Potassium Citrate Research Articles

Reshaping the Electrolyte Solvation Structure and Electrical Double Layer with Potassium Citrate To Stabilize the Zn Anode

Reshaping the Electrolyte Solvation Structure and Electrical Double Layer with Potassium Citrate To Stabilize the Zn Anode

A Comparison of the Effects of Magnesium and Potassium Citrate Different Concentration on Productivity of Flame Seedless Grapevines

A Comparison of the Effects of Magnesium and Potassium Citrate Different Concentration on Productivity of Flame Seedless Grapevines

Porous Carbon Materials Prepared from Potassium Citrate for Zinc–Ion Capacitor: Effect of Preparation Method

Porous Carbon Materials Prepared from Potassium Citrate for Zinc–Ion Capacitor: Effect of Preparation Method

Quadriplegia In Accidently Diagnosed Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis with Pneumonia (Case Report)

Distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA1) is a rare disease. It confirms the lab’s data and rules out other differential diagnoses. Late evaluation can interfere with healthy development. We explain a 38-year-old patient with a late and accidental RTA1 diagnosis. Correct treatment with alkali consumption and potassium citrate improves her general condition and eliminates further weakness attacks. Early diagnosis is crucial for patient development and morbidity avoidance with accurate treatments.

In Vitro Susceptibility and Synergistic Effect of Bismuth Against Helicobacter pylori

Background/objectives: Bismuth is commonly used in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy. However, few studies have examined the in vitro susceptibility of H. pylori to bismuth. Moreover, the exact mechanism of action of bismuth on H. pylori remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the anti-bacterial effect of bismuth as well as to evaluate potential synergistic effects between bismuth and various antibiotics. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of three bismuth preparations, bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth potassium citrate, and colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS, De-Nol) were determined for H. pylori strains using the agar dilution technique. Agar plates of varying pH values from 5.0 to 8.0 were used to investigate whether acidity influences the anti-bacterial effect of bismuth. A checkerboard assay was performed to assess the synergism between CBS and antibiotics (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole). Results: Twelve H. pylori strains, including three reference strains (H. pylori 26695, J99, and ATCC 43504), and nine clinically isolated strains were tested. The MICs for bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth potassium citrate, and CBS ranged from 4 to 32 μg/mL, 2 to 16 μg/mL, and 1 to 8 μg/mL, respectively. The bismuth MICs for the reference strains were similar at pH 5–8. In the checkerboard assay, no interactions between CBS and any of the antibiotics were observed in the reference H. pylori strains. Conclusions: Bismuth showed in vitro susceptibility against H. pylori. The enhanced eradication efficacy of bismuth-containing regimens appears to be due to mechanisms other than direct synergy with antibiotics.

Efficacy and safety of vonoprazan-based bismuth quadruple therapy for first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication: A large-scale, real-world study.

Vonoprazan (VPZ) has been shown to have superior acid-inhibitory effects compared to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, there is a paucity of research examining the efficacy of vonoprazan-based bismuth quadruple therapy (VBQT) in the eradication of primary Helicobacter pylori infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of VBQT as a first-line treatment for H pylori eradication. This retrospective, real-world, single-arm study included consecutive treatment-naive patients who received VBQT (VPZ 20 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, bismuth potassium citrate 220 mg, all administered twice daily for 14 days) for H pylori eradication between March 1, 2021, and May 30, 2023. The study included both outpatients and inpatients. Eradication rates were assessed using 13C-urea breath tests or 14C-urea breath tests performed 4 to 6 weeks after treatment. The primary outcomes included eradication rates, adverse events, and treatment compliance. A total of 612 H pylori-infected patients were included in the study. The intention-to-treat (ITT), modified ITT (MITT), and per-protocol analyses showed H pylori eradication rates of 84.3% (95% CI: 812% to 87.1%), 95.9% (95% CI: 93.9% to 97.4%), and 96.4% (95% CI: 94.4% to 97.8%), respectively. In the ITT analysis, the adverse event rate was 12.7%, and the treatment compliance rate was 96.9%. In real-world practice, the VBQT regimen demonstrates excellent efficacy and favorable tolerability as a first-line therapy for H pylori eradication.

5/6 Nephrectomy Impairs Acute Kaliuretic Responses and Predisposes to Postprandial Hyperkalemia.

