Potassium Loading Research Articles

Regulating distal nephron functions and salt sensitivity.

This review highlights the molecular basis of salt sensitivity in hypertension, with a focus on the regulation of sodium transport in the distal nephron. Sodium reabsorption in this region is often linked to the actions of aldosterone, although in recent years numerous findings have been reported on the aldosterone-independent pathway of acquiring salt sensitivity by potassium deficiency or potassium loading. The key to this discussion is the interplay, through extracellular potassium concentration, between the first part of the tubules expressing the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and the second part expressing the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). The molecular pathways such as with-no-lysine 1 (WNK)-STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) signaling, Kelch-like family member 3 (KLHL3)-cullin 3 (CUL3) complex, protein phosphatases, and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-Nedd4L pathway are described as the mechanism by which salt sensitivity on blood pressure is acquired in response to changes in physiological conditions including potassium depletion or loading. This review highlights the potential for targeting these molecular pathways to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.

Abstract P199: Renal kallikrein-1 is not essential in adaptation to an overnight potassium load

Background: Kallikrein-1 is a serine protease expressed in multiple tissues including the kidney, where it is secreted into the urine. Low urinary kallikrein levels are associated with essential hypertension, whereas high levels are associated with primary hyperaldosteronism in humans. Global kallikrein-1 deletion in mice has been shown to lead to hyperkalemia in response to an acute potassium load as well as defective cleavage of gamma-ENaC, suggesting a direct role in distal K + handling. However, it remains unclear whether effects seen with global kallikrein-1 loss are secondary to loss of extrarenal or renal kallikrein, which is primarily expressed in the connecting tubule. Methods: To test the hypothesis that renal kallikrein-1 is necessary for increased K + secretion in response to acute dietary K + load, we generated mice with conditional knockout of kallikrein-1 in the distal tubule (Klk1 flox - Calbindin-Cre, KS-Klk1 KO). Mice were treated with a K + deficient diet (0% K + , LK) for 9.5 days and then placed in metabolic cages for 12hr overnight collection of urine on control (LK) or high K + (5%, OHK) diets. Metabolic parameters in plasma were measured using iSTAT and kidneys were harvested for downstream western blotting. Results: Deletion of kallikrein-1 in KS-Klk1 kidney was confirmed by western blotting and urine kallikrein activity assay. On LK diet, both WT and KS-Klk1 KO mice developed marked hypokalemia (WT 2.83+/-0.23 vs KO 2.88+/-0.15 meq/dL). Following OHK challenge, hyperkalemia developed to similar levels in both groups (WT 7.13+/-0.56 vs KO 7.74+/-0.35). However, KS-Klk1 KO mice with HK challenge exhibited a more pronounced drop in serum [Na + ] compared with WT (WT 142.6+/-1.4 vs KO 136.6+/-1.3, p=0.022) and correspondingly lower serum [Cl - ] (WT 119.0+/-0.62 vs KO 115.9+/-0.96). Gamma-ENaC quantitation by western blot revealed similar ratios of cleaved: uncleaved species between genotypes. No significant changes between genotypes were detected in urine volume or urine Na+/K+ ratios. Conclusions: KS-Klk1 KO mice do not display defective K+ handling or ENaC processing in response to an acute 12 hr overnight high K + diet. However, they do display relative hyponatremia compared with WT. These data may suggest compensatory mechanisms for potassium transport or a direct a role for renal kallikrein-1 in regulation of renal water transport.

The influence of multi-step modification method on the adsorption effect of alkali metal adsorbent in high temperature corrosive environment

