Postponement Of Marriage Research Articles

Correction: Postponement of first marriage and childbearing in China: trends and characteristics

Correction: Postponement of first marriage and childbearing in China: trends and characteristics

Childlessness in Korea: Role of education, marriage postponement, and marital childlessness

Childlessness in Korea: Role of education, marriage postponement, and marital childlessness

Out-of-Court Assistance Based on the Principle of the Best Interests of the Child: Study on Examination Process of Marriage Dispensation Cases

This research aimed to elaborate the legal phenomenon of marriage postponement proposed by the applicant in the examination process of marriage dispensation cases at the Religious Courts of Bukittinggi. The decision is taken after the applicant receives out-of-court assistance in marriage dispensation cases by other institutions that has been explicitly regulated in the Supreme Court (PERMA) Number 5 of 2019. The purpose of the assistance is to ensure the children’s readiness in entering marriage and the follow up to limited amendment of Article 7 Marriage Law on age limit. This phenomenon is intriguing due to a sizeable finding on previous marriage dispensation cases where most applicants insisted on getting married soon. This field study is descriptive qualitative research applying the descriptive-analysis method. The empirical-juridical approach was employed, analyzing primary and secondary data sourced from interviews and documentations. The collected data were subjected to Creswell’s technique starting from data processing to data interpretation. The results showed that the assistance practice has successfully encourage many child applicants to make decisions based on their best interests, namely postponing the marriage that is facilitated through an integrated system that includes psychological examination, legal approach, and religious approach. Indeed, this system is non-existent in the previous examination process of marriage dispensation cases. Interpretation and realization of Article 15 of PERMA are perceived to have contributed to the decreasing number of marriage dispensation cases in the Religious Courts of Bukittinggi, and establishing PERMA Number 5 of 2019 as the law that guarantees the prevention of child marriage.

Postponement of first marriage and childbearing in China: trends and characteristics

Postponement of first marriage and childbearing in China: trends and characteristics

The impact of female education on fertility: evidence from Malawi Universal Primary Education program

Abstract This paper examines the impact of female education on fertility outcomes by using the Universal Primary Education (UPE) program in Malawi as a natural experiment. The finding indicates that the UPE policy improves rural women's educational attainment by 0.42 years and an additional year of female education decreases women's number of children ever born and the number of living children by 0.39 and 0.34, respectively. An analysis of potential mechanisms suggests that the decreased fertility rates are likely driven by the reduction in women's fertility preferences, the postponement of marriage, and the delay of motherhood. Contrarily, the study finds no evidence that increased female education affects women's labor force participation and the use of modern contraception.

Estimated effect of age of marriage on utilisation of India’s Integrated Child Development Service programme

BackgroundAge of marriage among women is considered an important indicator of their readiness for familial integration and parenting. This study estimated the effect of age of marriage of young mothers...

Study on Factors Influencing Women's Willingness to Marry in China

In recent decade, the marriage rate of young males and females in China has been declining. The declining marriage rate and the rising postponement of marriage and childbearing result in China's low fertility rate and ageing, which pose challenges to the country. Using data from the China General Social Survey, this paper performs Random Forest to explore the factors influencing women's willingness to marry. The results suggest that objective factors are more important than subjective factors in influencing women's intention to marry in China.

Menyokong Tenaga Kerja: Fenomena Waithood dan Kerja Perawatan Tak Berupah dalam Perspektif Reproduksi Sosial

The construction of unpaid care work as the responsibility of women has contributed to the emergence of the postponing marriage phenomenon (waithood) among youth, especially women. On the other hand, care work is an integral part of the reproductive workforce, related to productive work. Furthermore, care work also contributes to reproducing the workforce in serving the interests of capital accumulation. The mechanization of women’s roles in creating a workforce surplus makes women work excessively and hinders economic access. It argues that the financial pressures and the burden of work indirectly lead to the delayed marriage phenomenon. This financial pressure and the burden of care work indirectly contribute to the postponement of marriage. This study adopts a perspective of Social Reproduction Theory by utilizing qualitative research methods and a literature study approach. This study analyzes the relationship between capitalism, care work, and the recent phenomenon of waithood. The results indicate that women have been supporting the workforce through their care work, and this occurs systemically as a consequence of the capitalist system, which has led to the postponement of women’s marriages.

The Impact of Housing Price on Fertility in the Context of China's Three-child Policy - Taking Shanghai as an Example

In light of China's Three-child Policy, this paper gives a thorough investigation of the complex relationship between housing costs and reproductive choices using Shanghai as a case study. This study provides light on how housing costs affect family planning choices by taking into account a number of variables, including economic development, demographic trends, and housing market dynamics. The paper reveals the complex effects of high housing expenses on important elements of family life, such as family formation, marriage postponement, and parenting decisions. It does this through in-depth data analysis and instructive chart representations. These results highlight the pressing need for comprehensive policy changes targeted at reducing the financial stress placed on families. The research also advances the understanding of the complex effects that such measures might have on broader demographic issues. In essence, this study clarifies the link between housing costs and fertility rates while also highlighting the significance of evidence-based policymaking in creating a more sustainable and nurturing environment for families in light of shifting socio-economic dynamics.