The susceptibility of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to develop postprandial hyperkalemia suggests alterations in normal kidney sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) handling, but the exact nature of these changes is largely unknown. To address this, we analyzed the natriuretic and kaliuretic responses to diuretics and acute K+ loading in rats who underwent 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) and compared this to the response in sham-operated rats. The natriuretic and kaliuretic responses to furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and amiloride were largely similar between 5/6Nx and sham rats except for a significantly reduced kaliuretic response to hydrochlorothiazide in 5/6Nx rats. Acute dietary K+ loading with either 2.5% potassium chloride or 2.5% potassium citrate caused lower natriuretic and kaliuretic responses in 5/6Nx rats compared with sham rats. This resulted in significantly higher plasma K+ concentrations in 5/6Nx rats which were accompanied by corresponding increases in plasma aldosterone. Acute K+ loading caused dephosphorylation of Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and the sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) both in sham and 5/6Nx rats. In contrast, the acute K+ load decreased the Na+/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) and increased serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) only in sham rats. Together, our data show that 5/6Nx impairs the natriuretic and kaliuretic response to an acute dietary K+ load which is further characterized by a loss of ENaC adaptation and the development of postprandial hyperkalemia.

7289 An interesting case of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 induced Renal Tubal Acidosis Type 1

Abstract Disclosure: R. Ripa: None. A. Itani: None. S.K. Patel: None. Introduction: Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) are a group of disorders that involve dysfunctional transporters and channels in the renal system. These disorders can be acquired (idiopathic, medication side effects, and medical disorders) or inherited. The most common type worldwide is type 4 RTA, the main cause is diabetic nephropathy leading to hypoaldosteronism. The association of type 1 RTA with diabetes has rarely been reported in studies. Here, we report the presentation, diagnosis and management of a rare case of type 1 RTA in a patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 1. Case: A male in his 50s with a 30-year history of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus on insulin pump and coronary artery disease presented to his cardiologist with worsening chest pain, fatigue, polyuria, weight loss of 15 lbs, and recent insulin pump change. Blood tests revealed serum bicarbonate of 10 mmol/L and he was sent to the hospital. On examination, he was hypotensive and bradycardic with dry mouth and decreased skin turgor. His blood tests were consistent with type 1 RTA, he was treated with intravenous fluids containing bicarbonate plus potassium and transitioned to oral potassium citrate on discharge. He underwent renal biopsy as work up was unrevealing for a cause of type 1 RTA. Biopsy revealed normal glomeruli with negative immunofluorescence and Congo red stain. The biopsy, however, did show mild patchy chronic interstitial fibrosis with lymphocytes and mild tubular atrophy. At one year follow up, he remained on oral potassium citrate with resulting serum bicarbonate of 26 mmol/L and a normal renal function. Discussion: Diabetes mellitus can lead to a variety of renal pathologies, specifically metabolic acidosis that can be either seen as diabetic ketoacidosis or hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (Type 4 RTA). In our patient, despite being a diabetic, he did not present with either elevated anion gap, ketonuria or hyperkalemic hyperchloremic acidosis typical of type 4 RTA. He was noted to have hypokalemic hyperchloremic acidosis, with a positive urine anion gap, and an alkaline urine, all characteristic of type 1 RTA. Acquired distal RTA occurs more commonly due to certain medications or autoimmune diseases as in Sjögren’s syndrome. The relationship between distal RTA and Sjögren’s syndrome has already been established, unlike the relationship with type 1 diabetes. There have been few case reports of distal RTA in association with type 1 diabetes mellitus, implying a possible autoimmune pathology. Prior case reports also not only had patients who were insulin dependent, but diabetes was present for more than a decade at least suggesting chronicity of disease is needed. Traditional management consists of alkaline therapy and treatment of the underlying disease, or removal of offending medication. In this case, we hope to highlight distal RTA in a diabetic who doesn’t meet criteria for DKA or type 4 RTA. Presentation: 6/1/2024

The efficacy of keverprazan-based quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A phase III, randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial

