Postprandial Lipemic Response Research Articles

Plasma protein N-glycome composition associates with postprandial lipaemic response

BackgroundA dysregulated postprandial metabolic response is a risk factor for chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The plasma protein N-glycome is implicated in both lipid metabolism and T2DM risk. Hence, we first investigate the relationship between the N-glycome and postprandial metabolism and then explore the mediatory role of the plasma N-glycome in the relationship between postprandial lipaemia and T2DM.MethodsWe included 995 individuals from the ZOE-PREDICT 1 study with plasma N-glycans measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography at fasting and triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels measured at fasting and following a mixed-meal challenge. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the associations between plasma protein N-glycosylation and metabolic response (fasting, postprandial (Cmax), or change from fasting). A mediation analysis was used to further explore the relationship of the N-glycome in the prediabetes (HbA1c = 39–47 mmol/mol (5.7–6.5%))–postprandial lipaemia association.ResultsWe identified 36 out of 55 glycans significantly associated with postprandial triglycerides (Cmaxβ ranging from -0.28 for low-branched glycans to 0.30 for GP26) after adjusting for covariates and multiple testing (padjusted < 0.05). N-glycome composition explained 12.6% of the variance in postprandial triglycerides not already explained by traditional risk factors. Twenty-seven glycans were also associated with postprandial glucose and 12 with postprandial insulin. Additionally, 3 of the postprandial triglyceride–associated glycans (GP9, GP11, and GP32) also correlate with prediabetes and partially mediate the relationship between prediabetes and postprandial triglycerides.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive overview of the interconnections between plasma protein N-glycosylation and postprandial responses, demonstrating the incremental predictive benefit of N-glycans. We also suggest a considerable proportion of the effect of prediabetes on postprandial triglycerides is mediated by some plasma N-glycans.

Elevated Circulating Endocan Levels Are Associated with Increased Levels of Endothelial and Inflammation Factors in Postprandial Lipemia.

Postprandial lipemia (PPL) causes endothelial dysfunction by causing endothelial damage to lipoproteins that remain rich in triglycerides. Endocan is a proteoglycan with increased tissue expression, endothelial activation, and neovascularization. The aim of the study was to examine circulating endocan levels in PPL subjects by considering the degree of PPL response according to a high-fat test meal. The other aim was to determine the association between endocan levels and endothelial and inflammatory factors. Fifty-four hyperlipidemic subjects and 28 normolipidemic subjects consumed the high-fat meal. Endocan, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and VEGFA as endothelial factors and IL-6 and LFA-1α as inflammatory factors were evaluated. Fasting serum endocan, VEGFA, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 IL-6, and LFA-1α levels were increased in the PPL group compared to the control group. The PPL group was divided into tertiles based on mean AUC levels. Endocan levels in tertile 3 were at the highest and were increased significantly compared to tertiles 1 and 2. AUC and endocan levels were positively correlated with other endothelial and inflammation factors. ROC analysis showed endocan levels to be one of the highest values. Circulating endocan is seen at significantly higher levels and independently associated with endothelial and inflammatory factors in postprandial lipemia and dyslipidemia.

Postprandial lipemic response in dairy-avoiding females following an equal volume of sheep milk relative to cow milk: A randomized controlled trial.

Sheep milk (SM) is an alternate dairy source, which despite many similarities, has both compositional and structural differences in lipids compared to cow milk (CM). Studies are yet to examine the apparent digestibility of SM lipids, relative to CM, and the potential impact on the plasma lipidome. To determine the response of the circulatory lipidome to equal volume servings of SM and CM, in females who avoid dairy products. In a double-blinded, randomized, cross-over trial, self-described dairy avoiding females (n = 30; 24.4 ± 1.1 years) drank SM or CM (650 mL; 33.4 vs. 21.3 g total lipid content; reconstituted from spray dried milk powders) following an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected at fasting and at regular intervals over 4 h after milk consumption. The plasma lipidome was analyzed by LC-MS and fatty acids were quantified by GC-FID. The overall postprandial triglyceride (TG) response was similar between SM and CM. TG concentrations were comparable at fasting for both groups, however they were higher after CM consumption at 30 min (interaction milk × time p = 0.003), well before any postprandial lipemic response. This was despite greater quantities provided by SM. However, there were notable differences in the postprandial fatty acid response, with SM leading to an increase in short- and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) (C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0) and several long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) (C18:1 t11, c9, t11-CLA, and C20:0; interaction time × milk p < 0.05). This corresponded to a greater postprandial response for medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) C10:0, including TG(10:0/14:0/18:1), TG(16:0/10:0/12:0), and TG(16:0/10:0/14:0) (interaction time × milk p < 0.05). Despite a higher fat content, SM ingestion resulted in a greater circulating abundance of MCTs, without increasing total postprandial triglyceride response, when compared to CM. The greater abundance and postprandial appearance of MCTs may provide advantageous metabolic responses in children and adults. U1111-1209-7768; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375324.

