Effects Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Articles

A Systematic Review on the Effects of PTSD Associated Alcohol Abuse on Social Economic Status among Youth Living in Kiambu County, Kenya

The deeply rooted issue of alcohol abuse in Kenya continues to negatively impact the well-being of the youth population. In a study conducted in 2018, an estimated 45–50% of alcohol-abusing youth in Kiambu County had post-traumatic stress disorder. The main purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize existing literature articles on the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-associated alcohol abuse in Kenya’s context. The review shows that PSTD related to alcohol abuse, though not well studied in Kenya, is a real challenge facing the youth. It affects their learning processes as well as their transition to colleges and other higher education institutions. Alcohol abuse also affects employment prospects for youth and leads to impoverishment. It also challenges the productivity and entrepreneurial capacities of these youth, leading to further impoverishment and reduced socioeconomic prospects. On the basis of these findings, it is pertinent to come up with psychosocial support mechanisms for alcohol abusers suffering from PSTD. The government should establish funding strategies for the rehabilitation of PSTD-affected youth. Also, government empowerment programs in Kenya should factor in mechanisms for ensuring that youth with PSTD-related alcohol abuse can access funding to enhance their socioeconomic status.

Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression on Paternal Attachment to High-Risk Infants

Purpose: This study has sought to determine the levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and attachment among fathers raising high-risk infants and to identify the factors influencing paternal attachment.Methods: The participants were 85 fathers who were raising high-risk infants aged 6 months or younger and visiting a general hospital in Busan Metropolitan City. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect information on the general characteristics of fathers and children, PTSD, depression, and attachment. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors associated with paternal attachment.Results: The average scores reported by fathers were as follows: 4.68±0.27 out of 5 for attachment, 19.51±15.40 out of 88 for PTSD, and 13.21±10.07 out of 60 for depression. Among fathers, 29.4% and 20% experienced PTSD and depression, respectively. The first model revealed that the use of a ventilator, the age of the infant, and desired sex of the infant were associated with paternal attachment, predicting 30% of the variance. In the second model, in which PTSD and depression were added, PTSD influenced paternal attachment. This model predicts a 52% variance.Conclusion: The formation of paternal attachment, which begins immediately after a child’s birth, plays a crucial role in a child’s cognitive, emotional, and social development. To enhance the attachment of fathers raising high-risk newborns, neonatal nurses should screen fathers for PTSD early and plan appropriate interventions.

THERAPEUTIC FEATURES OF THE UKRAINIAN TRADITIONAL SINGING

The purpose of the article is the study of the therapeutic features of the Ukrainian traditional singing (UTS). Research methods are as follows. The characteristic features of Ukrainian folklore performance (such as timbre, varia- bility, etc.) are described in terms of their influence on the psychophysiological state of singers. Features of singing in different timbres, as well as solo and ensemble are compared. The complex influence of different UTS indicators (per- forming, musical-therapeutic, psychophysiological, etc.) is analysed. Data on powerful therapeutic musical resources contained in UTS are identified. Conclusions. The study reveals 1) the UTS ability to reduce the level of stress, to pro- mote relaxation and rest; 2) the opening voicing capability to enhance the antistress effect of UTS; 3) the influence of singing variability on creativity level increasing, a sense of freedom and positive emotions enhancing; 4) the ensemble UTS ability to strengthen self-reliance, motivation, to bring joy, to promote the emotional unity of singers. 5) The unique therapeutic capacity of the UTS is formed due to the complex action of its musical parameters. The relevance of the study is seemed to be explained by the understanding of the therapeutic properties of UTS as an effective means of stress reducing and overcoming the post traumatic stress disorder consequences.

Subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive functioning in combat veterans: Effects of PTSD and deployment mild TBI

Objectives (1) Examine the relationship between subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive functioning in combat veterans; and (2) evaluate conditional effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and deployment-related mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) within that relationship. Method Combat veterans (N = 225, 86.22% male) completed a lifetime TBI interview, a structured interview assessing PTSD symptoms, a neuropsychological assessment battery, and a self-report measure of cognitive symptoms. Results All correlations between subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive measures were not statistically significant. Hierarchical linear regression indicated that cognitive performance was not significantly related to cognitive complaints, but both PTSD diagnosis and history of deployment mild TBI explained a significant amount of unique variance in self-reported cognitive symptoms. Interactions between the studied variables were not significant. Conclusions PTSD and history of deployment mild TBI were uniquely related to cognitive complaints, but cognitive test performance was not. No confounding effects of PTSD or deployment mild TBI were observed in the relationship between cognitive performance and cognitive complaints. This provides support that symptom distress may be a better explanatory factor for perception of lower cognitive functioning than actual cognitive performance.

