovial endoscopy between horses receiving different perioperative antimicrobial protocols.MethodsRecords from the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were evaluated (2014–2018) and equine patients undergoing elective synovial endoscopy were identified. Patients undergoing endoscopy for sepsis or internal fixation were excluded. Patient signalment, clinician, joint and limb involved, perioperative antimicrobial regimen, number endoscopic portals and closure technique, and post‐operative complications including incidence of joint infection were recorded. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the odds of post‐operative complications.ResultsElective synovial endoscopies of 516 horses in 537 procedures evaluating 761 synovial structures were performed. No horses developed post‐operative septic synovitis. Administration of post‐operative antimicrobials, type used and patient sex were all significantly associated with increased risk of complications, which were predominantly gastrointestinal‐related. Complication rates in horses receiving a single preoperative dose of cefazolin were lower than in horses receiving potassium penicillin, gentamicin or multiple doses. Complication rates were lower in females compared to castrated or intact males. Other factors evaluated (breed, age, surgeon, anaesthesia duration or hospitalization, joint/limb operated, number endoscopic portals) were not associated with increased risk of complications post‐operatively in this case population.ConclusionsProphylactic perioperative antimicrobial protocols in equine practice deserve periodic reconsideration due to increased antimicrobial resistance. Prolonged antimicrobial usage beyond the time of surgery was unnecessary to prevent septic synovitis following synovial endoscopy in this case population and was furthermore associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal complications.

Inclusion of supplemental antibiotics (amikacin – penicillin) in a commercial extender for stallion semen: Effects on sperm quality, bacterial growth, and fertility following cooled storage

In this study, the effectiveness of supplementing INRA-96® extender (INRA-Control; original antibiotic formulation: potassium penicillin G = 38 μg/mL; gentamicin sulfate = 105 μg/mL; amphotericin B = 0.315 μg/mL) with amikacin sulfate and potassium penicillin G (AP) was determined. In Exp. 1, two sources of amikacin (INRA-AP-Sigma or INRA-AP-GoldBio) in combination with penicillin G were compared with ticarcillin/clavulanate (INRA-Tim) or no-supplemental antibiotics (INRA-Control) to examine effects on sperm quality and commensal bacterial growth. No differences were detected in semen quality among treatments after 30 min of exposure (Time 30min) or 24 h of cooled storage (Time 24 h; P > 0.05). At both time periods, commensal bacterial growth was significantly lower in Groups INRA-AP-GoldBio and INRA-AP-Sigma than in INRA-Tim or INRA-Control (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing doses of amikacin sulfate (GoldBio) plus potassium penicillin G (Sigma) - AP (AP-1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 or 5000 μg-IU/mL, respectively) were added to INRA-96® extender and their effects on sperm quality and commensal bacterial growth were evaluated at Time 30min and Time 24 h. Slight reductions in progressive motility and viability were observed at Time 30min in Groups AP-4000 and AP-5000 as compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05); however, no differences in sperm quality were detected among treatment groups at Time 24 h (P > 0.05). At both time periods, commensal bacterial growth was significantly lower in Groups AP-3000, AP-4000 and AP-5000 than in AP-1000 and AP-2000 (P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, a breeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of adding a high dose of AP (AP-5000) to INRA-96® extender on resulting pregnancy rates of mares bred with cool-stored semen (Time 24 h). Numerical, but not statistical differences, were observed in pregnancy rates between the mares bred with INRA-Control (6/11; 55%) or INRA-AP-5000 (9/11; 82%; P > 0.05). Supplementation of INRA-96® extender with two different concentrations of AP (AP-1000 or AP-5000) was tested in two clinical cases of stallions where semen was moderately to heavily contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In both cases, addition of AP resulted in a considerable decrease on bacterial growth in cool-stored semen when compared to the use of the original INRA-96® extender without supplemental antibiotics. In conclusion, the addition of amikacin sulfate and potassium penicillin G to INRA-96® extender allowed for effective control of commensal bacteria without affecting sperm quality. Higher doses of amikacin and penicillin can be safely added to INRA-96® extender to improve the antibacterial activity of this extender against commensal, and potentially pathogenic bacteria, while sperm quality and fertility of cooled semen remains unaffected. Based on the results of the present study, we currently recommend that INRA-96® extender can be safely supplemented with amikacin/penicillin by using a conventional dose of 1000 μg/mL – 1000 IU/mL as a prophylactic measure in cases where contamination of the ejaculates with commensal bacteria is evident. Alternatively, a high dose (5000 μg/mL – 5000 IU/mL) can be used as a control method for potentially pathogenic bacteria.