Fertility Transition in China and its Causes

Abstract Demographic transition faced by modern economies, including China, are among the most important long-term socio-economic challenges. In 2022, China observed its population decline for the first time since the early 1960s. The low fertility rate was of critical importance. The unprecedented one-child policy is quite commonly indicated as the main reason for the low fertility rate. However, the departure from this restrictive policy and the actions introduced under the two-child policy implemented from 2016, and then the three-child policy from mid-2021, have not brought an improvement in fertility rates. The aim of the paper is to answer the following research questions: Should the decline and persistent low fertility rate in China be attributed solely or mainly to the unprecedented one-child policy, which was in force for over three decades? Fertility transition in China is the effect of several factors and depends largely on the studied period. In the 1970s and 1980s, the government’s family policy was a key determinant of the decline in fertility. However, contrary to the prevailing belief about the determining influence of the one-child policy, the first stage of the implementation of the birth control policy, the Wan, Xi, Shao program, had a greater impact. Since the 1990s, the low fertility rate has been mainly explained by the extraordinary socio-economic changes and rapidly increasing prosperity of the Chinese people. Since the beginning of the 21st century, cultural changes resulting mainly from the integration of the Chinese economy with the global system have been crucial. Cultural changes have affected reproductive behaviour, marriage patterns, marriage postponement, birth postponement, fertility, and family size in Chinese society, which is observed below-replacement fertility. China’s demographic future depends on the fertility trajectory. However, due to the size of the population, but also the position of the Chinese economy in the global economic system, Chinese demographic transition may also bring significant consequences for the global economy.

Recent Changes in Marriage Formation and Dissolution Behaviour in Czechia

Marriage formation and dissolution behaviours have changed significantly over time in Czechia. This article studies in greater detail the marital behaviour changes observed in the period 1993–2022 using the LIPRO 4.0 multistate programme, which allows for a detailed analysis of changes in life expectancy according to years spent in each marital state, marriage formation and dissolution behaviours, and the average ages at the time of different marital status events. The probabilities for the transition to the divorced and to the remarried state at selected ages are also presented, along with a status-quo projection of the Czech population until 2030. The results indicate the continued postponement of marriage and subsequent marital events. Czechs have been spending an increasing time never-married since the establishment of Czechia. However, recent improvements in first marriage and remarriage rates at the same time as declining divorce rates since 2019 suggest a renewed interest in marriage. Despite these positive developments, the population projection indicates a continued increase in the never-married population.

Changing fertility patterns in China

China's recent fertility data collected from the 2020 population census and 2017 fertility survey have considerably improved in quality. Based on these, we can assess the levels and patterns of fertility with high confidence. We reconstruct China's fertility history from 1990 using these two types of data and review the trends and characteristics of fertility transitions and changing fertility patterns in China. Over the past half century, China has experienced an extraordinary fertility transition and decline, which can be described as three stepwise downward jumps in fertility that occurred in the 1970s, 1990s, and 2010s. While the tempo effect has always depressed fertility, the quantum effect became positive in the most recent fertility decline, when China made successive adjustments to its fertility policy. Age, parity, and interval patterns of fertility in China have also undergone fundamental changes influenced by changing fertility policies and rapidly expanding higher education. The recent rapid decline in fertility is driven by the increasing postponement of marriage, a large reduction in fertility for lower education groups, and a rising proportion of younger women accessing higher education.

Https://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/289

Marriage, firmly entrenched in tradition and societal norms, has long stood as a cornerstone of stable societies. Nevertheless, in the contemporary context, it is judicious to engage in a critical examination of whether we are genuinely upholding the family's sanctity and the integrity of this union. Throughout history, marriage has functioned as a legal and social covenant, providing the foundation for procreation, inheritance, and familial alliances. It has often been revered as a sacred connection, a fusion of hearts and minds, and a solemn commitment. In recent years, the landscape of our society has witnessed profound changes. Factors such as individualism, materialism, shifting gender roles, and economic self-sufficiency have prompted inquiries into the relevance and viability of marriage and the family unit. The erosion of moral values, postponement of marriage, and a surge in divorces further underscore these challenges. In this article, we embark on an erudite exploration within the realm of marital unions to ascertain whether the existing legislative frameworks adequately address the complexities and challenges surrounding contemporary families and effectively accommodate the evolving dynamics.