Platycodi Radix Beverage Improves Postprandial Lipemic Response Associated With Plasma Bacteria-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Healthy Adults With an Oral Fat Load

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the responsiveness of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism to Platycodi radix beverage (PR) is associated with the alterations in plasma bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) composition.MethodsNinety-six healthy and normolipidemic adults were randomly divided into two groups and consumed PR or placebo for 8 weeks. An oral fat tolerance test was performed before and after the 8-week intervention to access the postprandial lipid response. Plasma TG, chylomicron TG (CM-TG), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mass levels were measured at fasting, 3, and 6 hours during the oral fat tolerance test and summarized by computing the area under the curve (AUC). EVs isolated from fasting plasma samples were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. A linear mixed-effect model was used to analyze the difference between the two groups. TLR clearance responder to PR consumption was defined by QUalitative INteraction Trees (QUINT). Lasso regularized generalized linear model (GLM) was used to find genera associated with the responsiveness.ResultsPR consumption for 8 weeks noticeably decreased AUC (0–3h) values for TG and CM-TG compared to the placebo group. Responders for TRL clearance were defined as subjects having higher LPL mass (150.6 ng/mL) and dietary fat intake (38.5 g/day) at baseline. Responders showed remarkable reductions in AUC (0–6h) values for TG and CM-TG in the PR group compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, GLM analysis demonstrated that the responsiveness of postprandial TRL clearance was accurately predicted by the model consisting of changes in the relative abundance of 16 genera, suggesting the close association between them.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that PR consumption modulates postprandial TRL clearance by altering plasma EV composition in normolipidemic adults with habitually higher fat intake over 38.5 g/day.Funding SourcesThis work was supported by the BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), and the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT (2012M3A9C4048761).

Endothelial Progenitor Cell Levels and Extent of Post-prandial Lipemic Response.

Background and ObjectiveDue to the frequency of meal ingestion, individuals spend the majority of the day, ~18 h, in a status of post-prandial (PP) stress. Remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLPs) are predominant in PP phase playing an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been suggested to play a role in vessel wall homeostasis and in reducing atherosclerosis. However, there is no information about peripheral blood EPCs number following PP stress. We investigated the association between circulating EPCs levels and extent of PP lipemia in healthy subjects following a high-fat meal.Materials and MethodsA total of 84 healthy subjects (42 men, 42 women) aged 17–55 years were included in the study. PP lipemic response of subjects was determined by Oral Fat-Loading Test (OFLT). All the subjects were classified on the basis of their plasma TG levels after PP lipemic stressors in categories 1 (low), 2 (moderate), and 3 (high). Circulating EPCs numbers were measured by the flow cytometry method.ResultsThere was a significant difference in terms of lipid parameters between men and women: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in men than in women (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.004), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.001), triglyceride (TG) (p < 0.001), and TG-AUC (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women. There was no significant difference between the genders in terms of CD34+KDR+ and CD34+KDR+CD133+cell number and MMP-9 levels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were significantly higher in men than women (p = 0.004). TC, LDL-C, and TG were significantly higher in the 3rd category than 1st and 2nd categories (p < 0.001) in women. Age, body mass index (BMI), fat rate, TG, TC, and LDL-C were significantly higher in the 3rd category than 1st category (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, p = 0.01, p = 0.007, p = 0.004; respectively), in men. Circulating numbers of EPCs in men were significantly higher in the PP hyperlipidemia group than in the low TG levels category, independently from age (p < 0.05). Circulating EPC levels showed a positive correlation with OFLT response in men (r = 0.414, p < 0.05). Also, OFLT response showed a strong positive correlation with fasting TG levels (r = 0.930, p < 0.001). EPC levels in categories of women were not different.ConclusionIncreased EPCs levels in subjects with different PP hyperlipidemia may be associated with a response to endothelial injury, related to increased atherogenic remnant particles at the PP phase.