Imagining emotional future events in PTSD: clinical and neurocognitive correlates.

Emotional future thinking serves important functions related to goal pursuit and emotion regulation but has been scantly studied in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study sought to characterize emotional future thinking in PTSD and to identify clinical and neurocognitive profiles associated with potential alterations in the level of detail in narratives of imagined future events. Fifty-eight, trauma-exposed, war-zone veterans, who were classified into current PTSD, past PTSD, and no-PTSD groups, were asked to vividly imagine future events in response to positive and negative cue words occurring in the near and distant future. These narratives were scored for internal (i.e., pertaining to the main event) and external (i.e., tangential to the main event) details. Participants also performed neurocognitive tasks of generative ability, working memory, and relational verbal memory. Linear mixed modeling revealed that the current and past PTSD groups generated fewer internal details than the no-PTSD group across positive and negative cue words and across temporal proximity. Partial leastsquares analysis revealed that symptom severity for all PTSD clusters was inversely associated with production of internal details, albeit with the association relatively weaker for intrusion symptoms. Among the neurocognitive tasks, only relational verbal memory was associated with production of internal details. These findings suggest, as predicted, that functional avoidance may underlie reduced detail generation but also point to potential additional mechanisms to be further investigated. That future event simulation remains overgeneral even when PTSD symptoms abate highlights the importance of addressing alterations in future thinking in this population.

An introduction to directed acyclic graphs in trauma research.

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are visual representations of the presumed causal structure of an empirical research data set. They are important tools for researchers but have been used rarely in the psychological trauma literature. The purpose of this article is to explain what DAGs are and why (and how) they are useful for trauma researchers. We first describe the utility of DAGs for making causal assumptions explicit, identifying causal effects, and preventing bias. Basic definitions and rules governing the use of DAGs are presented using a hypothetical DAG. We explain why conditioning on a variable, for example, by controlling for it in a multivariable model, can in some circumstances actually introduce bias and not prevent it. We also provide references for topics related to DAGs that are beyond the scope of this introductory article. DAGs are illustrated using the example of the effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on Parkinson's disease. We demonstrate that a multivariable model controlling for all covariates that are being considered introduces bias and would make it impossible to identify the causal effect of PTSD on Parkinson's disease. DAGs can help trauma researchers to understand when they can and when they cannot draw causal conclusions based on research data. This introduction to DAGs should help readers understand their use in the articles on marginal structural models, causal mediation analysis, and instrumental variable methods in this special section, Causal inference and agent-based modeling in trauma research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Sleep Quality in Family Members of Trauma Patients Admitted to The Intensive Care Unit

Introduction: The hospitalization of individuals who have experienced trauma has a significant impact on their family members' lives. Consequently, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the sleep quality of family members whose loved ones were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). Material and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study involved 120 participants (66 males and 54 females) who were first-degree relatives of trauma patients admitted to the ICU at 5th Azar Hospital in Gorgan. Within the first 24 hours of the trauma patient's admission to the ICU, one of their first-degree relatives completed the PCL-C questionnaire for assessing PTSD symptoms. If the participant obtained a score of 45 or higher on the PCL-C questionnaire, they were then requested to complete the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 23 software. Results: The study found that the average score for PTSD among participants was 67.8 ± 5, indicating a high level of stress. The sleep quality score for family members of trauma patients upon hospitalization was 3.9 ± 1.8 (acceptable). However, one month later, their sleep quality significantly deteriorated to a score of 9.3 ± 2.5 (poor) (P < 0.001). There was no significant association found between sleep quality and PTSD (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The research findings indicate that the admission of a trauma patient to the ICU has a significant negative impact on the sleep quality of their family members. Although PTSD was prevalent among these individuals, it did not directly influence sleep quality. Nevertheless, addressing psychological issues and providing adequate psychological support are crucial for improving sleep quality and managing PTSD-related problems, especially for patients with severe complications.