Antisepsys and profilatic antimicrobial therapy in prevention of surgical site infection of horses

ABSTRACT The efficacy of an antisepsis protocol comprising chlorhexidine gluconate and ethyl alcohol in combination with prophylactic antimicrobial therapy in controlling surgical site infection in horses was studied. To that purpose, seven mixed breed horses received potassium penicillin and gentamicin at least 30 minutes prior to surgery. The surgical site was scrubbed with chlorhexidine gluconate and rinsed with ethyl alcohol. Samples were collected at four time points: (A) - before and (B) - immediately following shaving of the hair coat, (C) - at the end of antisepsis procedures, and (D) - at the end of the surgical procedure. Duration of surgery was recorded. Samples were cultured in three different culture mediums: Mitis Salivarus (Streptococcus sp.), Staphylococcus 110 (Staphylococcus sp.), and Mac Conkey (Enterobacteria). A high level of bacterial growth was observed in all culture mediums at (A) and (B), with no bacterial growth in (C). Staphylococcus sp. growth was observed in (D) in a single patient whose surgical procedure lasted for 120 minutes. Shaving of the hair coat reduced microbial flora on the surface of the skin. Antisepsis in combination with prophylactic antimicrobial therapy was effective in controlling surgical site infection in elective procedures with an average duration of 90 minutes.

Optimization of penicillin G acylase immobilized on glutaraldehyde‐modified titanium dioxide

In this work, TiO2 , which was modified by glutaraldehyde, was adopted as the carrier; the penicillin G acylase (PGA) was immobilized and the influence of immobilized conditions, such as pH of solution, the concentration of PGA, the immobilization temperature, and the reaction time, on the catalytic performance of the immobilized PGA was investigated and optimized. During this process, potassium penicillin G (PG) was chosen as substrate, and the quantity of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) produced by PG at the temperature of 25°C for 3Min in neutral solution was conscripted as the evaluation foundation, indexes, containing the loading capacity (ELC), the activity (EA), and activity retention rate (EAR), were calculated based on quantities of produced 6-APA and compared with finding out the suitable conditions. Results showed that when the solution pH, PGA concentration, immobilization temperature, and reaction time were 8.0, 2.5% (v/v), 35°C, and 24H, respectively, ELC, EA, and EAR presented optimal values of 9,190U, 14,969U/g, and 88.5% relatedly. After that, the stability and reusability of immobilized PGA were studied, and the results documented that the pH resistance, thermal stability, and storage stability of immobilized PGA were significantly improved. This work provided technique support for the practical application of immobilized PGA carrier.

Supplemental Antibiotics in a Commercial Extender for Stallion Semen

Commonly marketed semen extenders contain various antibiotic types and concentrations to control bacterial growth from stallion's external genitalia. An experiment was conducted to test the effects of supplemental amikacin disulfate (1,000 μg/mL) + potassium penicillin G (1,000 IU/ML: INRA-AP), or ticarcillin–clavulanate (1,000 μg/mL: INRA-TIM) in the INRA 96 extender, on sperm function and antimicrobial activity, compared with extender without supplemental antibiotics (INRA-C). In freshly extended semen (Time 30m), no differences were observed among the three treatment groups for sperm motion characteristics or plasma membrane intactness (P > .05). Following cooled storage (Time 24h), sperm progressive motility and straightness were higher in INRA-AP, as compared to INRA-C or INRA-TIM (P < .05). For both time points, INRA-AP yielded lower bacterial colony-forming units (CFU/mL) than INRA-TIM or INRA-C (P < .05). In addition, INRA-AP yielded a higher proportion of culture plates with no growth (59%), than INRA-TIM (14%) or INRA-C (22%; P < .05). These findings suggest that INRA 96 extender can be supplemented with the tested concentrations of amikacin disulfate + potassium penicillin G to improve its antimicrobial effectiveness without impairing sperm quality.

Ileal Bypass Followed by Tiflostomy to Treat Acute Abdomen in a Horse

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50% the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse.Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA-USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, nº 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 IU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was decided to hydrate the animal through the caecum. It was performed a tiflostomy and the implantation of a Foley catheter, nº 24, followed by tiflopexy. During this procedure, it was possible to diagnostic, via intra-abdominal palpation, a significant type I cecal impaction. Immediately after the procedure, the animal presented no more enterogastric reflux and started to defecate pasty manure. Two days after the procedure, the animal died. During necropsy, the anastomoses region showed a great healing process, without folds or stenosis and the functional test of the region was performed, showing no leakage, ensuring the success of the anastomosis technique; the tiflopexy was adequate, and the other intestinal segments presented normal.Discussion: In this report it was possible to observe several postoperative complications such as enterogastric reflux, type I caecum impaction, ileus, and endotoxemia, which was determinant for the death of the animal. Probably the cecal impaction was responsible for the enterogastric reflux and ileus, contributing with the endotoxemia and hydro electrolytic imbalance. These facts evidenced the necessity of faster and more efficient actions in future cases with similar complications, such as the accomplishment of a tiflostomy more precociously avoiding the impaction of caecum and minimizing the electrolytic imbalances of the patients. It was concluded that the delay in the patient referral, followed by the advanced hydro electrolytic imbalance and endotoxemia were the main factors responsible for the treatment failure.

Evaluation of plasma concentration after intravenous and intramuscular penicillin administration over 24 hr in healthy adult horses.