In order to mitigate the serious high-temperature corrosion problem caused by gaseous alkali metal salts on the heating surface of boilers, the adsorption effect of kaolinite for alkali metal vapor stood out among many silicon-aluminum-based adsorbents. To improve the adsorption capacity of kaolinite for alkali metal vapor, a novel multi-step modification method was proposed in this reported work. The multi-step modification method consisted of the following four steps, which were pre-intercalation, replacement intercalation, multiple intercalation, and exfoliation, and it was found that the multi-step modification method resulted in the increase of the particle size, the expansion of the interlayer spacing, and the expansion of the porosity structure of kaolinite. The physicochemical analyses showed that the multi-step modification method made it easier to dehydrate kaolinite to produce metakaolinite. In addition, it was found that the multi-step modification method led to the generation of a new crystalline phase of kaolinite, which was formed by the dehydration and condensation of methanol and AlOH groups. It also led to the pre-removal of some of the hydroxyl groups in kaolinite. The insoluble sodium loading capacity of the multi-step modified kaolinite was enhanced by 64.47% and the insoluble potassium loading capacity was enhanced by 29.68% under the adsorption condition of 850 °C for 45 min. Therefore, the multi-step modification method enhanced the alkali metal vapor adsorption capacity of raw kaolinite under high-temperature environment, which laid a certain foundation for subsequent research in this field.

Fabrication of Na and K based MnO2 nanocomposites for supercapacitive applications

α-Na0.5Mn0.93O2@Na0.91MnO2 (NaMnO) and K0.48Mn1.94O5@Na0.91MnO2 (KNaMnO) nanocomposites have been synthesized using solid-state reaction method. FESEM results convey the formation of column-shaped morphology. FTIR exhibited a shift in the vibration frequency upon potassium loading. Cyclic voltammetric curves are scanned (0 V–0.8 V) at different scan rates (5 mV/s to 100 mV/s) in 1M KOH electrolyte. Galvanostatic charge-discharge characteristics, for different current densities, have shown non-linear or pseudocapacitive characteristics of the prepared electrodes. High specific capacitance of ∼361 F/g and ∼143 F/g, at a current density of 1A/g, has been achieved for KNaMnO and NaMnO samples, respectively. KNaMnO sample exhibited higher capacitive retention (116 %), up to 2000 cycles, and obeys lower series resistance, charge transfer resistance, and Warburg impedance parameters, thus, convey higher efficiency of this compound for supercapacitor applications.

Char formation during pyrolysis of torrefied cellulose: Role of potassium catalysis and torrefaction pretreatment

Torrefaction is an efficient pretreatment technology for large-scale and high-value utilization of biomass fuel. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the thermochemical conversion of torrefied biomass by delineating the role of potassium and torrefaction on primary/secondary charring reactions during pyrolysis of torrefied cellulose. Celluloses with varying potassium loading levels were torrefied at temperatures ranging from 200 to 320 °C and subsequently pyrolyzed at 1000 °C. Two contrasting pyrolysis conditions, i.e., limiting and enhancing transport resistance, were employed to tune the occurrence of secondary reactions, thereby determining the role of torrefaction and potassium on primary and secondary charring reactions. Potassium content, torrefaction severity, and pyrolysis conditions both profoundly affects char formation during pyrolysis of torrefied cellulose, resulting in a wide range of pyrolysis char yields from 1.95 wt% to 64.35 wt%. The structural changes induced by torrefaction, including the depolymerization of the carbohydrate structure and the formation of crosslinking structures, promote the char formation. Potassium enhances the char formation of torrefied cellulose in two ways: i) by catalyzing the transformation of the carbohydrate structure into the crosslinking structure during torrefaction, and ii) by catalyzing the charring reactions of both the carbohydrate and the crosslinking structures during pyrolysis. Raman spectral analysis of the char carbon structure indicates that increased potassium loading level and torrefaction severity enlarge the aromatic system of the char. The findings highlight the potential of optimizing biomass pyrolysis through controlled torrefaction and potassium, paving the way for more efficient biofuel production and high-quality biochar applications.

Dietary potassium loads call on intercalated cell PIEZO1 to go with the flow

Dietary potassium loads call on intercalated cell PIEZO1 to go with the flow

Carbon dioxide conversion to fuel over alumina-supported ruthenium catalysts

In this study, ruthenium-based catalysts were prepared for CO2 hydrogenation. Incipient-wetness-impregnation of the alumina-support with ruthenium (III) nitrosyl nitrate solution to achieve 0.5 wt% Ru loading on supports was used to prepare these catalysts. Potassium (0–3 % wt%) was used to further promote the catalysts. TPR, CO2-TPD, XRD, TEM, XPS, SEM, and EDS analyses were used to characterize catalyst properties. The hydrogenation of CO2 catalytic tests were conducted and the effect of operating conditions (temperature, pressure, and space velocity) were investigated. These studies were conducted in a tubular fixed-bed reactor. The CO2 conversion over these catalysts was found to be low and the dominating product observed was CH4 with a small amount of C2+ forming when K was added to the catalyst. The optimum potassium loading for improved C2+ product yield over Ru/Al2O3 was 1%K for CO2 hydrogenation.