IntroductionKeverprazan is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker. The advantages of keverprazan as a potent acid suppressor in Helicobacter pylori eradication have not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of keverprazan as a component of bismuth quadruple therapy in H. pylori treatment. MethodsAdult patients with H. pylori infection were enrolled and randomised to take keverprazan (KEV group)- or esomeprazole (ESO group)-quadruple therapy. The regimens contained keverprazan 20 mg or esomeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg and bismuth potassium citrate 240 mg and were administered twice daily for 14 days. The primary endpoint was the H. pylori eradication rate at 4 weeks after treatment. ResultsThe full analysis set showed that the H. pylori eradication rates were 87.8% (252/287) and 82.52% (236/286) for the KEV and ESO groups, respectively (difference: 5.29%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.55–11.18). Keverprazan was superior to esomeprazole in terms of eradication rate in the per protocol set (P=0.0382). The eradication rates for patients resistant or non-resistant to clarithromycin were both numerically higher in the KEV group than the ESO group (83.45% vs. 76.98% for clarithromycin-resistance; 92.31% vs. 88.16% for clarithromycin-non-resistance). The incidence of adverse events was similar in the KEV and ESO groups (76.31% vs. 77.62%), with most adverse events (>90%) being mild in severity. No TEAEs led to death in either group. ConclusionsKeverprazan 20 mg twice daily, used as a component of bismuth quadruple therapy, provided effective H. pylori eradication and was non-inferior to an esomeprazole-based regimen.

Influence of Capsicum chinense concentration and salt varieties on the quality attributes of Kilishi, a sundried beef jerky

The impact of Capsicum chinense concentration and salt varieties on cholesterol oxides, physicochemical properties, microbial profiles and organoleptic attributes of Kilishi, a sundried beef jerky, was assessed. Kilishi (KL) was prepared from sundried strips of Biceps femoris and marinated with either 2 % Sodium chloride (NaCl) + 7 % fresh Capsicum chinense (CC) (KL−1), 1 % NaCl + 1 % Potassium chloride (KCl) + 7 % CC (KL−2), 1 % NaCl + 1 % Potassium citrate (C6H5K3O7) + 7 % CC (KL−3), 1 % NaCl + 14 % CC (KL-4), 1 % KCl + 14 % CC (KL-5) or 1 % C6H5K3O7 + 14 % CC (KL-6), and stored at 29 ± 1 °C for 90 d. The partial or total replacement of NaCl lowered (P < 0.05) the Na content in KL. The KL samples treated with 14 % CC had lower (P < 0.05) 25-hydroxy cholesterol, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, carbonyl, pH, malondialdehyde, and lightness and greater (P < 0.05) redness and Lactobacillus counts than those treated with 7 % CC. The chemical composition, sensory scores and water activity were unaffected by the additives. The taste, flavor, and overall acceptance scores of KL decreased (P < 0.05) after 30 days of storage. The substitution of KCl and C6H5K3O7 for NaCl and the increase in CC concentration from 7 to 14 % lowered the Na content and selected cholesterol oxides, respectively, without impairing the organoleptic traits of Kilishi.

Oral supplementation with probiotics, potassium citrate, and magnesium in reducing crystalluria in stone formers: A phase II study.

Crystalluria is an important indicator of renal stone recurrence. Mechanisms underlying urinary stone formation are still not fully understood and raising interests has been giving to intestinal commensal bacteria for their contribute in maintaining urinary solutes equilibrium. The aim of our phase II study was to examine the administration of potassium citrate, magnesium and probiotics in order to reduce crystalluria. Since May 2021, we enrolled 23 patients candidates for ureterorenolithotripsy for calcium oxalate kidney stones with crystalluria and a normal metabolic profile. The analysis was validated by the Institution's Ethical Committee (no. approval STS CE Lazio 1/N-823). At discharge, patients were provided with daily food supplementation for 20 days of 1 billion Lactobacillus paracasei LPC09, 1 billion Lactobacillus plantarum LP01, 1 billion Bifidobacterium breve BR03, potassium (520 mg), citrate (1400 mg), and magnesium (80 mg). Crystalluria was re-assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months follow-up by polarized light microscopy. After one month from the oral supplementation, no patient reported crystalluria; at 3 months, among the 20 participants available for re-evaluation, still no patient reported crystalluria. Instead, crystalluria was reported in three patients (15%) at 6 months, and in five patients (25%) at 12 months follow-up. The oral supplementation with Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. was found able to reduce the prevalence of crystalluria in a cohort of patients with diagnosis of calcium oxalate kidney stones with crystalluria candidate to ureterorenolithotripsy.

Phytate Effects on Incomplete Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis.