Pengaruh Tingginya Uang Hantaran Perkawinan terhadap Penundaan Perkawinan di Desa Temerloh, Negeri Pahang Malaysia Perspektif Maqashid Syari'ah

This article aims to examine the effect of high dowry money in marriage against the postponement of marriage in Temerloh Village, Pahang State Malaysia in the perspective of maqashid shari'ah. This research is an empirical legal research, with a sociological approach to law. Data sources were obtained through interviews with a number of respondents and observations, which were then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that there are still many people in Temerloh Village who practice dowry money so high that it has an impact on delaying marriage in several families in the village. The high dowry money is based on education, occupation and social status of the woman to be married. In the perspective of maqashid shari'ah, the high practice of dowry money that causes delays in marriage for those who are less fortunate is not in accordance with the aspect of hifz al-din (maintaining religion), because Islamic sharia advocates simplicity and ease in matters of dowry and financing in a marriage. Moreover, the postponement of marriage caused by the high amount of marriage dowry money is feared to result in actions that are not in accordance with religious values.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ГУМАНІТАРНА КРИЗА ЯК НАСЛІДОК РОСІЙСЬКОЇ АГРЕСІЇ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

Russian aggression against Ukraine has caused a number of difficult, crisis situations, which have become stressful, crisis, and traumatic for various segments of the population. The social and humanitarian crisis in Ukraine is a consequence of the dangerous access to regions and places of assistance for national and international humanitarian organizations, due to existing and emerging logistical limitations; spread of risks associated with shelling, bombing throughout the country, with explosive objects; the need to ensure safe access to areas where hostilities continue; deterioration of physical and mental health, aggravation of social and psychological problems. The population is most in need of humanitarian, social and financial support in order to be able to provide themselves with the most important and necessary goods and services. People with disabilities, people with chronic diseases and the elderly find themselves in increasingly vulnerable situations due to interruptions in treatment and problems accessing appropriate health services. The death of people of working age and those who migrated abroad reduced the supply of skilled labor. At the same time, the number of workers with disabilities is increasing, and their level of work ability and the list of jobs they can perform are different from the pre-war period. The postponement of marriage and the birth of children due to the war increased the supply of women in the labor market. Also, the presence of a family breadwinner in the armed forces or the loss of one has resulted in women having to take on more responsibilities to provide for the basic needs of their families. An increase in child labor rates due to the spread of poverty and the loss of opportunities for education, especially higher education, is also expected. The social crisis is exacerbated by the problem of poverty, especially among the working population. To solve these problems, a purposeful policy is needed, based on the economic and financial capabilities of the state and the maximum efficiency of their use. One of the important factors in supporting the population and overcoming threats to social security in wartime is jobs. They contribute to the development of the economy, increasing the purchasing power of the population, and are a reliable tool for overcoming poverty.

Globalization and the Georgian Family

The process of globalization has picked up its pace in the last period and it affects every sphere of societal life. It brings about the new epoch in the human civilization. The history of the establishment and development of the family runs parallel to the history of the development of humankind. Therefore, it is of utmost urgency and importance to study the impact of globalization on the institute of family. The presented work touches upon the immensely urgent issue for modernity - the impact of globalization on the Georgian family. The aim of the article is to delineate those positive and negative changes that occurred within the Georgian family as a result of globalization. This is one of the first attempts to demonstrate the basic characteristics of the modern Georgian family. In order to display the issue clearly, the authors have employed the data of the Georgian statistical service as well as that of the European Union and made a comparative analysis. The researchers have also used the results of the sociological survey conducted with their direct participation during 2013-2015. The main discoveries, which have been obtained by the researchers in this work, are connected with the various types of changes that came to pass in the family. Since the turn of the new century, tolerant attitude toward sexual freedom has been established in Georgia. The beginning of sexual life is no longer associated with the creation of the family. Consequently, the marriage age has increased and the youth are in no hurry to create the family. The postponement of marriage has dialed back the birth of the first child in ages above 30 and, thus, the start of the late parenthood. During 2000-2018, from among the total number of children born by the women of all age group, the share of the children born to only the women within the age group of 30-40 went up from 20.8 % to 33.6 %, i.e. increased 1.6 times. The 1.4 times increase in the fertility rate among the women aged above 40 during the last 18-year period is unprecedented. Religious or legal marriage is no longer necessary to start the family, couples cohabit without it. The increase in the number of cohabiting couples, in its turn, has boosted the number of out-of-wedlock births. It was only two decades ago that such a thing was totally unacceptable in our society. Globalization opened the door wide to international migration. The globalization has brought with it “transnational families”, which were unusual for Georgian society. The man was traditionally considered to be the breadwinner in the Georgian family, however, this did not preclude the woman from working and earning income. It was a given that the woman’s labor was not necessary to retain the living standard of the family. Since the last years of the previous century, because of the fundamental transformations the country was undergoing, the income of the women became not only necessary for the family, but also of life and death importance. The high level of unemployment within the country gave rise to the large number of “transnational mothers”. The Georgian researchers established that the share of the money transfers executed by the Georgian women in emigration is more than half of the total transfers. The instances of family violence are characteristic of Georgian society, like for the majority of societies. It was considered that the facts of domestic violence must not leave the confines of the family. Globalization, additionally, changed the attitude of our society toward this harmful malaise. The victims of violence no longer hide the facts, as a result the exposure of as well as reaction to these instances has increased. Since 2015, the exposure rate of the facts of family violence has grown nearly by 50 %. Superficial attitude of the youth toward marriage has significantly increased the number of divorces. Traditionally, divorce was condemned in Georgia. However, today it is tolerated. In the XXI century, the highest crude divorce rate in Georgia (in 2019 – 3 ‰) lags by only one-tenth behind the highest rate encountered in the EU countries such as: Latvia, Lithuania and Luxembourg (3.1 ‰ divorce per 1000 persons). The mean duration of marriage is 10.6 years in Georgia, and it is shorter than that of Great Britain (11 years), Italy (17 years) and France (13), however, it exceeds that of the USA (8 years).