ACUTE EFFECTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE OR ITS SUBSTITUTE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON VASCULAR FUNCTION IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Objective: High blood pressure, one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, leads to vascular dysfunction and subsequently to arteriosclerosis, stroke, kidney and heart failure. High salt intake and low potassium intake are associated with high blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Partial replacement of sodium with potassium led to a lower risk of cardiovascular events and death in a long-term follow-up study. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the acute effects of sodium or potassium intake on vascular health to unravel the underlying mechanisms leading to vascular adaptations. Design and method: Six male and nine female healthy individuals (mean age 31 years) were randomized to either 9g of sodium chloride (high salt group), 6g of sodium chloride (regular salt group) or 6 g of sodium chloride plus 3g of potassium chloride group (substitution group). Individuals received a salty soup with the corresponding sodium or potassium load. Blood analyses, blood pressure, body composition and macro- as well as microvascular measurements were performed before as well as four (t4) and 24 hours (t24) after soup intake. To investigate macrovascular health, carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity was analyzed. Microvascular health was measured by investigating retinal vessel diameters. Results: The high (139±2mmol/l vs. 143±2mmol/l p=0,003) and regular salt group (140±2mmol/l vs. 141±0,6 mmol/l p=0,029) showed both higher serum sodium concentrations at t4 compared to baseline. These higher values were normalized at t24. The serum sodium concentration of the substitution group showed no statistically significant difference between timepoints. The substitution group showed improved microvascular health, quantified by higher arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio from baseline to t4 (0,86±0,09 vs. 0,89±0,08 p=0,005). These improvements were regressive at t24 (0,88±0,09). No statistically significant changes were found on pulse wave velocity. The high and regular salt group showed no statistically significant differences at any timepoint on micro- or macrovascular health parameters. Conclusions: Replacement of sodium by potassium seems to improve microvascular function directly after potassium intake. These results might explain the long-term beneficial effects of potassium on cardiovascular outcomes.

Differences in sediment provenance from rainfall and snowmelt erosion in the Mollisol region of Northeast China

AbstractDifferences in erosion patterns inevitably lead to different soil loss processes. However, the differences in sediment sources between rainfall and snowmelt erosion are not well studied. To address this gap, a study was conducted in a small agricultural catchment (3.5 km2) using the fingerprinting technique to quantify the various sources contributing to sediment, as well as determine the magnitude of sediment total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK) and soil organic matter (SOM) loads from three sources (cultivated land, unpaved roads and gullies) during the rainy season and spring thawing period. Sediment sources from 17 rainfall erosion and seven snowmelt erosion events of varying magnitudes were compared. The Collins and Bayesian mixing models, coupled with geochemical tracers (Cs, V, Cd, Pb and Ag), were applied to assess the contribution proportion of individual sediment sources to suspended sediment. According to the results obtained from the Bayesian mixing model with higher accuracy, cultivated land, unpaved roads and gullies contributed 60.3% (load‐weighted mean contribution [LMC] = 82.8%), 11.0% (LMC = 6.5%) and 28.7% (LMC = 10.7%) of the sediment in the rainy season, respectively. Cultivated land was the dominant sediment source for rainfall erosion, with high rainfall erosivity and sediment concentration. However, for snowmelt erosion, gullies were the primary sediment source (LMC = 66.2%), followed by cultivated land (LMC = 19.8%) and unpaved roads (load‐weighted = 14.0%). Meanwhile, in the spring thawing period, the contributions of unpaved roads to sediment were higher than in the rainy season. During the rainy season, the greatest contributions of TN, TP, TK and SOM were observed from cultivated land, with respective LMC values of 94.2%, 89.4%, 81.1% and 94.8%. With the increase of sediment contribution from gullies in the spring thawing period, its LMC of TN, TP, TK and SOM increased to 42.6%, 58.3%, 65.0% and 38.0%, respectively. The results of the study could be useful for understanding the processes of soil erosion, clarifying the driving mechanism of compound erosion, developing the compound erosion prediction model and optimizing the spatial configuration of erosion control measures.

