Posttreatment Lateral Cephalograms Research Articles

Comparison of treatment effects of herbst and advansync appliances on hyoid bone position and cervical posture in skeletal class II malocclusion – A prospective randomized clinical trial

Mandibular retrusion is the most common cause of Class II Division 1 malocclusion, which needs correction of the underlying skeletal discrepancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Hyoid bone position and cervical posture changes following treatment with two fixed functional appliances - Herbst and Advansync (Ormco, Orange, CA, USA) appliances in skeletal Class II malocclusion using pre and post treatment lateral cephalograms.For this randomized controlled trial,40 patients(21males and 19 females) were divided into two groups Group I, Herbst Appliance group (mean age: 12.6 +/- 0.67 years) and Group II, Advansync group (mean age: 12.8 +/- 0.66yrs). Pre and post-treatment (after appliance therapy of 8 months duration) lateral cephalograms were evaluated using Planmeca Romexis software 5.0.0.R version for hyoid bone position and cervical posture changes. The Hyoid bone had displaced anteriorly by 1.64 mm in Group I and in Group II by 1.97 mm. There was downward displacement of hyoid bone by 1.73 mm in Group I and 2.03 mm in Group II with reference to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane. The Mandibular plane-Odontoid process tangent angle used for determining upper cervical posture decreased by 7.13 in Group I, while by 0.33in Group II. This study concluded that both Herbst and Advansync appliances showed an improvement in hyoid bone position and the cervical posture while Advansync appliance demonstrated greater uprighting of cervical posture which was statistically significant.

Comparison Change of Pre and Post-Treatment in Vermilion Height and Lip Area in Adult Class II Division I Malocclusion Treated with Premolar Extraction

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the alterations in vermilion height and lip area before and after fixed orthodontic treatment in adult patients with Class II Division I malocclusion who underwent premolar extractions. Assessments were conducted using frontal photographs and measurements from lateral cephalograms focusing on dentoalveolar and soft tissue parameters. Methods: Twenty-three adult patients with Class II skeletal malocclusion were selected from the records of the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics at AJ Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore. Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms and frontal photographs were obtained. Cephalograms were captured using a standardized KODAK 8000c digital cephalostat (69 kVp, 12 mA, 2 s), ensuring accurate patient positioning. The same investigator manually traced the cephalograms to minimize observer variability. Measurements were computed both manually and digitally for comparison purposes. Results: The study found a significant increase in the thickness from the cervical portion of the upper incisors to the upper lip after treatment (mean post-treatment: 15.77±2.28 mm; pre-treatment: 14.95±1.90 mm; P=0.006). Conversely, the thickness from the lower incisors to the upper lip decreased significantly post-treatment (mean post-treatment: 15.46±2.72 mm; pre-treatment: 17.26±2.19 mm; P<0.001). Additionally, there was a significant increase in vermilion height (St-Me) and lower facial height (N-Me) after treatment, with mean differences of 3.58 mm (P<0.001) and 1.18 mm (P=0.04), respectively. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment involving premolar extractions in Class II Division I malocclusion patients led to significant soft tissue changes, particularly in lip thickness and vermilion height. Other parameters did not exhibit statistically significant differences.

Vertical Dimension Control in Two Different Treatment Protocols: Invisalign First and Bite Block-A Retrospective Study.

The aim of the present study was to compare the vertical dimension changes, before and after treatment, in two groups of growing patients, one group treated with clear aligner therapy versus a group treated with Quad-helix and bite-block therapy. The studied sample was composed of n. 40 patients (20 females and 20 males with a mean age of 8.6 ± 1.8 years), enrolled from the Department of Orthodontics at Policlinico of Rome Tor Vergata. The original sample was randomly divided into two groups: Group IF (Invisalign First) and Group BB (Quad-helix and bite block). Pre- (T0) and post-treatment (T1 after 12 months) lateral cephalograms were collected from all the selected patients. Nine cephalometric parameters, both angular and linear, were measured and recorded for each cephalogram. No statistically significant changes were found between both the IF and BB groups at T0, while statistically significant changes were observed in both groups (BB and IF) between T0 and T1 (after 12 months of active therapy), p < 0.005. Both therapies were able to control the patient's vertical condition. To date, the use of conventional appliances seems to have slightly better efficacy in controlling the vertical dimension than aligner therapy.

