Postoperative Voiding Cystourethrogram Research Articles

Modified Martius Flap Urethroplasty: A New Technique

Introduction: Female urethral strictures are rare, and there is no consensus on proper surgical treatment. The literature is primarily limited to case reports and small case series. Surgical treatment has frequently been extrapolated from male urethroplasty techniques. However, female urethroplasty differs significantly from male urethroplasty because it is performed directly across the urinary sphincter.1 We describe our rationale and technique for female ventral urethroplasty utilizing a modified Martius flap. Materials and Methods: Two female patients, aged 46 and 58 years, with chronic urethral strictures underwent a ventral modified Martius flap urethroplasty. After guidewire and open-ended ureteral stent placement across the stricture, an inverted U-flap incision was made from the distal urethra to the bladder neck. A full thickness incision into the urethral lumen was made, extending past the bladder neck, and sounded with a 30F urethral sound. An ~5 × 2 cm portion of nonhair bearing inner labia tissue was harvested and mobilized on the anterior pedicle of a Martius flap. This was then tunneled under the vaginal wall and rotated over the area of the urethral defect. The flap was sutured in place with two 4-0 polyglactin running suture lines, covering the entire gap in the urethra with good mucosal apposition. The remaining fatty tissue of the Martius flap was rotated over the suture lines, adding an extra layer to the repair. The inverted U flap incision was closed over the repair and the skin edges of the Martius flap harvest site were closed in two layers with a deep 2-0 polyglactin layer and a superficial 4-0 poliglecaprone subcuticular suture, resulting in a cosmetic closure. Results: Postoperative voiding cystourethrogram revealed an open bladder neck and no recurrent stricture for both patients. Average Uroflow peak flow was 18 mL/s. The patients had no complaints of stress incontinence (SUI) and a negative cough leak test at 1 month follow-up. At 6 months follow-up, both patients continued to deny any SUI and had no obstructive voiding complaints with minimal post-void residuals. Conclusions: Our technique using a ventral approach to urethroplasty in women with a Martius flap is effective in the management of female urethral stricture disease. This approach offers lower risk of damage to the sphincter, avoids possible clitoral nerve injury, allows for better maintenance of urethral support, and is an approach familiar to most female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons. Music utilized in video obtained royalty-free from (www.bensound.com). No competing financial interests exist. The authors have received and archived patient consent for video recording and publication in advance of video recording procedure. Runtime of video: 6 mins 33 mins This project was presented at the following academic conferences: Arizona Urological Society, August 1, 2021; Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction (SUFU), February 25, 2022; American Urological Association (AUA) General Meeting, May 14, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002586.08).

Robotic Ureteral Reimplantation: Nonrefluxing Intravesical and Extravesical Techniques