A 6-month-old patient with cleft lip palate, atrial septal defect, and presenting hyperkalemia: a case report

Introduction: Cleft Lip Palate (CLP) is a prevalent congenital anomaly in Indonesia. Gradual surgery is the gold standard treatment for the condition. However, screening for other comorbidities must be conducted before the surgery. Congenital heart Defects (CHDs) are one of the prevalent concurrent conditions of CLP patients. One of the CHD that can be found is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD). Moreover, electrolyte levels must also be assessed and treated if abnormal before surgery. Hyperkalemia is a type of electrolyte imbalance that can be found, possibly caused by increased potassium load or decreased excretion. Case description: A 6-month-old girl was admitted to our hospital with a fever and dehydration. She complained of persistent vomiting. She had a history of CLP and CHD since birth. The echocardiogram revealed Small Secundum ASD. Laboratory results showed an elevated potassium (5.52 mEq/l). The patient was planned to get primary cleft lip repair and tip rhinoplasty. The surgery was postponed due to the patient’s condition and laboratory findings. During hospitalization, she received electrolyte imbalance correction and symptomatic treatment. A 1-week follow-up assessment showed stable condition, and the patient continued to prepare for the surgery. Conclusion: ASD is frequently observed as one of the most prevalent comorbidities of a CLP patient. Dehydration can increase the potassium level of the blood, and it must be treated before the surgical procedure for CLP patients with ASD condition.

Optimizing alkaline solvent regeneration through bipolar membrane electrodialysis for carbon capture

This work demonstrates and characterizes the use of a bipolar membrane electrodialysis for pH-driven CO2 capture and solvent regeneration using potassium hydroxide solutions. The impact of potassium concentration, current density and load ratio on the CO2 desorption efficiency was analyzed and substantiated with an equilibrium model. The system was tested with partially saturated solutions that mimic the expected carbon content of alkaline solvents that have been in contact with flue gas (carbon loading of 0.6 and K+ concentration from 0.5 M to 2 M). Among the tested current densities, 1000 A/m2 demonstrated the highest CO2 desorption efficiency but also the highest energy consumption, whereas 250 A/m2 exhibited the lowest energy consumption (8.8 GJ/ton CO2) but lower CO2 desorption. Efficiency losses were associated with H+ transport across the membranes at high load ratios and decrease of the bipolar membranes water dissociation efficiency at low current densities. This work establishes key performance indicators and describes fundamental characteristics of continuous bipolar membrane electrodialysis systems for regeneration of alkaline solvents used in post-combustion CO2 capture.

Vinasse processing by electrodialysis combined with nanofiltration: emphasis on process optimization and environmental sustainability.

Vinasse, due to its high organic load, low pH, high corrosivity, and high potassium levels, can cause salinization, acidification, loss of fertility, and leaching of constituents when applied to agricultural soils. In this context, electrodialysis (ED) was used to remove potassium from this effluent, to concentrate it in the cathode concentrate compartment. The cathode concentrate was subjected to nanofiltration (NF), allowing the electrolyte to be reconditioned and simultaneously generating a solution rich in potassium, making it an input for the fertilizer industry. The conditions of NF were optimized by the design of experiments. The optimal conditions obtained were 6 bar pressure, 1.8 L min-1 flow, and 1.6× feed dilution factor. Although the reconditioned electrolyte has been feasible, the raw vinasse (pre-ultrafiltered) was compared and proved to be a sustainable option. The NF permeate had a potassium concentration of 90% and magnesium of 84%, in addition to the annual reduction in magnesium sulfate demand (139,450,988 kg) and distilled water (5,019 m3). It was also possible to obtain an increase of approximately 400% in the rate of the application of vinasse in fertigation without compromising the needs of the plantation, the quality of the soil, and groundwater.