Assessing position changes of impacted third molars in treatment of class II malocclusion with premolars extraction.

Third molars (M3) remaining impacted in Class II malocclusion characterised with sagittal mandibular deficiency is a high probability. The null hypothesis of this study is that mesioangular M3s changes position through the eruption way inClass II malocclusion treatmentrequiring moderate anchoragewith four first premolars extraction.The aim of this study is to reconsider the decision to surgically extract impacted third molars in four premolars extraction treatment of Class II malocclusion. The materials consisted of the pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms and orthopantomographs of 30 individuals with skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion with a mean chronological age of 13.48 years, who were treated by the same clinician (H.G.) with four first premolar extractions via the straight wire technique at the Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics, Ankara, Turkey. The sagittal position of the upper and lower incisors and molars, M3position and M3space were evaluated with the paired-t test; the relationship between the sagittal position of the upper and lower incisors and molars and the change in M3position were evaluated with correlation analysis. Results: The study found the retroclination and mesial movement of the upper incisors and molars, and an increase in the M3space by the fixed orthodontictreatment. An insignificant steepening of both the upper right M3position and the lower right M3position was found. A statistically significant increase in the lower right and left side M3spaces was found. Positive correlations between lower right M3angulation and the sagittal position of the lower incisors and first molars were found. Improvement in the mesioangulation of the M3s and an increase in the M3space were achieved in this study. Based on the findings, it is useful to review the decision for prophylactic surgical extraction of the M3s before orthodontic treatment in such cases, taking into account the risks of postoperative complications.

Evaluating anchorage and torque control in adolescent patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion among 3 appliances

The objective of this study was to compare the differences in anchorage and torque control among the Tweed edgewise, Roth, and physiological anchorage Spee-wire systems (PASS) appliances (Zhejiang Xinya Technology Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, China). A sample of 90 adolescent patients with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion (30 Tweed edgewise appliances, 30 Roth appliances, and 30 PASS appliances) with maximum anchorage requirements in the maxilla were collected for this study. The pretreatment baseline levels of the 3 groups were compared initially, and then the differences between the 3 appliances in anchorage and torque control were analyzed after superimposing the pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms and maxillary 3-dimensional (3D) digital models, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the pretreatment baseline levels of 3 groups, including gender, age, sagittal skeletal types (ANB), vertical skeletal types (SN-GoGn), anchorage requirements, and occlusal plane inclination (SN-OP). After superimposing the pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms and 3D digital models, respectively, no statistical differences were observed between the measurement results obtained from lateral cephalograms and 3D digital models. Among the measurement variables assessed in this study, statistical differences were observed in the mesial displacement of maxillary first molars, the incisor retraction, and the torque variation of maxillary central incisors among the 3 groups. Specifically, the Tweed group exhibited lower mesial displacement of maxillary first molars compared with the PASS and Roth groups. Furthermore, the Tweed group exhibited the greatest amount of incisor retraction and torque variation of maxillary central incisors, followed by the Roth group and then the PASS group. The remaining measurement variables for the 3 groups showed no statistical differences, including vertical variation of maxillary first molars and central incisors, torque variation of maxillary first molars and canines, mesiodistal inclination variation of maxillary first molars and canines, width variation between maxillary first molars, and width variation between maxillary canines. Compared with contemporary preadjusted straight wire appliances, the Tweed edgewise appliance has superiority in molar anchorage control. In contrast, compared with the Roth appliances, the PASS appliances without any auxiliary anchorage devices could make full use of physiological anchorage to achieve adequate control of molar anchorage. Clinical orthodontists may need to pay extra attention to physiological anchorage. The difference in torque control varies depending on the respective characteristics of bracket designs.

Comparison between twin block appliance and mandibular advancement on clear aligners in the improvement of airway dimension: incremental versus maximum bite advancement.