Fasted exercise does not improve postprandial lipemia responses to different meals in lean and obese subjects: A crossover, randomized clinical trial.

Persistent episodes of postprandial hyperlipemia (PPL) and hyperglycemia (PPG) are considered risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and premature death; whereas physical exercise improves lipid profile and glucose tolerance thus decreasing cardiovascular risks. To investigate the effects of low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise on the magnitude of the PPL and PPG responses to meals with different energy content, in normal and obese subjects. The study used a randomized crossover design. Twenty-one male (Lean: n=9, BMI: 24.3±2.2; and obese: n=12, BMI 32.31±2.1) volunteers aged 20-30 years, performed three interventions, separated by 7 days each: (i) 45min at rest and isocaloric high-fat meal (60% lipids, 30% carbohydrates and 10% protein); (ii) fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise (50% VO2max) for 45min followed by an isocaloric or (iii) calorie deficit high-fat meal. Subjects were serially assessed for blood triglycerides, and glucose levels. Low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise had no acute effect on PPL in lean and obese subjects. Glucose concentrations were reduced only in lean subjects. There is a significant difference in PPL values when comparing lean to obese subjects, implying that the nutritional status influences lipid and carbohydrate after fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT00929890.

Glycemic response of Emblica officinalis powder-incorporated Indian recipes

Purpose Glycemic index (GI) is a physiological basis for ranking carbohydrate foods based on the blood glucose responses they produce after ingestion. Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is a medicinal plant that purportedly has hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic properties. This study aims to determine the glycemic and lipemic responses of freeze-dried E. officinalis powder-incorporated recipes. Design/methodology/approach Two sets of four equicarbohydrate (50 g) recipes (vegetable cutlet, handvo, muthiya and methi thepla) were developed, one without E. officinalis powder incorporation (standard) and one with E. officinalis powder incorporation at the 2 g level (test). After overnight fasting, 50 g glucose, standard and test recipes were administered to healthy adult volunteers at different instances (each 3–4 days apart) and blood glucose levels were measured using capillary sampling every 15 min for 2 h. The glycemic response and GI values were then calculated. Findings Among the standard recipes, lowest glycemic response was obtained by methi thepla (60.90 ± 15.54) and highest glycemic response by handvo (90.57 ± 33.88). Incorporation of E. officinalis powder brought about a non-significant reduction in the GI of methi thepla (p = 0.94), vegetable cutlet (p = 0.54), muthiya (p = 0.69) and handvo (p = 0.09). Maximum per cent reduction was for handvo, which shifted from the high to medium GI category. The lipemic response was lowest with muthiya, showing a fall in triacylglycerol (TG) levels (3.9%). E. officinalis powder incorporation in muthiya led to a further fall (7.8%) in TG levels. Originality/value Incorporation of freeze-dried E. officinalis powder in Indian recipes can bring about a reduction in the postprandial glycemic and lipemic responses.

Postprandial lipaemia following consumption of a meal enriched with medium chain saturated and/or long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A randomised cross-over study.