Introduction: Nonrefluxing ureteral reimplantation is the gold standard surgical management of patients with symptomatic vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).1,2 Intravesical and extravesical ureteral reimplantation were traditionally performed with an open approach through the Cohen, Lich-Gregoir, Glen-Anderson, and Politano-Leadbetter techniques.3 However, there has been recent adoption of minimally invasive approaches including the use of robotic assistance.1 Moreover, these nonrefluxing ureteral reimplantation techniques have been primarily described in the pediatric population rather than in adults.2 We demonstrate our techniques and describe outcomes of adult patients undergoing nonrefluxing intravesical and extravesical robotic ureteral reimplantation (RUR). Materials and Methods: We reviewed our institution's own robotic ureteral reconstruction database to identify consecutive adult patients with a history of VUR who underwent nonrefluxing intravesical or extravesical RUR between September 2016 and November 2020. Indications for surgery included patients with symptoms of flank pain and/or recurrent infections secondary to VUR. Our primary outcome was surgical success, which we defined as the absence of postoperative flank pain and radiographic absence of VUR on voiding cystourethrogram or obstruction on diuretic renal scan. Before beginning the procedure, all patients underwent cystoscopy, cystogram, and/or retrograde pyelogram. Robotic ports are placed similarly for both techniques through the standard prostatectomy configuration without a fourth robotic port or the right lateral 12 mm assistant port. A 5 or 12 mm assistant port is placed between the camera and the right robotic port. Meticulous dissection of the distal ureter to preserve its fragile blood supply is performed for both techniques. In the robotic intravesical technique, adapted from the Politano-Leadbetter technique, the ureter is redirected through a new supratrigonal hiatus and submucosal tunnel created in a 5:1 ratio.4 The neoureteral orifice (UO) is relocated distally (subtrigonometry) and medial to the orthotopic UO. In the robotic extravesical technique, adapted from the Lich-Gregoir technique, a mucosa sparing extravesical tunnel is created according to the Paquin guidelines with a 5:1 length to diameter ratio.5,6 In patients who have a previous ureteroneocystostomy complicated by reflux symptoms, the existing reimplant site can be left intact and revised with an extravesical tunnel to prevent reflux. Results: Three patients met inclusion criteria. Two patients underwent nonrefluxing extravesical RUR and one patient underwent intravesical RUR. The patient who underwent an extravesical RUR had a history of reimplantation that was complicated by severe reflux-related symptoms. Intraoperatively, the mean estimated blood loss was 50 mL and mean robotic console time was 162 minutes. Postoperatively, none of the patients experienced major (Clavien >2) complications. With regard to surgical success, at a mean follow-up of 20.5 months, all patients were free of urinary tract infections and obstructive flank pain symptoms. In addition, all patients achieved complete resolution of VUR on postoperative voiding cystourethrogram or renal scan. Conclusions: Nonrefluxing intravesical and extravesical RUR may be safely and effectively utilized for surgical management of adult patients with symptomatic VUR. Moreover, the nonrefluxing extravesical RUR can be used to revise select patients with prior reimplantation complicated by symptomatic reflux. S.K., C.O., and M.L. have no competing financial interests. D.D.E. reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical that includes consulting or advisory and speaking and lecture fees. D.D.E. reports a relationship with Melzi Corp that includes board membership. D.D.E. reports a relationship with Johnson and Johnson that includes consulting or advisory. Accepted for presentation at Mid-Atlantic AUA 2021. Patient Consent Statement: Authors have received and archived patient consent for video recording/publication in advance of video recording of procedure. Music: Music (Gentle Wave by Ketsa) is not copyrighted material and was obtained from a royalty-free source. Runtime of video: 7 mins 14 secs

Ureteroneocystostomy without ureteral remodeling for grade III–V vesicoureteral reflux treatment

Ureteral remodeling (tapering or tailoring) is often performed alongside ureteroneocystostomy (ureteric reimplantation) procedures despite limited evidence on its role in promoting reflux resolution. To investigate the efficacy of ureteroneocystostomy in the absence of adjuvant ureteral remodeling for promoting reflux resolution in grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux. A retrospective analysis identified pediatric patients who underwent open or robotic assisted ureteroneocystostomy (OUN and RAUN, respectively) without ureteral remodeling (tailoring or tapering) at a single tertiary care center. The primary endpoint of reflux resolution was defined as no reflux on latest follow up postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Ureteral dilation was analyzed using the ureteral diameter ratio (UDR), which normalized for image characteristics. Inclusion criteria was as follows: grade III-V reflux, accessible postoperative VCUG scan, RAUN after June 2013 following technique optimization, and no other structural urologic abnormality or associated neurogenic bladder. A total of 68 ureters were analyzed (Grade III=28, Grade IV=27, Grade V=13, OUN=23, RAUN=45). Complete reflux resolution was achieved postoperatively in 96% (27/28) of grade III, 100% (27/27) of grade IV and 100% (13/13) grade V cases, for a combined resolution rate of 99%. In the one failed case, the preoperative UDR was in the second quartile and postoperatively, reflux diminished from grade III to grade I. Notably, no cases with UDRs in the largest quartile required tapering/tailoring for complete reflux resolution. Ureteral tapering and tailoring were unnecessary to achieve reflux resolution in grade III-V VUR by both OUN and RAUN. Additionally, the unsuccessful case was classified as grade III with a UDR value in the second quartile, suggesting that high grade reflux (IV-V) can be repaired without tapering with equal success rates to that of grade III VUR repair, which is classically not tapered. Tapering was unnecessary for complete reflux resolution in the cases with the largest ureteral diameter ratios (UDR). These findings are limited by the single center retrospective nature of the study. This study demonstrates that vesicoureteral reimplantation for resolution of grade III-V reflux is successful in the absence of ureteral remodeling techniques.