The aim of the present retrospective study was to compare the changes resulting from treatment using the MA and the TB with special regard to the oro-and naso-pharyngeal sagittal airway dimensions in subjects with dentoskeletal Class II malocclusions and positive history of Sleep Disorder Breathing (SDB) diagnosed through the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). This retrospective study involved 2 groups of subjects: patients treated with Twin Block (TB group: n = 22, 10 males, 12 females; mean age 12.0 ± 1.3 years) and patients treated with Mandibular Advancement (MA group: n = 23, 11 males, 12 females; mean age 12.2 ± 1.1 years). Pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) lateral cephalograms were analyzed. All patients underwent the PSQ to diagnose SDB. In both treated groups there was an increase in the airways dimensions and an improvement in symptoms related SDB. The statistical comparison of the changes between T1 and T2 in the TB group showed a significant increment in upper airway size (PNS-AD2, +1.50 mm + -3.30; McNamara's upper pharynx dimension, +2.21 + -4.21) after active treatment. The MA group showed similar results during active treatment with a significant increase in both upper (PNS-AD2, +2.72 + -2.65; McNamara's upper pharynx dimension, +2.97 + -3.07) and lower (PNS-AD1, +2.17 mm + -3.54) airway size. Despite the different structure of these two devices and the different advancement protocols, both appliances were valuable as a suitable treatment option for Class II patients with respiratory disorders, inducing an increase of upper and lower airway size and a significant reduction in diurnal symptoms.

Evaluating the efficiency of mandibular molar protraction using Herbst appliances versus temporary anchorage devices: a retrospective case-controlled study

BackgroundMandibular second premolar agenesis is a common problem in orthodontics and is often treated in conjunction with maxillary counterbalancing extractions. However, in cases without maxillary crowding or dental protrusion, space closure may pose challenges leading to compromised occlusal results or patient profile. Multiple techniques have been described to treat these patients; nevertheless, there is a paucity of data comparing effectiveness of space closure utilizing various anchorage techniques. The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the Herbst device during mandibular molar protraction and compare it to the use of temporary anchorage device (TADs) in patients with mandibular second premolar agenesis.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included 33 patients with mandibular premolar agenesis treated without maxillary extractions. Of these patients, 21 were treated with protraction Herbst devices and 12 with TADs. Changes in molar and incisor positions, skeletal base positions and occlusal plane angulations were assessed on pretreatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) lateral cephalograms. Scans/photographs at T0 and T1 were used to evaluate canine relationship changes representing anchorage control. Space closure and breakage/failure rates were also compared. Data was analyzed with paired and unpaired t-tests at the significance level of 0.05.ResultsWithin the Herbst group, changes in mandibular central incisor uprighting and mandibular molar crown angulations were statistically significant. However, no significant differences were noted between the Herbst and TAD groups. Protraction rates as well as overall treatment times were comparable (0.77 mm/month vs. 0.55 mm/month and 3.02 years vs. 2.67 years, respectively). Canine relationships were maintained or improved toward a class I in 82.85% of the Herbst sample, compared to in 66.7% of the TAD sample. Emergency visits occurred in 80.1% of the Herbst group, with cementation failures or appliance breakages as the most common reasons.ConclusionThe Herbst device could be a viable modality in cases with missing mandibular premolars where maximum anterior anchorage is desired, or if patients/parents are resistant to TADs. Furthermore, they could be beneficial in skeletal class II patients with mandibular deficiency who also need molar protraction. However, the increased incidence of emergency visits must be considered when treatment is planned.

The effect of different functional appliances on the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimension in skeletal class II: a retrospective study

The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimension (SPAD) in adolescents with Class II mandibular retrusion treated with Invisalign Mandibular Advancement (IMA), prefabricated Myobrace (MB), and Twin block (TB). For this retrospective study, the pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 60 patients who underwent myofunctional treatment, using either one of the tested appliances were gathered from the files of treated patients. Changes in the SPAD were measured in each group, and comparisons were carried out between the three study groups. Additionally, sagittal skeletal measurements were carried out. Comparisons of the study variables at T0 and T1 between the three groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, while comparisons of the difference (T1–T0) were performed using Kruskal Wallis test. A significant SPAD increase has been reported using the three tested appliances (p < 0.05), with the least change documented with MB use (p < 0.05). Significant antero-posterior improvements have been found with IMA, MB, and TB with an increase in the SNB°, and a decrease in ANB° and Wits appraisal (p < 0.05). Non-significant FMA° changes have been observed post-treatment in the three test groups (p > 0.05). The IMA, MB, and TB generated significant SPAD and sagittal changes, with both IMA and TB surpassing MB in the airway area improvement post-treatment. Moreover, the three tested Class II functional appliances did not affect the vertical dimension.