Postprandial lipaemic response has emerged as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary fats such as medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCSFA) and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) are known to reduce postprandial lipaemic responses. The combination of the two could potentially have complementary and/or synergistic effects for optimising cardiovascular health. This study aims to investigate the effects of MCSFA (coconut oil) with or without LCn-3PUFA (fish oil) inclusion in the test meal on postprandial blood lipids in healthy adults. In a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2×2 factorial cross-over study, participants (n=15) were randomised to receive four standardised isocaloric test meals. Test meals include: placebo [PL, containing no fish oil (0g EPA & DHA) or coconut oil (0g MCSFA)], fish oil [FO, 6g fish oil (3.85g EPA & DHA), containing no coconut oil (0g MCSFA)], coconut oil [CO, 18.65g coconut oil (15g MCSFA), containing no fish oil (0g EPA & DHA)] and coconut oil+fish oil [COFO, 18.65g coconut oil (15g MCSFA)+6g fish oil (3.85g EPA & DHA)]; all providing a total fat content of 33.5g. Participants received all four treatments on four separate test days with at least 3 days washout in between. Blood parameters were measured by finger pricks at 7 timepoints between 0 and 300min. The primary outcome of this study was the change in postprandial triglycerides (TG) concentrations with secondary outcomes as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood glucose concentrations. TG area under the curve (AUC) (mmol/L/min) was significantly lower for FO (383.67, p=0.0125) and COFO (299.12, p=0.0186) in comparison to PL (409.17) only. TG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) (mmol/L/min) was significantly lower with COFO (59.67) in comparison to CO (99.86), (p=0.0480). Compared to PL, the change in absolute TG concentrations (mmol/L) from baseline to post TG peak time (180min) after FO were significantly less at 240min (0.39 vs 0.15), 270min (0.2 vs 0.1), and 300min (0.28 vs 0.06), and after COFO was significantly less at 300min (0.28 vs 0.16) (p<0.05). No significant differences in postprandial AUC and iAUC for any other blood parameters were reported. Our study demonstrated that LCn-3PUFA with or without MCSFA but not MCSFA alone are effective in reducing postprandial TG in healthy individuals.

Postprandial lipemia and CVD; does the magnitude, peak concentration or duration impact intermediary cardiometabolic risk factors differentially? PREDICT I Study.

AbstractPostprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for CVD, due to effects on lipoprotein remodelling, oxidative stress, inflammation, haemostasis and endothelial dysfunction. However, it is unknown whether the total, peak or duration of the lipemic response determines risk. The PREDICT I study is the largest study to date to measure postprandial lipemic responses and intermediary acutely changing cardiometabolic risk factors at multiple time points using a standardized test meal model.A multi-center postprandial study of 1,000 individuals from the UK (unrelated, identical and non-identical twins) and 100 unrelated individuals from the US, assessed postprandial (hourly 0–6h) metabolic responses to sequential mixed-nutrient dietary challenges (50 g fat, 85 g carbohydrate at 0 h; 22 g fat, 71 g carbohydrate at 4h) in a clinic setting. We investigated the relationship of different postprandial triacylglycerol (TG) measures (4 and 6 h TG iAUC, 4 and 6 h TG concentration, 4 and 6 h TG increase from fasting) with lipoprotein remodelling (XXL-VLDL (including chylomicron remnants and VLDL particles) and XL-VLDL particle concentrations (average diameters &gt; 75, 64 nm respectively), HDL-C) and levels of glycosylated acute phase proteins (GlycA; marker of cardiovascular inflammation), all of which have been implicated as independent predictors of CVD risk.Following adjustment (for use of medication, demographic characteristics, fasting TG, insulin and glucose levels), all six postprandial TG measures (4 and 6 h TG iAUC, 4 and 6 h TG concentration, 4 and 6 h TG increase from fasting) were strongly correlated with markers of atherogenic lipoprotein remodelling and the marker of cardiovascular inflammation (GlycA). The strongest correlation (interim analysis) was observed for the 6 h TG increase from fasting (all P &lt; 0.001, Pearson's coefficient r = 0.94 [95%CI's; 0.93, 0.95] for XXL-VLDL-P; r = 0.95 [95%CI's; 0.95, 0.96] for XL-VLDL-P; r = 0.89 [95%CI's; 0.88, 0.91] for GlycA ; r = -0.61 [95%CI's; -0.66, -0.55] for HDL-C). Inter-individual variability in postprandial lipemic responses was high in the tightly controlled clinic setting (interim analysis, n = 656); IQR (median) was; iAUC (0–6h) 2.39 (2.31) mmol/L.h; Cmax 1.32 (2.06) mmol/L; Tmax 30.0 (300) min; and increase above fasting at 6 h 0.78 (0.62) mmol/L.This is the most detailed postprandial study performed to date and suggests that identifying predictors of the postprandial 6 h TG rise will have the highest CVD relevance. Ongoing exploration in PREDICT I of the determinants of postprandial lipemic responses considering environmental, genetic and microbiome variables will significantly advance our ability to predict an individual's postprandial response and its links to cardiovascular risk.