The Utilization of Oocyte Cryopreservation Among Indonesia Women

Our study aims to assess the utilization of oocyte cryopreservation (OC) in Indonesian women. Data from 122 women who had undergone OC was retrospectively analyzed from medical records. The baseline profile, clinical characteristics, and main outcomes comprising intentions for oocyte vitrification and outcomes following oocyte warming were examined. Out of 122 women who underwent OC, 49 patients returned and use their cryopreserved oocytes with a median duration of storage was two months. Arranged from the greatest to the least, participants had undergone the cycle of OC due to sperm factor [51 (41.80%)], increased embryo availability [6 (12.1%)], postponement of marriage [6 (12.1%)], social reasons [10 (8.19%)], and other reasons [8 (6.55%)]. Meanwhile, treatment due to advanced maternal age [6 (4.91%)], poor ovarian reserve [6 (4.91%)], cancer [5 (4.09%)], PCOS [2 (1.63%)], and endometriosis [2 (1.63%)] was reported among remaining subjects. Clinical pregnancy was reported in 12 (40.0%) patients constituting of each 6 (50.0%) subjects of day-3 and day-5 embryo transfer, respectively. Our study demonstrated that sperm factor, increased embryo availability, and postponement of marriage is the main reason for women undergoing OC in Indonesia.

Changing mind, changing plans? Instability of individual gender attitudes and postponement of marriage in Germany

Numerous studies address the relationship between gender attitudes and family formation, especially the attitudes–fertility connection. To date, little attention has been paid to the longitudinal dynamics of these attitudes, in particular the stability of

The Influence of Parental Education on First Marriages in China: The Role of Childhood Family Background

China has implemented the universal two-child policy to promote fertility whereas the trends of later marriage and childbearing still prevail. The marriage timing of young adults has received considerable attention. However, studies tailored to the Chinese context remain limited. Using data from the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey 2016, we established bivariate and multinomial logistic regression discrete-time event-history models to examine the influence of parental educational attainment on their children’s first marriages. Not only the effects of parental education on their children’s likelihood of entry to first marriages and marriage postponement but also changes in these effects by sex, region, and across birth cohorts and the individual life course were analyzed. In general, there was a significantly positive relationship between parents’ educational attainment and the likelihood of their children’s entry into first marriages. However, it couldn’t explain variations about the timing of first marriages or marriage postponement. Analyses of subsamples revealed considerable heterogeneity in the effects of parental educational attainment by sex and region. These findings reveal the influence of childhood family background factors on marriage behaviors and provide a basis for predicting future marriage and childbearing trends in China. This study provides meaningful inputs and a rationale for amending the minimum legal marriageable age and for promoting marriage and births within Chinese marriage law.

Bride price, dowry, and young men with time to kill: A commentary on men’s marriage postponement in India

Rising numbers of young unmarried men in India reflect a marriage squeeze that goes beyond the shortage of brides created by sex-selective abortion. We describe a decline in men’s marriageability caused by their falling economic prospects at the same time as families of brides are increasingly seeking grooms with stable employment. We group young men into those without jobs or much education, those with education but no work, and the privileged few with education as well as employment. This classification resolves some of the seeming contradictions in the qualitative literature on marriage in India. Some of this literature talks about the rising prevalence of bride price and some about the persistence of dowry, while some papers reflect in general on the costs of being young, male, and aimless. Our commentary includes a review of the growing literature on the physiological and (perhaps) consequently behavioural and health outcomes of men’s anomie.