Hard to Soft Tissue Profile Changes in Skeletal Class III Dentofacial Deformities After Maxillary Advancement and Mandibular Setback Orthognathic Surgery

Objective To correlate the sagittal hard tissue movement and soft tissue changes among patients with skeletal class III malocclusion following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Material and Methods Fifty-nine subjects with skeletal class III malocclusion treated consecutively with maxillary advancement and mandibular setback were assessed for skeletal and soft tissue linear changes using presurgical (T1) and post-treatment (T2) lateral cephalograms. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to correlate hard and soft tissue parameters. Results The sagittal hard tissue movement and soft tissue changes for all the parameters assessed in maxilla and mandible showed statistically significant correlations. The ratios of changes for the maxillary protrusion [N-A (HP)] to horizontal subnasale (Sn), superior labial sulcus (Sls), and labrale superioris (Ls) were 0.574:1, 0.703:1, and 0.721:1 respectively. The ratio of horizontal labrale inferioris (Li), mentolabial fold (Mlf), and soft tissue (Pg′) to mandibular protrusion [N-B (HP)] were 0.992:1, 0.970:1, and 0.590:1 respectively and to chin protrusion [N-Pg (HP)] were 1.293:1, 1.252:1, and 1.001:1, respectively. The ratios were different for males and females in maxilla and mandible. Conclusion Sagittal hard tissue movement and soft tissue changes are significantly correlated. The soft tissue movement in the mandible were more proportionate compared to the maxilla. The sagittal hard tissue to soft tissues movement ratios were greater in maxilla and lesser at pogonion and mentolabial sulcus in females compared to males. The ratios obtained can be used for predicting postsurgical soft tissue changes.

Comparison of treatment effects between clear aligners and fixed appliances in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization.

The biomechanics in achieving molar distalization may differ between fixed appliances and clear aligners in the control of tooth movement. The objective of this study was to compare the treatment effects between clear aligners (CA) and fixed appliances (FA) in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization. The sample consisted of 46 subjects with mild-to-moderate crowding. A total of 22 patients treated with clear aligners (age, 25.66 ± 6.11 years old) and 24 patients treated with fixed appliances (age, 24.04 ± 4.95 years old) for miniscrew-assisted molar distalization were included in this study. The dental and skeletal changes were evaluated by the pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms. Significant changes were found with the vertical variables SN-OP angle (2.24 ± 3.22°, P < .05) and SN-MP angle (0.73 ± 1.15°, P < .05) for the FA group when compared with the CA group (SN-OP angle 0.41 ± 2.26° and SN-MP angle -0.21 ± 1.38°, P > .05). Both treatment groups achieved a 2-3mm. molar distalization with significant intrusion of the upper molars. The CA group showed significantly less distal tipping of molars (U6^PP angle -2.29 ± 3.29° and L6^MP angle -2.92 ± 2.49°, P < .05) compared to the FA group (-5.24 ± 4.28° and -5.53 ± 5.03°, P < .05). In addition, significant retraction and lingual inclination of the upper and lower incisors were found in both groups. The changes of tooth position were evaluated by 2D lateral cephalograms, not 3D measurements. Compared to fixed appliances, clear aligners seemed to have better control of vertical dimension and distal tipping of molars in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization.

Does artificial intelligence predict orthognathic surgical outcomes better than conventional linear regression methods?

To evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) model in predicting orthognathic surgical outcomes compared to conventional prediction methods. Preoperative and posttreatment lateral cephalograms from 705 patients who underwent combined surgical-orthodontic treatment were collected. Predictors included 254 input variables, including preoperative skeletal and soft-tissue characteristics, as well as the extent of orthognathic surgical repositioning. Outcomes were 64 Cartesian coordinate variables of 32 soft-tissue landmarks after surgery. Conventional prediction models were built applying two linear regression methods: multivariate multiple linear regression (MLR) and multivariate partial least squares algorithm (PLS). The AI-based prediction model was based on the TabNet deep neural network. The prediction accuracy was compared, and the influencing factors were analyzed. In general, MLR demonstrated the poorest predictive performance. Among 32 soft-tissue landmarks, PLS showed more accurate prediction results in 16 soft-tissue landmarks above the upper lip, whereas AI outperformed in six landmarks located in the lower border of the mandible and neck area. The remaining 10 landmarks presented no significant difference between AI and PLS prediction models. AI predictions did not always outperform conventional methods. A combination of both methods may be more effective in predicting orthognathic surgical outcomes.