Effects of Resistant Starch Ingestion on Postprandial Lipemia and Subjective Appetite in Overweight or Obese Subjects.

Reports surrounding the role of resistant starch (RS) on postprandial lipemia in humans are scarce. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of resistant starch on the postprandial lipemic response, subjective measures of appetite, and energy intake in overweight and obese subjects. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover study, 14 overweight/obese participants ate a high-fat breakfast (679 kcal, 58% from fat) and a supplement with native banana starch (NBS), high-amylose maize starch (HMS), or digestible maize starch (DMS) on three separate occasions. All supplements provided were matched by the available carbohydrate content, and the RS quantity in NBS and HMS supplements was identical. Appetite was estimated using visual analogue scale (VAS) and an ad libitum test meal. Postprandial glycemia, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and insulin excursions did not differ between treatments. Subjective appetite measures of satiety were significantly increased after HMS; however, no effects on energy intake were observed during the ad libitum test meal. These findings suggest that a single acute dose of RS cannot be expected to improve postprandial lipemia in subjects with overweight or obesity on a high-fat meal. However, the potential benefits of long-term supplementation should not be ruled out based on these results.

2967 Post Prandial Lipemia: A Potential Diagnostic Modality for NAFLD

INTRODUCTION: Clinically, NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of hepatic derangements ranging from fat accumulation (steatosis) to severe inflammation and fibrosis (NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) that can lead to cirrhosis and subsequently to hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is now more common than alcoholic liver disease owing to the rapid rise in the prevalence of obesity, and NAFLD is the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests. METHODS: Twenty consecutive Patients with age range 30-60 yrs attending our OPD during the years 2014-2016 with ultrasonographically proven hepatic steatosis and satisfying following criteria were selected: Alcohol intake less than 20 g/day, absence of autoimmune hepatitis (on the basis of clinical findings, raised globulin, AST/ALT ratio), absence of viral hepatitis (on the basis of serology for viral markers of HBV, HCV), absence of history of intake of any hepatotoxic drug. RESULTS: Considering the fasting lipid profile, difference was observed between the groups in serum TG (177.15 ± 16.18 VS 128.3 ± 22.4), total cholesterol (221.45 ± 31.26 vs 179.35 ± 26.59) and HDL (42.2 ± 6.13 vs 49.8 ± 4.39). The difference found was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001). Summing up for the cases, a higher value was recorded for alkaline phosphatise which was statistically not significant. The postprandial lipemic response of the subjects were estimated using serum triglyceride (TG) level measurement considering the same being the most dynamic parameter considering fat challenge. The serial estimations of TG at 2 hourly interval have also shown a significant difference in serum TG levels between cases and control groups with (P &lt; 0.001). In order to calculate the magnitude of lipaemia, the Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the two groups using trapezoid rule, which showed a statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001) between the two groups (1814.20 ± 166.46 vs 1341.25 ± 153.36). CONCLUSION: We have observed that all subjects from the case group have had a TG surge of greater than 240 mg% as opposed to the healthy controls, this difference could possibly serve as a useful tool provided a standardized diet challenge is implemented prior to test.

Large Inter-individual Variation in Postprandial Lipemia Following a Mixed Meal in over 1000 Twins and Singletons from the UK and US: The PREDICT I Study (OR19-06-19)