Background: Adults who have incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) may present with recurrent urolithiasis due to metabolic acidosis, leading to bone resorption, which in turn causes hypercalciuria and urine alkalinization (pH > 6.0). Oral potassium citrate is the most commonly used treatment for dRTA, but some patients cannot tolerate this treatment. The objective of this single-arm study was to evaluate the effect of phytate, an inhibitor of bone resorption, on calciuria of patients with incomplete dRTA. Methods: The calciuria levels of 16 patients who had incomplete dRTA with urolithiasis and could not tolerate potassium citrate treatment were recorded before (baseline) and after 6 months of treatment with oral calcium magnesium phytate (380 mg every 12 h). There were no dietary modifications or other treatments. Results: The baseline calciuria was 317 ± 81 mg/24 h and the level after 6 months was 221 ± 38 mg/24 h (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Our results suggest that calcium magnesium phytate should be considered as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for hypercalciuria in patients with incomplete dRTA.

Oral Dissolution Therapy of Uric Acid Stones: A Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: Uric acid stones are the second most common type of kidney stones worldwide. Despite being cost-effective and widely available, pharmacological management for these stones is less utilized compared to surgical approaches. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the efficacy and shortcomings of oral dissolution therapy for uric acid stones. Methods: Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases were searched for English language studies on adults who were diagnosed with uric acid kidney stones and treated with oral dissolution therapy. Results: Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria. Potassium citrate was the primary agent used for dissolution in 10 of the studies and demonstrated a 50% or higher success rate for complete dissolution of uric acid stones. Treatment time for successful dissolution varied, with an average of 3 months minimum and an average of 2.78 years maximum. Overall, 11 of the studies recommended that oral dissolution therapy should be used for either treatment or prevention of uric acid stones. Conclusions: The available evidence demonstrates benefit of oral dissolution therapy for patients with uric acid stones. However, future rigorous studies are required to determine the optimal treatment regimen.

Formulation of novel low-sodium salts using potassium salts and dietary polysaccharide

Potassium citrate (KC) and potassium lactate (KL) are considered as salt replacers due to their saltiness, processing advantages, and health benefits. However, the obvious bitter taste associated with these compounds has limited their use in salt substitutes. Despite this challenge, little attention has been paid to improving their sensory properties. This study provided evidence that dietary polysaccharide carrageenan can effectively mask the bitterness of KC and KL by specifically binding K+ and forming double helix chains. A highly accurate prediction model was then established for the saltiness and bitterness of low-sodium salts using mixture design principles. Three low-sodium salt formulas containing different potassium salts (KC, KL, KCl), NaCl, and carrageenan were created based on the prediction model. These formulas exhibited favorable saltiness potencies (>0.85) without any noticeable odor, preserving the sensory characteristics of high-sodium food products like seasoning powder while significantly reducing their sodium content. This research provides a promising approach for the food industry to formulate alternative low-sodium products with substantially reduced sodium content, potentially contributing to decreased salt intake.

Study on the role of microbial metabolites in in-situ noncontact bioleaching of ion-adsorption rare earth ore

Ion adsorption rare earth ore nearly satisfy global market demand for heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Bio-leaching has important potential for the clean and efficient extraction of ion-adsorption rare earth ore. However, the complexities of in-situ mining restrict the use of contact/direct bio-leaching, and non-contact/indirect bio-leaching would be the best choice. This study explore the potential of fermentation broths prepared by Yarrowia lipolytica (ATCC 30162) for the bio-leaching of ion-adsorption rare earth ore, and three typical metabolites (potassium citrate (K3Cit), sodium citrate (Na3Cit) and ammonium citrate ((NH4)3Cit) of Yarrowia lipolytica were further evaluated in simulated bioleaching (non-contact bioleaching) of ion-adsorption rare earth ore, including leaching behavior, seepage rule and rare earth elements (REEs) morphological transformation. The column leaching experiments shown that direct leaching of REEs using fermentation broths results in incomplete leaching of REEs due to the influence of impurities. Using the purified and prepared metabolites as lixiviant, REEs can be effectively extracted (leaching efficiency >90%) at cation concentration was only 10 % of the commonly used ammonium sulfate concentration (45 mM). Cation type had less effect on leaching efficiency. During the ion-adsorption rare earth ore leaching process, rare earth ions form a variety of complex chelates with citrate, thus transferring rare earth elements from the mineral surface to the leachate. Experimental results showed that pH and concentration together determined the type and form of rare earth chelates, which in turn affect the leaching behavior of REEs and solution seepage rule. This study helps to provide a theoretical basis for the regulation and enhancement of ion-adsorption rare earth ore non-contact bioleaching process.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antiurolithic Effect of Betulinic Acid Obtained from Citharexylum mirianthum.

