Pot Diameter Research Articles

Multi-response robust design optimization of natural draft biomass cook stove using response surface methodology and desirability function

Cookstove researchers are paying more attention to the improvement in the combustion performance of a biomass cookstove, which requires an understanding of the effects of different parameters on pollutant emissions. Five such important parameters were identified namely, Inlet area ratio, Primary air ratio, Pot gap, Fuel surface to volume ratio and Pot diameter. The work presented here comprises estimating the effects of these five parameters on the energy and emissions performance of natural draft biomass cookstove. A prototype stove was tested to quantify the effects of these parameters on chosen performance parameters like overall efficiency, CO and PM2.5 emissions per MJ of energy delivered to the pot. The data obtained from a proper sequence of designed experiments were coupled with RSM (Response surface Methodology) technique to fit second-order models for predicting the performance of the stove under different conditions. The RSM models were then used with desirability function for robust parameter optimization of stove and confirmation trials were performed for validating the findings. The CCD (Central composite design) combined with RSM and the desirability function was found to be an effective tool for performance optimization of a natural draft biomass cookstove.

Application of multi-response robust parameter design for performance optimization of a hybrid draft biomass cook stove

A novel design of a hybrid draft biomass cook stove was proposed, constructed and tested for 54 combinations of five important parameters viz. Inlet area ratio, Fuel surface to volume ratio, Pot diameter, Secondary air flow rate, and Pot gap. The combined effects of these factors on the stove performance parameters such as overall efficiency (ηo), CO emissions and PM2.5 emissions were estimated. The data obtained by executing designed experiments (CCD) on the stove prototype was fitted to independent second-order models using RSM. The fitted models were further used to predict the stove performance for different combinations of the five factors. The analysis revealed that the prototype cannot achieve energy performance better than Tier 2 level and ηo greater than 30%. However, the hybrid draft enabled the prototype to achieve Tier 4 level performance in CO and PM2.5 emissions. Desirability function coupled with the fitted RSM models was used for robust parameter optimization of the stove performance to maximize efficiency, minimize emissions and propagation of error. The robust parameter optimization resulted in the best possible overall stove performance of ηo = 26.54%, CO/MJd = 2.249 g/MJ and PM/MJd = 34.67 mg/MJd obtained at the control factor levels of Ms = 1.74 g/s and Pg = 14 mm.

Experimental and numerical investigations of heat transfer and thermal efficiency of an infrared gas stove

An infrared gas stove is a low-pressure gas stove type and it has higher thermal efficiency than the other domestic cooking stoves. This study considers the computationally determine water and air temperature distributions, water and air velocity distributions and thermal efficiency of the infrared gas stove. The goal of this work is to investigate the effect of various pot diameters i.e. 220 mm, 240 mm and 260 mm on the water and air temperature distributions, water and air velocity distributions and thermal efficiency of the infrared gas stove. The time-dependent heat transfer equation involving diffusion and convection coupled with the time-dependent fluid dynamic equation is implemented and is solved by using the finite element method (FEM). The computer simulation study is validated with an experimental study, which is use standard experiment by LPG test for low-pressure gas stove in households (TIS No. 2312-2549). The findings revealed that the water and air temperature distributions increase with greater heating time, which varies with the three different pot diameters (220 mm, 240 mm and 260 mm). Similarly, the greater heating time, the water and air velocity distributions increase that vary by pot diameters (220, 240 and 260 mm). The maximum water temperature in the case of pot diameter of 220 mm is higher than the maximum water velocity in the case of pot diameters of 240 mm and 260 mm, respectively. However, the maximum air temperature in the case of pot diameter of 260 mm is higher than the maximum water velocity in the case of pot diameters of 240 mm and 220 mm, respectively. The obtained results may provide a basis for improving the energy efficiency of infrared gas stoves and other equipment, including helping to reduce energy consumption.

Container effects on growth and biomass allocation in Quercus robur and Juglans regia seedlings

Container size and shape impacts biomass allocation of nursery seedlings. Effects of different pot types on shoot and root growth and biomass allocation were evaluated in nursery cultivation of Quercus robur L. and Juglans regia L. We compared two containers currently used in Italian forest nurseries (ISSA-pot®; Plastecnic®) and two alternative types (Superoots Air-pot®; Tubex®); different pot sizes were also included: two for ISSA-pot and Plastecnic; four for Air-pot. Seedlings were evaluated during 1-year nursery growth and biomass allocation was determined on a sub-sample at the end of the growing season. For both species, seedlings grown in larger containers generally grew more and containers >4.5 l produced the largest seedlings. Root biomass was >50% of total biomass in all containers with the tap-root comprising the major root system component. Air pruning in the Air-pots inhibited seedling growth of both species in narrow deep pots, while in bigger sizes (wide and deep) it produced positive responses, especially for walnut. Container configuration differentially affected the studied species: shoot and root system development of walnut seedlings was more limited by pot diameter than depth. Q. robur had improved shoot and root system development when grown in Tubex.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LPG COOKING STOVE

This study involves performance analysis of Conventional LPG Cooking Stove. A Conventional LPG burner is taken to carry out a series of experiments. Thermal efficiency of LPG burner is measured for a wide range of parameters such as loading height, pot diameter, and loading weight. The maximum thermal efficiency of 61.66% could be achieved with the present burner. Emission levels for species namely CO, CO2, and NOX are measured at different power levels. The maximum NOX emission level for this burner is around 49 ppm. The experimental method was carried out using water boiling test and emission test according to IS 4246:2002 involving different parameters.