ObjectivesPostprandial lipemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, independent of fasting levels, and is influenced by multiple factors including; environmental, genetic, metabolic, metagenomic and the meal-context. Postprandial lipemic responses may therefore differ between individuals, however previously this has only been studied in limited numbers. The PREDICT I study is the largest study to date to measure inter-individual variability in postprandial lipemic responses using a standardized test meal model. MethodsA multi-center postprandial study of 1000 individuals from the UK (unrelated, identical and non-identical twins) and 100 unrelated individuals from US, assessed postprandial (hourly 0–6h) lipemic responses to sequential mixed-nutrient dietary challenges (50g fat and 85g carbohydrate at 0h; 22g fat and 71g carbohydrate at 4h) in a clinical setting. Inter-individual variability in postprandial triacylglycerol (TG) responses was measured for incremental area under the curve (iAUC), Cmax, Tmax and increase above fasting at 5h (mean peak concentration time-point). ResultsAnalysis showed high inter-individual variability in postprandial lipemic responses (Figures 1–3) in the tightly controlled clinic setting (interim analysis of n = 537); IQR (median) was; iAUC (0-6h) 2.34 (2.38) mmol/L.h; Cmax 1.32 (2.02) mmol/L; Tmax 30.0 (300) min; and increase above fasting at 5h 0.92 (0.95). TG variation was higher in the non-fasting versus the fasting state; fasting TG concentration IQR (median); 0.57 (0.91) mmol/L. ConclusionsThe large variation in the magnitude and pattern of lipemic responses to identical meals in healthy people demonstrates the limitations of using the group mean and the importance of individualized dietary approaches. Ongoing exploration in PREDICT I of the determinants of postprandial lipemic responses considering environmental, genetic, metagenomic and microbiome variables will significantly advance our ability to predict an individual’s postprandial response. Funding SourcesNIHR, Wellcome Trust, Zoe Global Ltd. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪▪

Platycodi Radix Beverage Reduced the Postprandial Lipemia Response to a High-fat Load in Randomized Controlled Trials of Healthy Subjects (P12-009-19)

ObjectivesHigh postprandial lipemia is a characteristic of metabolic abnormality recognized as a risk factor inducing cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Platycodi radix (PR) beverage on postprandial lipemia response after challenging with a high-fat/sugar load using both single-dose cross-over and 8-week repeated paralleled designs in healthy subjects. MethodsA total of 52 and 96 subjects were included in the two studies, respectively. Postprandial blood samples were collected at designated time points from 0 to 6 hours after a high-fat load at each visit to determine triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and mass in plasma, chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). A general linear mixed-effect model analysis of time point values and area under the curves (AUCs) was performed to estimate the effect of PR beverage on postprandial lipemia response. ResultsIn a single-dose cross-over design study, PR beverage consumption significantly increased lipoprotein lipase mass (P = 0.011, β estimate = 4.295) and reduced TG concentration in VLDL (P = 0.038, β estimate = –52.69) at 6-hour as compared to those in placebo consumption with a high-fat load. Postprandial TG responses as measured by AUC for 6 hours were significantly correlated with a high-fat dietary score MEDFICTS in chylomicron (r = 0.276, P = 0.008) and VLDL (r = 0.213, P = 0.040). In a 8-week repeated parallel design study, postprandial lipemia responses were compared considering the interaction between group and week. PR beverage consumption decreased postprandial serum TG response (AUCn, P = 0.039; total AUC, P = 0.088). In addition, PR increased plasma LPL mass (AUCn, P = 0.076) that is a clearing factor that hydrolyzed TG of chylomicron and VLDL in the lipoprotein metabolism. ConclusionsIn both of single and long-term intake, PR beverage consumption improved the degradation of postprandial TG level with increasing postprandial LPL mass. However, detail LPL mechanisms of PR consumption should be further analyzed. Funding SourcesThis work was carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea and the BK21 PLUS program of the Ministry of Education.

Postprandial Lipemic Responses to Various Sources of Dietary Fat in Healthy Adults (P08-101-19)