The study aimed to investigate the potential antiurolithic effects of extracts, fractions, and betulinic acid (BA) from Citharexylum mirianthum. In vitro analysis involved precipitating calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in urine. For in vivo studies, rats were divided into four groups: naive; vehicle; potassium citrate (KC); and BA. Urolithiasis was induced using ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride. After seven days, urine, blood, and kidney tissues were evaluated. The results showed that methanolic extract, hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions, as well as BA, reduced CaOx crystal formation. In vivo, the vehicle-treated group exhibited reduced urinary volume and Na+ excretion, while the BA-treated group showed restored urinary volume and Na+ excretion similar to the naive group. BA also significantly reduced urinary monohydrate and dihydrate crystal formation, comparable to the KC group. Other urinary parameters remained unchanged, but plasma analysis revealed decreased Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the KC group. Renal tissue analysis indicated reduced lipid hydroperoxides and increased reduced glutathione in all urolithiasis groups, with unchanged nitrite levels. BA treatment also improved renal corpuscle morphology. Overall, our findings demonstrate that treatment with BA effectively prevented kidney damage induced by EG+AC ingestion, thereby improving renal function in the urolithiasis model.

The Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy and Drug Tissue Distribution of Furazolidone and Tetracycline-quadruple Therapy in Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is considered a main causative organism of gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcers. The current treatment relies on a combination of antimicrobial agents and acid suppressant agents, but the eradication effect is not satisfactory. To clarify the concentration of antibiotics at the lesion site, we investigate the clinical efficacy and drug tissue distribution of the combination therapy of furazolidone and tetracycline in eradicating H. Pylori. Patients with H. pylori infection (n = 60) were randomized to either group A or B. Bismuth potassium citrate capsules 220mg, omeprazole enteric-coated capsules 20mg, amoxicillin capsules 1000mg, each twice per day, and furazolidone tablets 500mg were administered to group A. Group B was treated with bismuth potassium citrate capsules 220mg, omeprazole enteric-coated capsules 20mg, amoxicillin capsules 1000mg, and tetracycline tablets 500mg each twice per day for 2 weeks. The serum and gastric juice, gastric antrum, gastric horn, and gastric body samples were taken under a gastroscope on the 14th day. The antimicrobial concentrations in serum and tissue samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the negative group of furazolidone, the concentrations of gastric antrum, gastric body, and gastric angle were significantly higher than those in the positive group (P = 0.017, 0.015, and 0.028). The concentrations of furazolidone in gastric fluid, gastric antrum, gastric angle, and gastric body were ∼421 times, 82 times, 17 times, and 51 times higher than those in serum, respectively. The concentrations of tetracycline in the serum and gastric angle of the tetracycline negative group were significantly higher than those in the positive group (P = 0.036 and 0.042), and the tetracycline concentrations in the gastric horn and gastric body were about 4 and 6 times higher than those in the serum, respectively. The concentration of amoxicillin in group B was higher than that in group A, especially in serum, gastric juice, gastric angle, and gastric body (P < 0.05). Furazolidone is mainly concentrated and sequentially distributed in gastric juice, gastric antrum, and gastric body tissue, and tetracycline is mainly distributed in serum, gastric angle, and gastric body, whereas amoxicillin is mainly distributed in serum, gastric juice, gastric angle, and gastric body. Improving the concentration and tissue distribution of antibacterial drugs in the human gastric mucosa is the key to ensuring the ideal eradication rate of quadruple therapy.