Soft-tissue profile changes in adult patients treated with premolar extractions

The objective of this study was to identify the soft-tissue profile changes and the potential pretreatment cephalometric parameters that clinicians could use to predict the lip response after premolar extraction treatment in adult patients. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms of 75 white patients treated with premolar extractions were analyzed. The following initial cephalometric measurements were recorded: upper and lower lip to E-plane, vermilion thickness, lip length, maxillary and mandibular incisor inclination, and mentolabial and nasolabial angle. Pretreatment and posttreatment radiographs were superimposed using the Björk structural method to record lip retraction and incisor/lip retraction ratio. Pearson correlation and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare lip retraction and incisor/lip retraction ratio with the cephalometric variables. The sample was divided according to different extraction patterns. The mean upper and lower lip retraction values were 1.4 mm and 1.7 mm, respectively. Vermilion thickness showed a negative and statistically significant correlation (P<0.05) with lip retraction and incisor/lip retraction ratio. In addition, the mean incisor/lip retraction ratio was 61% and 98% for the upper and lower thin lip, respectively, whereas the mean incisor/lip retraction ratio was 17% and 44% for the upper and lower thick lip, respectively. The comparison among extraction patterns did not highlight any noticeable difference. The choice of a specific extraction pattern did not impact lip response. The vermilion thickness was the key factor influencing lip retraction: an increase in this parameter was related to a decrease in lip retraction and vice versa.

Soft Tissue Responses to Orthodontic Treatment: Impact of Premolar Extraction on Diverse Growth Patterns.

Alteration in facial soft tissue plays an important role in the esthetics of an individual. The first thing a patient wants from orthodontic treatment is how well he/she looks. The degree of soft tissue changes brought about by the retraction of teeth can be influenced byfactors such as extraction pattern, muscle function, age, gender, weight, etc. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare post-orthodontic soft tissue changes among different facial growth patterns in orthodontic patients undergoing extraction of first premolar teeth. Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 45 orthodontic patients who underwent therapeutic extraction of the first premolars were included in the study. They were divided into three equal groups based on their facial growth pattern, that is, average, horizontal, and vertical. Eight soft tissue cephalometric measurements were done in all the lateral cephalograms. Paired Student t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to statistically analyze the results. The significance level was set as 0.05. The paired Student t-test showed a P-value > 0.05 for lower anterior facial height in all three groupsand for facial angle in vertical growers alone. ANOVA comparing the mean soft tissue changes among the three groups resulted in a P-value > 0.05 for all the measured parameters. Facial growth patterns donot influence the extent of soft tissue profile changes in orthodontic patients treated with extraction of first premolars.

A retrospective study evaluating the influence of Class III correction appliances on the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimension

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Class III correction appliances including the Facemask (FM), and the new non-compliance fixed functional appliances such as the Reversed Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD), as well as the CS-2000 (CS), on the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimension (SPAD). Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 45 patients who underwent Class III appliance treatment, using either FM, Reversed FRD, or CS were collected from the files of treated patients. SPAD changes were evaluated in each group, and comparisons were conducted between the three study groups. Additionally, sagittal and vertical skeletal measurements were conducted. The FM, the Reversed FRD, and the CS, were found to generate a significant increase in the SPAD, with the Reversed FRD contributing to the most significant change at the OPAA (116.80 ± 26.36 mm2). All three appliances elicited significant antero-posterior changes in the SNA°, SNB°, and ANB°, also with the greatest intermaxillary change documented with the employment of the Reversed FRD (ANB° = 3.33 ± 0.82°). As for the vertical dimension, the FM, the Reversed FRD, and the CS elicited significant FMA° increases, with the greatest change attributed to the FM (FMA° = 2.32 ± 0.97°). Therefore, the three tested Class III corrective appliances generated significant SPAD, antero-posterior, and vertical changes. However, the Revered FRD showed a superior impact in increasing the SPAD at the OPAA level and in eliciting significant intermaxillary changes.