EFFECT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER ON THE VEGETATIVE GRWOTH AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF YUCCA ALOIFOLIA L.

The present study was carried out in laths house to study the effect of four levels of fertilizer (0.0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) g as ammonium sulphate (21% N) and four levels of Phosphate fertilizer (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) g as tri-super Phosphate (45% P2O5) per pot diameter 30 cm, mixed with soil surface on the vegetative growth and chemical content of Yucca aloifolia L. plants. The results refers that all studies parameters affected significantly by Nitrogen fertilization and Phosphate fertilization and the interaction between them on the concentration (2.0 gm/pot N with 1.5 gm/pot P) which total increased on height stem and leave number and stem diameter 13.44 cm and 11.61 leave and 2.98 cm in the end of study. While leaves area of plant and percent of chlorophyll and Nitrogen and Phosphor 2577.88 cm2 and 60% and 5.37% and 0.77% respectively in the end of study.

Kneading Mixer Paddles Parameterized Modeling

To prepare for the Kneading Mixer paddles structure optimization,five independent parameters were selected to establish paddles, material pot diameter D, minimum clearance e, hollow paddle helix angle α2, and the angular velocity of two paddle ω1,ω2.Then establish geometric relationships and the constraints. And using pro / E software parameters-driven to achieve the parametric design of the complexity paddles.

Efficient Pulverization Technique of Woody Biomass by a Multiple Tube Vibration Mill

In order to reduce consumed energy during woody biomass pulverization process and increase production rate of woody biomass powder, new pulverization pot for the vibration mill was developed. Multiple tube pot, arranged same small size tubes in parallel, was newly-designed, and various sizes of pulverization pot were also prepared for the pulverization experiment. In this experiment, effect of the pot size and the number of tubes of the pot on pulverization ability, such as pulverization particle size, crystallinity index of cellulose, consumed energy and productivity of woody powder, was evaluated. Pulverization ability in a large scale multiple tube vibration mill was also estimated in this paper. The number of tubes was completely unrelated with pulverization ability, when the size of tubes was same, in a multiple tube vibration mill. On the other hand, pulverization rate was significantly influenced by the pot diameter, and the pulverization rate of smaller pot was much faster than bigger diameter pot. Therefore, production of woody power was able to increase by using multiple small size tubes pot, and newly-developed multiple tube pot was also capable of reducing consumed energy per woody powder production significantly.

Mathematical modeling of cooking pots’ thermal efficiency using a combined experimental and neural network method

A mathematical framework to model the heat transfer efficiency of cooking pots is proposed and exploited in this paper. The model consists of combining the experimental results and the statistical data of Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) of Iran with a soft-computing concept such as neural network. Using neural network results, the variations of the efficiency with various parameters have been studied. It is shown that Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH)-type neural network can effectively model and predict thermal efficiency, as a function of important input parameters for a conventional cooking pot. Results show that efficiency increases with increasing diameter to flame ratio, bottom wall curvature, pot wall slope, and overall conductivity. With increasing edge radius and pot height to pot diameter ratio, efficiency decreases. Occupied volume percentage does not have a significant effect on efficiency.