Penicillin is administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) to horses for the prevention and treatment of infections, and both routes have disadvantages. To minimize these shortcomings, a 24-hr hybrid administration protocol (HPP) was developed. Our objective was to determine penicillin plasma concentrations in horses administered via HPP. Venous blood was collected from seven healthy horses administered IV potassium penicillin G at 0 and 6hr and IM procaine penicillin G at 12hr. Blood was collected at 2-hr intervals from 0 to 20hr and at 24hr. Plasma penicillin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Penicillin susceptibility from equine isolates was examined to determine pharmacodynamic targets. The MIC90 of penicillin for 264 isolates of Streptococcus sp. was ≤0.06μg/ml. For the 24-hr dosing interval, the mean plasma penicillin concentration was >0.07μg/ml. Five horses (72%) exceeded 0.06μg/ml for 98% of the dosing interval, and two horses exceeded this value for 52%-65% of the dosing interval. The HPP achieved mean plasma penicillin concentrations in healthy adult horses above 0.07μg/ml for a 24-hr dosing interval. However, individual variations in plasma concentrations were apparent and deserve future clinical study.

The effects of antibiotic type and extender storage method on sperm quality and antibacterial effectiveness in fresh and cooled-stored stallion semen

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of antibiotic-containing extender of on sperm quality and control of bacterial growth. In Experiment 1, ejaculates were diluted in extender containing no antibiotics, potassium penicillin G-amikacin disulfate (PEN-AMIK), ticarcillin disodium-potassium clavulanate (TICAR-CLAV), piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium (PIP-TAZ), or meropenem (MERO). In freshly extended semen, only slight differences were detected among some antibiotic treatments for total sperm motility, curvilinear velocity, and viable acrosome-intact sperm (P < 0.05). In cool-stored semen, slight differences were also detected among certain antibiotic treatments for curvilinear velocity and chromatin integrity (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, ejaculates were diluted in extender and subjected to no bacterial spiking, or inoculated with lower or higher doses of K. pneumoniae or P. aeruginosa. Following cooled storage of semen, colony forming units/ml (CFU/mL) were less in PEN-AMIK (706 ± 244) and MERO (1576 ± 1076) treatment groups than in TICAR-CLAV (4678 ± 1388) or PIP-TAZ (8108 ± 3198) treatment groups (P < 0.05). The CFU/mL were lower in all antibiotic-containing treatment groups than the control group (18478 ± 4374; P < 0.05). The percentage of culture plates containing no bacterial growth in unspiked semen was greater in PEN-AMIK (75%) than PIP-TAZ (15%) or TICAR-CLAV (20%; P < 0.05). The percentages of culture plates containing no bacterial growth in semen spiked with a lower doses of K. pneumoniae or P. aeruginosa were higher in PEN-AMIK (70% and 50%, respectively) then in all other treatment groups (0–40% and 0–15% for K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa, respectively; P < 0.05); however, complete control of bacterial load was only modest even with PEN-AMIK. In both experiments, freezing and thawing extender prior to use did not have any appreciable detrimental effect on sperm quality or antibiotic efficacy. In summary, all antibiotics tested had minimal effects on measures of sperm quality in fresh or cool-stored semen extenders; however, PEN-AMIK, followed by MERO, yielded the best results in terms of antimicrobial efficacy. None of the antibiotic types controlled bacterial growth, in comparison with the antibiotic-free control group, when extended semen was spiked with a high concentration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cooled storage of extended semen reduced bacterial growth in comparison with freshly extended semen.

Destructive and painful ulcer in the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx

A 37-year-old woman was referred by her otorhinolaryngologist to the Center for Diagnosis of Oral Diseases at the Federal University of Pelotas Dental School, Pelotas, Brazil, with the symptom of painful lesions in the oral cavity. The lesions had first appeared 1 month previous and had increased in size in the past week. Her general practitioner had prescribed azithromycin, cephalexin, and potassium penicillin G for suspected tonsillitis, with no clinical improvement. The patient also complained of dry cough, weakness, and mild fever. Ethical approval was obtained from the Pelotas Dental School ethics committee, and the patient provided written informed consent for her inclusion in this case study. Dr. Flores is a professor, Department of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dr. Alves de Mesquita is a professor, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dr. Uchoa Vasconcelos is a professor, Department of Semiology and Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Dr. Chaves Tarquinio is a professor, Department of Semiology and Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Dr. Neutzling Gomes is a professor, Department of Semiology and Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Pharmacokinetic study of benzylpenicillin potassium after intramuscular administration in rabbits

BACTERIAL diseases are common in laboratory and pet rabbits, and successful treatment depends on careful and accurate diagnosis, correction of underlying husbandry deficits and management of concurrent disease processes (Lennox...

Pulmonary Disease Potentially Associated with Nicoletella semolina in 3 Young Horses

Pulmonary Disease Potentially Associated with <i><scp>N</scp>icoletella semolina</i> in 3 Young Horses

Swallow syncope after cardiac surgery in a sheep

Swallow syncope after cardiac surgery in a sheep