ObjectivesPostprandial lipemia (PPL), or a large increase in triglycerides (TG) post-meal, has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and may be a stronger predictor of CVD risk than fasting TG. However, the effects of various sources of dietary fat on PPL are not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this project is to examine the postprandial TG response to commonly consumed sources of dietary fat. MethodsParticipants engaged in 4 randomized meal trials separated by at least 1 week. For each meal trial, following a 10-hour overnight fast, an intravenous catheter was inserted into a forearm vein from which a fasting blood draw was taken. Thereafter, participants consumed a standard high-fat meal (HFM; 13 kcal/kg; 61% fat, 32% CHO) with the fat source derived from either butter (B), virgin unrefined coconut oil (CoO), extra virgin olive oil (OO), or canola oil (CaO). Serial blood draws were collected hourly for 6-hours post-meal to quantify postprandial TG responses. ResultsSeven healthy participants have completed the protocol (4 M/3F; age 23.8 ± 1.3 years; BMI: 25.5 ± 7.2 kg/m2). Fasting TG was not different (P = 0.26) across trials (B: 76.1 ± 41.6 mg/dL; CoO: 69.6 ± 27.1 mg/dL; OO: 75.3 ± 45.7 mg/dL; CaO: 85.1 ± 34.7 mg/dL). Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant time effect (P < 0.0001) but no time x meal interaction (P = 0.51) or overall meal effect (P = 0.10). Meal trials did not differ (P = 0.14) with regard to TG total area under the curve (AUC; B: 772.5 ± 449.5 mg/dL × 6 hr; CoO: 605.6 ± 268.2 mg/dL × 6 hr; OO: 726.3 ± 485.3 mg/dL × 6 hr; CaO: 715.1 ± 355.4 mg/dL × 6 hr). However, TG incremental AUC was significantly different (P = 0.03) across meal trials (B: 315.6 ± 229.1 mg/dL × 6 hr; CoO: 188.1 ± 151.7 mg/dL × 6 hr; OO: 274.7 ± 246.3 mg/dL × 6 hr; CaO: 204.2 ± 206.7 mg/dL × 6 hr), although no post hoc pairwise comparisons were significantly different (B vs CoO: P = 0.06; B vs OO: P = 0.76; B vs CaO: P = 0.06; CoO vs OO: P = 0.45; CoO vs CaO: P = 0.98; OO vs CaO: P = 0.19). ConclusionsIn this continuing experiment, postprandial TG responses to HFMs comprised of different dietary fat sources are largely similar to this point, although a difference in incremental AUC was observed. Upon completion, this study will advance our understanding of the effects of commonly consumed dietary fats on PPL, an indicator of CVD risk. Funding SourcesInstitutional internal funding.

Effect of the food form and structure on lipid digestion and postprandial lipaemic response.

As the food matrix is a determinant of the rate of fat digestion and absorption, it is important for the modulation of postprandial triglyceridaemia. High postprandial triglyceride levels are associated with an increase in inflammation, oxidative stress, an imbalance in the lipoprotein profile and an increase in the risk of developing chronic diseases. This study was designed to assess the in vitro digestion patterns and the postprandial lipaemic responses to test foods with the same nutrient composition but differing in the form and structure. A liquid, a semi-solid and a solid test food with the same nutrient and energy composition were designed. The digestion profiles of the three foods were assessed using a dynamic in vitro model. The foods were also consumed by healthy young adults who donated blood samples after an overnight fast and again 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after consuming each of the test foods and who were also assessed for appetite sensations. The solid food showed phase separation during gastric digestion and a lower release of fatty acids during intestinal digestion than the liquid and semi-solid foods. During the postprandial feeding experiments, the solid food caused a lower increase in serum triglycerides than the liquid food and produced higher fullness and satisfaction. In conclusion, the food form and structure modulated fat release, postprandial triglyceridaemia and appetite sensations independent of the nutrient and energy content. Thus, manipulation of the food structure and form may be used in designing strategies for improving metabolic markers and satiety.

Increased usual physical activity is associated with a blunting of the triglyceride response to a high-fat meal

Postprandial lipemia (PPL), defined as a prolonged or elevated rise in triglycerides that accompanies fat feeding, is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and associated comorbidities. The impact of PPL on coronary heart disease risk is underscored by the preponderance of each day spent in the postprandial state. In this study, we evaluated cross-sectionally the association between usual (ie, noninterventional) physical activity and the 6-hour triglyceride response to a standardized high-fat meal. The high-fat meal intervention was carried out in 671 apparently healthy individuals as part of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention Heart Study. Triglyceride levels were measured in the fasting state and during 6 hours after administration of a standardized fat challenge. We defined PPL response as the triglyceride area under the fat load curve (AUC) and measured physical activity using accelerometers that were worn continuously over a 7-day period. Physical activity levels decreased with increasing age and were higher in men than women (both P<.001). The triglyceride AUC increased with increasing age in both men and women (both P<.001) and was also higher in men than in women (age-adjusted P=9.2×10-12). Higher physical activity levels were associated with a lower triglyceride AUC (P=.003), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and fasting low-density lipoprotein. These results suggest that the protective benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health may operate, at least in part, through reduction of the PPL triglyceride response.