느타리버섯 봉지재배시 첨가제 및 첨가량이 균사배양 및 자실체 생육에 미치는 영향

느타리버섯 봉지재배의 첨가제 및 첨가량에 따른 균사배양 및 자실체 생육특성을 비교하여 적정 배지를 개발하고자 기본배지로 미루나무톱밥과 야외발효를 한 폐면을 부피비로 동량 혼합한 후 첨가제는 미강, 비트펄프, 면실박을, 첨가량은 10, 20, 30%로 각각 혼합하여 시험한 결과 배지의 pH와 총탄소량은 처리별 큰차이 없으나 총질소량이 면실박 첨가구에서 높아 이에 따라 C/N율이 낮아졌다. 균사배양 완류 후 배지 경도는 미강 첨가구에서 <TEX>$22.9{\sim}37.9kg/cm^{2}$</TEX>로 가장 높았으나 비트펄프는 <TEX>$9.3{\sim}11.6kg/cm^{2}$</TEX>으로 낮았으며 첨가량이 많아짐에 따라 배양일수가 지연되었고 이에 따라 재배기간이 길었고, 비트펄프 첨가구에서 <TEX>$58{\sim}60$</TEX>일로 짧았으며, 면실박을 20% 이상은 혼합시 균사 배양과 자실체 발생은 되나 높은 질소량에 따른 낮은 C/N율로 자실체 생육이 이루어지지 않았다. 또한 1주기에 대한 2주기의 수확가능한 수확율은 비트펄프 첨가구에서 <TEX>$75{\sim}85%$</TEX>로 가장 높아 2주기까지 안정한 수확이 가능하였고 수량 및 생물학적효율은 비트펄프 20% 첨가시 가장 높았다. This study was carried to investigate suitable additive materials and its mixing ratio in pot cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The main substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation was poplar sawdust plus with waste cotton at the ratio 1 : 1 (v/v). Using pot diameter and substrate weight were 12 cm and 1 kg/pot, respectively. The higher amount of additives resulted in higher total nitrogen content and C/N ratio of substrate also decreased according to increasing mixing ratio of additives. The supplementation of cotton seed flour more than 20% caused the failure of devolopment of fruit body. The hardness of substrate in supplementation of rice bran after mycelial growth was highest any other additives. The ratio of harvest was highest in supplementation of beet pulp, <TEX>$75{\sim}85%$</TEX>. The fruit bodies yield and biological efficiency of supplemented with 20% beet pulp were highest during second flush.

느타리버섯 봉지재배시 봉지직경 및 배지량에 따른 생육 특성 비교

느타리버섯 봉지 재배의 봉지직경 및 배지량에 따른 생육특성을 비교하여 효율적인 봉지규격을 추정하고자 미송톱밥, 비트펄프, 면실박을 부피비로 50 : 30 : 20으로 혼합한 배지로 봉지 직경 <TEX>$10{\sim}20\;cm$</TEX>, 배지량 <TEX>$600{\sim}2,500\;g$</TEX>/봉지 범위에서 시험 한 결과 봉지직경이 작을수록 배지량이 많아짐에 따라 배지길이가 길어져 배양일수가 지연되었고 이에 따라 총재배기간이 길었다. 또한 2주기까지의 수량은 같은 봉지직경에서 배지량이 클수록 증가하였고 배지량이 1,200 g/봉지보다 많으면 생물학적효율은 감소하여 100% 보다 낮았으며, 같은 배지량에서 봉지 직경에 따른 수량은 큰 차이 없으나 회수율은 봉지직경이 14 cm 보다 크면 감소하였다. 따라서 재배기간, 수량, 생물학적효율 등을 고려한 효율적인 봉지직경은 <TEX>$10{\sim}14\;cm$</TEX>, 배지량 <TEX>$800{\sim}1,200\;g$</TEX>/봉지 내외로 추정되었다. This study was carried to investigate efficient pot diameter and substrate weight in pot cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. Cultivating substrate was pine sawdust+beet pulp+cotten seed flour (50 : 30 : 20, v/v). Ranges of pot diameter and substrate weight were <TEX>$10{\sim}20\;cm\;and\;600{\sim}2,500\;g/pot$</TEX>, respectively. Smaller pot diameter resulted in longer pot length according to increasing substrate weight, so mycelial growth period and total cultivation period was retarded. Wider pot diameter resulted in a little lower biological efficiency in the same substrate weight. Heavier substrate weight was brought higher yield but lower biological efficiency. Average yield according to pot diameter was decreased at wider than 14 cm during second flush. And average biological efficiency according to substrate weight was lower than 100% at heavier than 1,200 g/pot during second flush. So suitable pot diameter and substrate weight in pot cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus were estimated <TEX>$10{\sim}14\;cm\;and\;800{\sim}1,200\;g$</TEX>, respectively.

Characterization and modelling of a family of cyclone aerosol preseparators

Experiments have been carried out on two groups of cyclones to determine how their behaviour depends on geometry and flow rate. Empirical models predicting the cyclone cut points as a function of body diameter and flow rate were fitted to the data. Additional geometrical parameters such as the cone shape, grit pot diameter, inlet and vortex outlet dimensions were also found to influence the cyclone cut points, but not the slope of the penetration curves. The empirical models fitted were used to calculate cyclone dimensions suited to a number of different applications in health-related aerosol sampling. Cyclones were identified to sample according to the proposed EPA fine particle standard and also to international conventions for respirable and thoracic aerosol fractions. The cyclones tested were shown to have significant advantages in terms of sampling bias over other cyclones currently in use for sampling respirable dust.

Experimental and mathematical treatment of transfer pot temperature for thermosets

AbstractThe heating and flow behavior of thermoset molding compound within the pot of a transfer molding process were studied with flow visualization experiments and a mathematical model. The flow pattern within the pot was found to be a stagnation point flow. The extrudate temperature was only 10°C–15°C above the preheat temperature, and it was relatively constant except for start‐up and termination transients. The chemical conversion of the extrudate was well below the conversion to gel for typical process conditions. Variations in pot diameter, preheat temperature, and pot temperature were also examined.