Effect of First Premolars Extraction with Maximum Retraction on Airway and Hyoid Bone Position in Class I Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion Cases

Background: The aim was to determine the effect of first premolars extraction with maximum incisor retraction on airway magnitude and hyoid bone position in cases with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of patients with Class I skeletal and dental relationships were retrospectively recruited. Inclusion criteria were 15-30 years old patients having bimaxillary proclination who had undergone all first premolar extractions with maximum incisor retraction. Patients with dentofacial anomalies, chronic mouth breathing and those who had undergone tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy were excluded. Pre-and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were digitally analyzed for airway measurements and hyoid bone position. Paired samples T-test was used for statistical analysis. P-value&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 33 patients, comprising 22 females and 11 males, with a mean age of 24.39 ± 6.92 years were included. Statistically significant differences were found in airway dimensions from pre-treatment to post-treatment; upper airway size between soft palate and posterior pharyngeal wall (SPP-SPPW) was reduced by 1.91mm (12.78%), at uvula &amp; middle posterior wall (U-MPW) by 2.51mm (20.60%), at tongue base to posterior-inferior point on middle pharyngeal wall (TB-TPPW) by 3.39mm (24.26%) and vallecular to lower pharyngeal wall by 1.51mm (9.94%). The vertical position of hyoid bone also significantly reduced as indicated by inferior movement of hyoidale (H) by 4mm (3.8%). There was no significant changes in the horizontal position of the hyoid bone. Conclusion: Premolar extraction with maximum retraction in bimaxillary protrusion cases can decrease the airway dimension and increase vertical position of hyoid bone.

Accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting soft tissue changes of Class II Division 1 incisor relationship treated by all first premolar extraction compared with post-treatment lateral cephalogram

To quantify the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting soft tissue changes of Class II Division 1 incisor relationship treated by all first premolar extraction compared with actual changes. Pretreatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 30 young adult subjects (25 females and 5 males; age range of 16 to 21 years) were imported and traced in Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.95). Tracings of actual treatment results and the Dolphin predicted treatment outcome were superimposed to calculate the prediction errors. The mean difference for the Holdaway soft tissue analysis and at each landmark was measured in both the X and Y axes. Paired t test was used to compare the statistical differences in Holdaway soft tissue analysis parameters. There were significant differences between the predicted and actual values in three parameters of the Holdaway soft tissue analysis (P < 0.05). The overall accuracy of estimation was better in vertical direction than horizontal. Prediction of upper and lower lip landmarks was overestimated horizontally and underestimated vertically, whereas that belonging to chin was underestimated horizontally and overestimated vertically. Soft tissue nasion and soft tissue A-point were most accurately predicted, whereas the least accuracy was found in soft tissue chin region. Dolphin Imaging Software (version 11.95) can be accurate enough for use in patient communication and education but should be used with caution. It is most accurate in predicting soft tissue changes in the nasion and A-point regions, but least accurate in chin region.

Pre- and post- treatment changes in lip position: A retrospective cephalometric study on bimaxillary protrusion cases

Pre and Post treatment changes in lip position To determine the changes in lip position in pre and post treatment lateral Cephalogram in bimaxillary protrusion cases. Retrospective Cephalometric study on bimaxillary protrusion cases. The study comprised of 45 subjects (6 Male and 39 Females) aged between 18 to 26 years having Bimaxillary protrusion malocclusion and treated with all four first premolar extraction. The pre-treatment and post treatment lateral cephalograms were traced and landmarks were identified Statistical analysis used: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23; Chicago Inc., IL, USA), Kolmogorov –Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk tests, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post hoc analysis. A positive correlation was found in changes in pre- and post-treatment changes in upper lip curvature, H-Line Angle, Upper sulcus depth, Upper lip strain, changes in the upper lip and the soft tissue from the nose tip, length of upper and lower lip, Nasolabial angle, Upper lip protrusion, Lower lip protrusion. However changes in Facial angle, Steiner’s S line, Upper and lower lip thickness were not statistically significant. Treatment of Bimaxillary protrusion cases with extraction of all four first premolars resulted in a significant improvement in facial profile, esthetics and enhanced the soft tissue harmony.