Psychological state and predictors of psychiatric morbidity in COVID-19 patients six weeks after discharge

To be able to detect possible psychological distress and long-term deterioration caused by COVID-19, following the patient, who has recovered, is crucial. Therefore, this study (i); aims to examine the ongoing fear-loss of control, the rate of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder levels following the 6th week after discharge; (ii) to examine the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on anxiety, and depression and (iii) within the same context to reveal the developmental markers of psychiatric morbidity and the risk group. The study includes 180 patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 diagnosis. Sociodemographic Data Form, the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised were used in the current study. High rates of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD were reported by the inpatients, as more than one-third scored above the anxiety and depression cut-off scores of borderline abnormal and abnormal. Also, 37.22 % of the participants reported the likely presence of PTSD symptoms. Anxiety and depression were significantly positively related to the symptoms of PTSD. The results suggest that there is psychiatric morbidity in anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder and that especially posttraumatic stress poses a risk for other psychopathologies.

Impaired prediction of ongoing events in posttraumatic stress disorder

The ability to make accurate predictions about what is going to happen in the near future is critical for comprehension of everyday activity. However, predictive processing may be disrupted in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Hypervigilance may lead people with PTSD to make inaccurate predictions about the likelihood of future danger. This disruption in predictive processing may occur not only in response to threatening stimuli, but also during processing of neutral stimuli. Therefore, the current study investigated whether PTSD was associated with difficulty making predictions about near-future neutral activity. Sixty-three participants with PTSD and 63 trauma controls completed two tasks, one testing explicit prediction and the other testing implicit prediction. Higher PTSD severity was associated with greater difficulty with predictive processing on both of these tasks. These results suggest that effective treatments to improve functional outcomes for people with PTSD may work, in part, by improving predictive processing.

The Problem of Psychological Traumatization of War Participants

Key words: psychotrauma, combat stress (battle fatigue), stress factor, PTSD, mental reaction, emotional state In the modern world, a person is constantly exposed to various influences of the environment, which for an individual can be a source of mental trauma, and in such a situation, the symptoms of post-traumatic disorder can be quite often found in the surrounding environment. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that people are concerned about the events happening on Earth that lead to psychological trauma. Such attention is due to long-term inter-ethnic conflicts on the one hand, which eventually lead to wars, and on the other hand, to the rise of the consciousness of people and nations, which makes them bear mutual responsibility. In this situation, it is natural that psychology has become the reliable source of support which can conduct research and develop different methods to overcome similar situations. In the media and among the population, there is often a negative attitude towards combatants, as to people with a disturbed psyche, violators of generally accepted norms of behavior, etc. The lack of clear diagnostic and prognostic criteria creates significant difficulties in recognizing the initial manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorders, readaptation and rehabilitation of patients. In this regard, there is a growing interest in studying the characteristics of the personality and its functioning, which influence the choice and success of strategies for coping behavior. The remote, severe and long-term effects of post-traumatic stress disorder are of particular social relevance. Traumatic situations and their consequences occupy a significant place among negative emotional conditions. Traumatic life events often lead to stress, deterioration of mental health, various mental disorders and diseases. We may say that the events, which are considered traumatic for a person and are not overcome, change life and deform its image. Therefore, we consider it important to study traumatization, especially among war participants, because combat operations cause great trauma and are stressful by their nature. The work aims to conduct a theoretical analysis of the problem of traumatization of war participants.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder As Reflected On Cara Hoffman Be Safe I Love You Novel

The aims of this research are to identify the types of Post – Traumatic Stress Disorder as well as to find out the impacts caused by Post – Traumatic Stress Disorder that are contained in Be Safe I Love You novel. In this research the writer applied qualitative descriptive methods and theory by Sigmund Freud to analyse the phases of Post – Traumatic Stress Disorder in the novel Be Safe I Love You. The result shows that there are types and impacts of post-traumatic stress disorder contain in Cara Hoffman's Be Safe I Love You novel base on Sigmund Freud's theory, the writer find that there are two types of post-traumatic stress disorder, namely acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder without complications. Uncomplicated post-traumatic stress disorder is the most dominant type of post-traumatic stress disorder find in the novel. There are 4 effects of post-traumatic stress disorder find in the novel, namely hallucinations, mood swings, irritability, insomnia.