Potassium and cobalt double-doped ferrierites as a new class of soot oxidation catalysts

Research efforts to develop an effective soot oxidation catalyst have intensified in recent years due to the increased awareness of the highly harmful effect of soot particles on the human health and the environment. Large-scale application of a developed catalyst calls for a cheap support material allowing for an effective dispersion and thus a decrease in the active phase loading. Zeolites, widely used in catalysis as active phase carriers, possess advantageous characteristics such as a uniform porous structure and large surface area. Furthermore, they are characterized by high availability, good price, and are environmentally friendly. Cobalt-based materials provide promising soot oxidation catalyst phases, and alkali doping can further enhance their activity. This study focuses on the optimization of the potassium loading in the potassium and cobalt double-doped ferrierites towards a new class of cheap and environmentally friendly soot combustion catalysts. The potassium doping of the ferrierite-supported cobalt spienel was optimized in the range of 0–14 wt%. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of their composition (XRF, XPS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy), morphology (SEM, TEM/EDX/FFT), and reducibility (H2-TPR), and tested in the process of soot oxidation in tight and loose contact modes. The strong promotional effect of potassium was discussed in terms of a significant modification of the catalyst electronic properties (work function studies) and supported by the potassium surface state studies by the alkali thermal desorption method (SR-TAD). It was found that the optimal potassium promoter dispersion leads to the lowest catalyst work function and its highest activity in soot combustion. The effect of nitric oxide was also investigated for selected catalysts. The opposite effect of NO on the activity of undoped and K-doped catalysts was discussed on the basis of in-depth spectroscopic studies. An enhanced formation of nitrate species was found on the surface of the K-containing catalyst which led to the stronger inhibiting effect of NO.

The Influence of Soil’s Physicochemical Properties and Land Use Systems on the Abundance of Actinomycetes Populations

Aims: In this study, we assessed the effect of physicochemical properties of soils from different land use systems on the population of Actinomycetes.
 Study Design: A cross sectional survey design in line transect sampling was used in collection of samples from land use systems. A 4×6×3 factorial experiments laid in completely randomized design was used in determining Actinomycetes population in land use system and media type culture.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Meru south sub-county, Kenya, between January 2019 and July 2019.
 Methodology: Cultural growth of Actinomycetes was determined using four different media type culture. The physicochemical properties of soil were evaluated using standard laboratory methods. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and significantly means were separated using Least Significance Difference at α = 0.05 in SAS version 9.4. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and Actinomycetes population. Actinomycetes population varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the different land use systems.
 Results: The study's findings revealed significant variations (p < 0.05) in Actinomycetes populations across the different land use systems. The type of media used significantly influenced the growth and proliferation of Actinomycetes colonies, with the Starch casein medium exhibiting the highest number of colonies (3.4 × 105 cfu/ml of soil sample) and the modified Luria Bertani (M1) medium showing the lowest (1.7 × 105 cfu/ml). The Actinomycetes populations demonstrated significant variations (p < 0.05) among the different land use systems. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.63407; p < 0.0001) between Actinomycetes population and soil pH, as well as weaker positive correlations (r = 0.3375; p = 0.012) between soil moisture content and Actinomycetes population, and available potassium and Actinomycetes load (r = 0.31483; p < 0.0001).
 Conclusion: The study concludes that the population of Actinomycetes was affected by soil physicochemical properties and consequently land uses.

Role of potassium loading in ZnO-based gas sensors under NO2 exposure – Operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopic study

Unloaded, 0.08 and 0.9 at% potassium (K)-loaded ZnO gas sensors were investigated using operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy combined with simultaneous direct current (DC) sensor resistance measurements. At 250 °C in humidified (10%) synthetic air, during NO2 exposure, K-loaded ZnO exhibits a resistance decrease, which is contrary to the usual response of unloaded ZnO. Using DRIFTS, it was observed that for K-loaded ZnO, under NO2 exposure, free nitrates (such as KNO3) are formed and surface oxygen is removed, which explains the observed decrease in resistance. Moreover, the presence of K-related carbonates was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, decomposition of monodentate carbonates was observed during the formation of free nitrates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the peculiar sensor response of K-loaded ZnO to NO2 is reported and explained.