Comparison of vonoprazan bismuth-containing triple therapy with quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori-infected treatment-naive patients: a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Helicobacter pylori infection is linked to various gastrointestinal conditions, such as chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Traditional treatment options encounter difficulties due to antibiotic resistance and adverse effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of a new treatment plan that combines vonoprazan (VPZ), amoxicillin, and bismuth for the eradication of H. pylori. A total of 600 patients infected with H. pylori were recruited for this multicenter randomized controlled trial. Patients treated for H. pylori elimination were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive 14days of vonoprazan-based triple therapy (vonoprazan + amoxicillin + bismuth, group A) or standard quadruple therapy (esomeprazole + clarithromycin + amoxicillin + bismuth, group B). Compliance and adverse effects were tracked through daily medication and side effect records. All patients underwent a 13C/14C-urea breath test 4weeks after treatment completion. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses revealed no substantial differences in H. pylori eradication rates between groups A and B (ITT: 83.7% vs 83.2%; PP: 90.9% vs 89.7%). However, significant differences were observed in the assessment of side effects (13.7% vs 28.6%, P<0.001). Specifically, group A had significantly fewer "bitter mouths" than group B did (3.7% vs 16.2%, P<0.001). Triple therapy comprising vonoprazan (20mg), amoxicillin (750mg), and bismuth potassium citrate (220mg) achieved a PP eradication rate ≥90%, paralleling standard quadruple therapy, and had fewer adverse events and lower costs (¥306.8 vs ¥645.8) for treatment-naive patients.

Basic magnesium carbonate template assisted co-carbonization of potassium citrate toward hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors

Hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) as the ideal host material for supercapacitors has received extensive attention. However, traditional methods of fabricating HPC often rely on organic macromolecules and complex procedures. Herein, a simple and straightforward approach is developed for the synthesis of HPC through basic magnesium carbonate template assisted co-carbonization of potassium citrate. Potassium citrate can be effectively embedded and encapsulated with basic magnesium carbonate due to the large bulk density difference between them. In the pyrolysis process, the carbon-containing small molecules produced by the pyrolysis of potassium citrate are deposited on the surface of MgO surface obtained from the decomposition of basic magnesium carbonate, and the etching reaction of potassium salt, CO2 and primary carbon structure occurs. The competitive rate of carbon deposition reaction and etching reaction can be easily controlled by changing the ratio of potassium citrate and basic magnesium carbonate. The obtained carbon materials show the morphology changes of nanoparticle accumulations, discontinuous carbon frames and carbon planar blocks, and the hierarchical porous structure of carbon materials can also be controlled in a wide range. HPC-2 exhibits the morphology of nanoparticle accumulation and generates abundant meso-macropores, which accelerates the rapid transport of electrolytic ions. The micropores inside the nanoparticles provide an accessible room for ionic adsorption. Benefited from this unique microstructural framework, HPC-2 shares a high capacitance of 305.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and 173.1 F g−1 at 50 A g−1. Furthermore, the assembled symmetric supercapacitors exhibit a high energy density and power density than YP-50 F throughout the test range. The versatility of this synthetic strategy provides an insight into directional tailoring fine pore structure and micro-morphology of carbon materials based on small molecule deposition.

Effects of fucoidan and synbiotics supplementation during bismuth quadruple therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection on gut microbial homeostasis: an open-label, randomized clinical trial.

The eradication regimen for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can induce gut dysbiosis. In this open-label, prospective, and randomized clinical trial, we aimed to assess the effects of fucoidan supplementation on the eradication rate and gut microbial homeostasis in the context of quadruple therapy, as well as to investigate the combined effects of fucoidan and synbiotics supplementations. Eighty patients with H. pylori infection were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: the QT (a 2-week quadruple therapy alone), QF (quadruple therapy plus a 6-week fucoidan supplementation), QS (quadruple therapy plus a 6-week synbiotics supplementation), and QFS (quadruple therapy with a 6-week fucoidan and synbiotics supplementation), with 20 patients in each group. The QT regimen included rabeprazole, minocycline, amoxicillin, and bismuth potassium citrate. The synbiotics supplementation contained three strains of Bifidobacterium, three strains of Lactobacillus, along with three types of dietary fiber. All of the patients underwent 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) at baseline and at the end of the 6th week after the initiation of the interventions. Fresh fecal samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the 6th week for gut microbiota analysis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The eradication rates among the four groups showed no significant difference. In the QT group, a significant reduction in α-diversity of gut microbiota diversity and a substantial shift in microbial composition were observed, particularly an increase in Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in the abundance of genera from the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. The Simpson index was significantly higher in the QF group than in the QT group. Neither the QS nor QFS groups exhibited significant changes in α-diversity or β-diversity. The QFS group was the only one that did not show a significant increase in the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, and the relative abundance of Klebsiella significantly decreased in this group. The current study provided supporting evidence for the positive role of fucoidan and synbiotics supplementation in the gut microbiota. The combined use of fucoidan and synbioticss might be a promising adjuvant regimen to mitigate gut dysbiosis during H. pylori eradication therapy.