A comparative evaluation of pre-treatment and post-treatment outcomes in patients subjected to lower incisor extraction

Mandibular incisor crowding is the most frequently occurring characteristic of malocclusion, which can be resolved by removing single lower incisor. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the pre- and post-treatment outcomes through model and cephalometric analysis of the patients subjected to single lower incisor extraction. In this retrospective study pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms and models of 23 patients who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment with single incisor extraction on lower arch were evaluated. The study subjects were classified into two groups based on extraction pattern (Group I: Upper premolar and lower single incisor extraction; Group II: Upper non extraction and lower single incisor extraction). Both cephalometric and model analysis were carried out using Ilexis FACAD AB-2014 Version3.8.0.0 (Ilexis AB, Sweden). Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare the pre and post-treatment quantitative parameters. A significant decrease was observed in the maxillary intermolar width, mandibular intercanine width, mandibular intermolar width, mandibular arch length and anterior Bolton’s ratio. Group I subjects revealed a greater decrease in maxillary intermolar width compared to Group II, whereas a greater decrease in mandibular intercanine width, mandibular intermolar width and anterior Bolton’s ratio was documented in Group II subjects compared to Group I. Cephalometric analysis revealed significant proclination and extrusion effect of lower incisors along with protrusive tendency of the lower lip. The findings of the present study provide an additional option of extracting single lower incisor, in borderline or Class II camouflage treatment cases.

Dental, skeletal and soft tissue changes after bimaxillary protrusion treatment with temporary anchorage devices using different retraction mechanics

BackgroundTemporary anchorage devices (TADs), which are absolute anchorage, are used for retraction of the anterior teeth in cases of severe bimaxillary protrusion. There have been a number of studies regarding anterior tooth movement using TADs performed by simulation systems and actual treated materials with sliding mechanics. However, there are few studies regarding anterior tooth movement using TADs treated by loop mechanics The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of TADs in anterior tooth movement using loop mechanics performed in actual cases of bimaxillary protrusion.MethodsThis study was performed in 20 adult patients with severe bimaxillary protrusion treated with four bicuspid extraction with sliding or loop mechanics (n = 10 in each mechanics) using TADs. The skeletal and denture patterns, as well as the soft tissue profile from pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) lateral cephalograms, were compared between sliding and closing loop mechanics.ResultsThe use of TADs is useful for retraction of anterior teeth without molar anchorage loss. in sliding and loop mechanics. The upper anterior teeth were less lingual tipped and lower anterior teeth were more upright resulting in less clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane in loop mechanics compared to sliding mechanics.ConclusionAn oblique retraction force vector with a lower point of application causes less intrusion and more lingual tipping of upper anterior teeth as well as more clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane compared to a parallel retraction force vector.

Dentoskeletal and soft-tissue changes concurrent to use of PowerScope appliance in treatment of Class II malocclusion – A retrospective study

Objectives: The most frequently encountered malocclusion in our daily clinical practice is Class II malocclusion with mandibular retrognathism. Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusion correction depend on numerous factors such as the severity of the malocclusion and the age at which the patient reports for the treatment. One of the innovations in Class II treatment is the PowerScope appliance. The objectives of this study were: (1) To evaluate dentoskeletal changes with the use of PowerScope appliance in the treatment of Class II division I malocclusion using lateral cephalograms in late adolescents. (2) To evaluate the soft-tissue changes with the use of PowerScope appliance in the treatment of Class II division I malocclusion using lateral cephalograms in late adolescents. Materials and Methods: This retrospective and cross-sectional study was done using pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 15 patients treated with PowerScope appliance who were under decelerated growth phase as assessed by cervical vertebrae maturation index (Stages 4, 5, and 6). All the lateral cephalograms were hand traced and measured by same investigator. Results: A highly statistically significant difference was observed between the pre-and post-angle formed by sella nasion plane and nasion to point B line (SNB), angle formed by nasion to point A line and nasion to point B line (ANB), condylion to point gnathion (Co–Gn), and distance between point A to nasion perpendicular (N perpendicular to Point A) to Pog skeletal parameters. It was found that a highly significant difference was noted for parameters upper molar to palatal plane (U6-PP), lower incisor to nasion to point B line (L1-NB), lower incisor to nasion to point B line (L1-NB*), lower incisor to mandibular plane angle (IMPA), and upper molar to pterygoid vertical line (U6-PTV). A significant difference was present for parameters upper incisor to nasion to point A line (U1-NA), while no difference was observed for upper incisor to sella nasion plane (U1-SN) and upper molar to pterygoid vertical line (U6-PTV). A significant statistical difference was observed between the pre-and post-lower lip to E line parameter. Conclusion: PowerScope caused significant skeletal changes by forward repositioning of the mandible as well as by an increase in the length of the mandible. There was significant retrusion of upper incisors and a highly significant increase in lower incisor protrusion, lower molar mesialization, and upper molar intrusion. Soft-tissue lower lip protrusion was significant.