The reciprocal relations among self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: a three-wave cross-lagged study

Background Previous cross-sectional studies have examined the relationship between self-compassion, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and post-traumatic growth (PTG). But no study has tested whether self-compassion is a cause or a consequence of PTSD, PTG, or both. Aims The cross-lag analysis was used to examine the reciprocal effects among self-compassion, PTSD, and PTG. Method We used data from 244 adolescents who had experienced earthquakes. We assessed self-compassion, PTSD, and PTG via self-report measures after the earthquake in Jiuzhaigou, as well as 6 and 12 months later. Results Cross-lagged analyses indicated that positive self-compassion could significantly predict subsequent PTSD and PTG. Meanwhile, PTSD and PTG also predicted later positive self-compassion. Negative self-compassion at T1 increased PTSD at T2, and neither PTSD nor PTG significantly predicted subsequent negative self-compassion. In addition, negative self-compassion at T1 significantly predicted positive self-compassion at T2, while positive self-compassion at T2 significantly predicted negative self-compassion at T3. Conclusions Positive self-compassion is a protective factor of post-traumatic psychological response, and it is maintained for a long time, while negative self-compassion may aggravate the negative psychological outcomes of adolescents in the early stage of experiencing traumatic events. In addition, positive and negative self-compassion can influence each other over time.

The Stigmatization of Trauma: A Reflection on Mahesh Dattani's Select Works

Trauma is a response to an experience that devastates a person mentally. It frequently causes shock, denial, and changes in the body, mind, and behavior. People witness difficult circumstances and long-lasting repercussions on their psychological and physical well-being due to trauma. The chosen plays Tara and 30 Days in September are examined using trauma theory. The traumatic stigma of victimized characters and their offenders are explored and brought to light in the present study. The paper maps out the common aspects of trauma in Mahesh Dattani's plays and creates a portal for scholarly reflections on the author's ideology of trauma. It attempts to explore the reason behind the abnormal behavior of the characters and argues that childhood plays a major role in shaping the behavioral attributes of the adults. The researcher has made thematic analysis on the select plays through attentive reading. The study aims to develop an in-depth understanding on the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on the characters taken for study and the possible ways to liberate from traumatic disorder. It strives to cease the stigmatization of trauma and emphasizes the fact that proper counseling, care and support will help the trauma affected characters to recover from the disorder.

Effects of post-traumatic stress disorder and social support on post-traumatic growth in parents of children with craniocerebral tumors

Effects of post-traumatic stress disorder and social support on post-traumatic growth in parents of children with craniocerebral tumors

Purinergic P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammation precedes PTSD-related behaviors in rats

Clinical evidence has linked increased peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, whether inflammation contributes to or is a consequence of PTSD is still unclear. Previous research shows that stress can activate purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) on microglia to induce inflammation and behavioral changes. In this investigation, we examined whether P2X7Rs contribute to the development of PTSD-like behaviors induced by single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure in rats. Consistent with the literature, exposing adult male and female rats to SPS produced a PTSD-like phenotype of impaired fear extinction and extinction of cue-induced center avoidance one week after exposure. Next, we examined if inflammation precedes the behavioral manifestations. Three days after SPS exposure, increased inflammatory cytokines were found in the blood and hippocampal microglia showed increased expression of the P2X7R, IL-1β, and TNF-α, suggesting increased peripheral and central inflammation before the onset of impaired fear extinction. In addition, SPS-exposed animals with impaired fear extinction recall also had more Iba1-positive microglia expressing the P2X7R in the ventral hippocampus. To determine whether P2X7Rs contribute to the PTSD-related behaviors induced by SPS exposure, we gave ICV infusions of the P2X7R antagonist, A-438079, for one week starting the day of SPS exposure. Blocking P2X7Rs prevented the SPS-induced impaired fear extinction and extinction of cue-induced center avoidance in male and female rats, suggesting that SPS activates P2X7Rs which increase inflammation to produce a PTSD-like phenotype.

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among parents and adolescents following Typhoon Lekima: Examination of the mother-daughter sex matching effect.

This study aimed to examine the same-sex matching effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from parents to children and the mediating role of children' sense of security and catastrophization. Longitudinal data from 447 parent-child dyads were acquired using self-report scales. Parents (77.0% mothers; Mage = 40.15 years old) reported their PTSD symptoms 3 months after Super Typhoon Lekima, and children (55.9% girls; Mage = 13.40 years old) reported their PTSD symptoms, sense of security, and catastrophization 3 months and 15 months after the typhoon. Results showed that intrusion in mothers predicated intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms in daughters, while avoidance and hyperarousal in mothers predicted the same symptoms in daughters. This was not observed in any other parent-child dyads. Moreover, mothers' intrusion positively predicted daughters' PTSD symptoms via daughters' sense of security and then catastrophization, while mothers' hyperarousal showed the opposite prediction. These findings suggest that a same-sex matching effect occurs from mothers to daughters in terms of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD. Thus, clinical interventions that target daughters' PTSD symptoms should also consider mothers' intrusion and avoidance symptoms. Moreover, it may be possible to develop interventions to improve daughters' sense of security.

Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mental Disorders on the Labor Market Integration of Young Syrian Refugees.

Civil war experience in the Syrian home country, insecurity and critical life events during migration, or adverse events in the receiving country might affect refugees' mental health. This paper addresses the effects of psychological distress and mental disorders on refugees' labor market integration in Germany between 2016 and 2021. We employ survey data from about 2700 young Syrians, delivering information on individuals' experience of migration and arrival in Germany in 2016. The survey data were successfully merged with register data, delivering detailed information regarding individuals' process of labor market integration and employment status from 2016 to 2021. Overall, the labor market integration of young refugees improved remarkably over time. In 2021, about 69% of the study population was integrated in a wider sense, and 30% was employed in fulltime contracts in 2021. However, the results indicate long-lasting effects of PTSD and mental disorders on individuals' labor market integration, whilst individuals' characteristics related to migration and arrival lose relevance over time and hardly affect labor market integration around five years after arrival. High PTSD scores in 2016 indicate a significantly reduced full-time employment probability in 2021. Anxiety and depression show significant negative effects on individuals' labor market integration, but with a less severe impact compared to a PTSD diagnosis.

The Causes and Effects of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

After a particularly traumatic occurrence that leaves the patient with profound mental anguish and long-lasting negative effects, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) typically develops. Therefore, determining the precise causes of PTSD and how it affects patients is of tremendous practical importance as well as scientific research value. This paper aims to analyze the possible factors that lead to PTSD disease and discuss the impact on the patient himself after suffering from PTSD. The results reveal that major negative events, natural and man-made disasters, physical injuries, and psychological harm are the main reasons for people to develop PTSD. PTSD has the possibility of increasing people’s criminal tendency, which will bring self-mutilation and other self-harming behaviors to patients. Additionally, it is often accompanied by many psychological and physical complications during the onset of the disease, which further damage the patient’s health. The paper provides insight into the prevention and intervention of PTSD.

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN THE STATIONERY SHOP NOVEL BY MARJAN KAMALI

In this thesis entitled Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in The Stationery Shop Novel by Marjan Kamali, the writer describes post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) is a mental health condition triggered by a traumatic event. The purpose of this study is to identify the post-traumatic stress disorder raised by Roya. To enhance the examination of post-traumatic stress disorder, the writer utilizes the theory of Gerald C. Davison (2006) to analyze the symptoms, causes, and effects of post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) theory in its publication Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness: DSM-5 was applied in this research study for more information and as a supporting theory on the symptoms of Post- Traumatic Disorder. In this study, the writer used qualitative research techniques to describe post-traumatic stress disorder. This study can enhance the reader's understanding of a person's psychological state and mental disorder in response to a traumatic event or circumstance.

Trauma in the movie Ordinary People (1980): An investigation of psychological trauma and recovery from a traumatic experience

Trauma theory is an emerging field that is interdisciplinary and incorporates both psychological and physiological studies related to trauma. The main focus of trauma theory is the exploration of the workings and effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Embedded in the trauma theory, this research aims at carrying out a qualitative analysis in order to explore the workings of trauma and recovery from traumatic experience. The study shall deal with analyzing Conrad’s character in the movie Ordinary People (1980) by evaluating different behavioral patterns exhibited by him in the movie. In order to explore the working of trauma, the study shall utilize the diagnostic criteria provided by the American Psychiatric Association (2013) that lists the symptoms related to traumatic disorder. In order to explore the process of recovery, Herman’s three stage model (1992) of recovery from trauma is utilized. The research findings conclude that Conrad’s character suffers from trauma exhibiting most of the symptoms listed in the diagnostic manual. These symptoms include nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, isolation, irritability etc. The findings also show that Conrad’s character successfully undergoes all three stages of recovery. He transforms into an emotionally stable individual after the recovery process occurs. The study has made use of the film medium in order to create awareness about the trauma related issues focusing on the role of professional and social help for traumatic individuals.