A Synergistic Effect of Potassium and Transition Metal Compounds on the Catalytic Behaviour of Hydrolysis Lignin in CO2-Assisted Gasification

CO2-assisted gasification of carbon-based waste materials is one of the processes that both utilises waste carbon chemicals and produces CO, which is a highly sought after raw material. In this work, we aimed at finding and clarifying the synergistic effects of simultaneous potassium and Fe, Co, or Ni-driven catalysis. To reveal the behaviour of such systems, a series with different potassium loadings and a fixed second metal loading of 5 wt.% was prepared. The following methods were applied for this purpose: SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, electron diffraction, and catalytic tests. The most active sample was found to be 3 wt.% K and 5 wt.% Co- or Fe-loaded hydrolysis lignin. The attained CO2 conversion was up to 92%, while the pure lignin sample demonstrated only 62% conversion under the same conditions.

Mid-Point of the Active Phase Is Better to Achieve the Natriuretic Effect of Acute Salt Load in Mice

Excess sodium intake and insufficient potassium intake are a prominent global issue because of their influence on high blood pressure. Supplementation of potassium induces kaliuresis and natriuresis, which partially explains its antihypertensive effect. Balancing of minerals takes place in the kidney and is controlled by the circadian clock; in fact, various renal functions exhibit circadian rhythms. In our previous research, higher intake of potassium at lunch time was negatively associated with blood pressure, suggesting the importance of timing for sodium and potassium intake. However, the effects of intake timing on urinary excretion remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion after acute sodium and potassium load with different timings in mice. Compared to other timings, the middle of the active phase resulted in higher urinary sodium and potassium excretion. In Clock mutant mice, in which the circadian clock is genetically disrupted, urinary excretion differences from intake timings were not observed. Restricted feeding during the inactive phase reversed the excretion timing difference, suggesting that a feeding-induced signal may cause this timing difference. Our results indicate that salt intake timing is important for urinary sodium and potassium excretion and provide new perspectives regarding hypertension prevention.

Diesel soot oxidation over potassium-promoted urchin-structured NiO-NiCo2O4 catalyst

Catalytic oxidation is an effective strategy to eliminate soot emitted from diesel engines. However, the insufficient contact sites and low intrinsic activity of catalysts severely limit the development of the technique. Herein, we designed and prepared a potassium-promoted NiO-NiCo2O4 composite endowed with an urchin-like structure (K/NiO-NiCo2O4 US), which displayed high catalytic activity for soot oxidation with temperatures of soot conversion at 10% (T10) and 50% (T50) as low as 307 °C and 347 °C, respectively. The enhanced performance was unveiled based on a series of characterization results. On one hand, the urchin-like structure increased the contact efficiency between the soot and the catalyst. On the other hand, the loading of potassium generated more Co3+ species and active oxygen species, improving the oxidation ability.

Nutrient Patterns and Bladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Iran

To examine the association between nutrient patterns (NP) and the risk of bladder cancer (BC) in the Iranian population, this Hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 306 participants (106 cases and 200 controls). The cases were newly diagnosed with BC (transitional cell carcinoma). Participants’ past year’s dietary intake was obtained via a valid 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Principal Component Analysis was applied to derive NPs considering the intake of the nutrients. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (ORs) and 95%CIs. Two main NPs were obtained - Mineral Dominant (NP1) and Fat Dominant (NP2). NP1 was characterized by a high loading of folate, total carbohydrate, iron, phosphorus, fiber, total protein, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. NP2 had high loadings of trans-fatty acid (TFA), poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), sodium, and cholesterol. Higher adherence to NP1 pattern significantly decreased the odds of BC (OR = 0.24, 95%CI: 0.09–0.67). In contrast, high adherence to NP2 resulted in almost a five-fold increase in the odds of BC (OR = 5.41, 95%CI: 2.26, 12.95). Variability in nutrient patterns has significant associations with the risk of BC, further highlighting the need to study patterns of nutrient intake rather than single nutrients.

Duration of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Post-Liver Transplantation: Does One Size Fit All?

Duration of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Post-Liver Transplantation: Does One Size Fit All?