Gene-diet interactions and postprandial lipemia response in coronary heart disease patients: From the cordioprev clinical trial

Gene-diet interactions and postprandial lipemia response in coronary heart disease patients: From the cordioprev clinical trial

Postprandial Lipemic Responses After A High-fat Meal And Low- Or High-intensity Interval Exercise

Postprandial Lipemic Responses After A High-fat Meal And Low- Or High-intensity Interval Exercise

Abstract 639: Clinical, Genetic, and Epigenetic Characteristics of Prolonged Postprandial Lipemia

Postprandial lipemia (PPL), defined as the series of metabolic events occuring after ingestion of fat, plays a key role in atherogenesis. While the plasma lipid response to meals is extremely variable, the determinants of PPL variation remain poorly understood. Using data from the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN, n=1039), we investigated clinical, genetic, and DNA methylation correlates of prolonged PPL. Participants were administered a standardized high-fat milkshake and blood samples were taken at baseline, 3.5, and 6 hours post-meal. A prolonged PPL response was defined as a binary trait: 1 if plasma triglycerides at 6 hours exceeded the level at 3.5 hours, 0 otherwise. Genome-wide sequence and methylation variation was quantified using next generation sequencing and Illumina 450K methylation array in CD4+ T-cells, respectively. Approximately one third (n=312) of GOLDN participants exhibited a prolonged PPL response to the high-fat challenge. Prolonged PPL was significantly associated with increasing age (P= 1.0x10 -6 ), waist circumference (P= 0.02), fasting glucose (P=0.006), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P= 0.04), and fasting triglycerides (P= 1.9x10 -8 ), and inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.0003). Participants with prolonged PPL were significantly more likely to have prevalent coronary heart disease (P=0.0002) and diabetes mellitus (P= 1.5x10 -5 ). No genetic variants were significantly associated with PPL at the genome-wide level, in either single variant or gene-based tests. However, a DNA methylation variant in the COG5 gene, encoding a component of the oligomeric Golgi complex that has been previously shown to be required for intestinal lipid absorption in a zebrafish model, emerged as the top epigenetic determinant of prolonged PPL response (P= 2.5x10 -7 ) in a mixed effects model adjusting for age (linear and quadratic), sex, study site, smoking, alcohol intake, T-cell purity, and familial relationships. Upon successful replication in independent cohorts and/or functional validation, the COG5 finding can be considered a novel epigenetic target in dyslipidemia, with potential to inform future research efforts and personalized treatment approaches.

Platycodi radix beverage ameliorates postprandial lipemia response through lipid clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein: A randomized controlled study in healthy subjects with a high-fat load.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESElevation of postprandial lipemia characterized by a rise in triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins can increase the risk of atherogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate postprandial lipemia response to a single dietary fat/sugar load test and monitor beneficial changes induced by the consumption of Platycodi radix (AP) beverage in healthy subjects.SUBJECTS/METHODSA total of 52 subjects were randomly assigned to either placebo or AP beverage group with a high-fat shake in a randomized controlled crossover trial. Postprandial blood was collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h and analyzed for TG and lipoprotein lipase mass. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase was determined in vitro.RESULTSAP inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in vitro (IC50 = 5 mg/mL). Compared to placebo beverage, AP beverage consumption with a high-fat shake induced significant increase of plasma lipoprotein lipase mass (P = 0.0111, β estimate = 4.2948) with significant reduction in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG concentration (P = 0.038, β estimate = −52.69) at 6 h. Based on significant correlation between high-fat dietary scores MEDFICTS and postprandial TG responses in VLDL (P = 0.0395, r = 0.2127), subgroup analysis revealed that 6 h-postprandial VLDL TG response was significantly decreased by AP consumption in subjects with MEDFICTS ≥ 40 (P = 0.0291, β estimate = −7214).CONCLUSIONSAP beverage might have potential to alleviate postprandial lipemia through inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity and elevating lipoprotein lipase mass. Subgroup analysis revealed that subjects with high-fat dietary pattern could be classified as responders to AP beverage among all subjects.