Robotic assisted proximal dorsal urethral diverticulectomy.

Urethral diverticula are rare but clinically significant entities among female patients. Ventrally located, mid-to distal, simple or horseshoe diverticula are most commonly observed and are usually repaired via a transvaginal approach with varying levels of difficulty but high success rates. Dorsally (anteriorly) located urethral diverticula are more challenging to repair secondary to the need to access the side of the urethra opposite the vaginal lumen, abutting the external urethral sphincter. Unique proximal anatomy in the case presented led to careful consideration of the surgical options. We present a review of techniques reported in the literature and a video demonstrating our technique for transabdominal robot-assisted laparoscopic excision of a large, dorsal, very proximally located, crescenteric urethral diverticulum in a patient who initially presented with urosepsis. Robotic-assisted excision of the urethral diverticulum was accomplished in 3:27h with an estimated blood loss of 50cc. Vaginal counter-incision was not necessary. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative voiding cystourethrogram prior to suprapubic catheter removal revealed a well-healed repair without extravasation. At 6-month follow-up, she denied any de novo lower urinary tract symptoms such as urinary incontinence, post-void dribbling, urinary tract infection or urinary hesitancy. Dorsal urethral diverticulum in women, particularly when very proximal, can present a diagnostic and surgical challenge for reconstructive pelvic surgeons. The robotic approach to urethral diverticulectomy is feasible for a proximal dorsal urethral diverticulum which lies cephalad to the pubic symphysis. This or other laparoscopic applications may also be considered as an adjunct to the standard vaginal approach for complex urethral diverticuli with a proximal dorsal component.

Extended Primary Anastomosis With Penile Plication (EPAPP): A Promising New Alternative to Perineal Urethrostomy for Reconstruction of Long Urethral Strictures

At present, excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) urethroplasty is a highly reliable method of reconstruction for short bulbar urethral strictures. Longer strictures are often managed with grafting techniques to ensure a tension-free repair. Here we report our initial experience with a new, extended anastomotic technique for long bulbar strictures that incorporates plication of the ventral corporal bodies to reduce the distance between the urethral ends and obviates the need for grafting. We reviewed records for all urethroplasties performed by a single surgeon at our institution between January 2018 and February 2020. We identified a cohort of older patients with complex strictures who underwent Extended Primary Anastomosis with Penile Plication (EPAPP). Patient demographics, stricture characteristics, perioperative 75 parameters, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Of 346 urethroplasty records reviewed, 10 patients (2.9%) underwent EPAPP. Mean stricture length was 3.75 ± 1.4 cm. EPAPP patients were older than those repaired by other techniques (mean age 66.6 vs 55.6, P=.024), and most were not sexually active preoperatively. Postoperative voiding cystourethrogram confirmed urethral patency without extravasation in all patients. At a median follow up of 9.7 months (IQR 8.5-11.5) 8 patients remained asymptomatic after EPAPP alone and 2 patients required a single balloon dilation for stricture recurrence. EPAPP is a promising alternative option for the management of long bulbar strictures among appropriately selected patients.

Postoperative urinary extravasation does not impact anterior urethroplasty surgical outcomes: a Latin American large cohort study.

To determine the prevalence of postoperative urinary extravasation (POUE) following anterior urethroplasty, to analyze factors associated with its occurrence, and to study the impact of POUE on surgical success. Retrospective cohort study including all male patients who have undergone a urethroplasty at our center between 2011 and 2018. Subjects with posterior location stricture, those who did not undergo routine radiographic follow-up, or patients with inadequate follow-up were excluded. Urinary extravasation was defined as presence of evident contrast extravasation on the postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Impact was determined as "need-for-reoperation". Uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to determine clinical and demographic variables associated with occurrence of extravasation and postoperative stricture. A total of 783 men underwent a urethroplasty and 630 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Urinary extravasation prevalence was 12.2%, and there was a "need-for-reoperation" in 1.1% of cases. On uni- and multivariate analysis, greatest stricture length (HR: 1.07 (1-1.2), p = 0.05) and penile urethral location (HR: 2.29 (1.1-4.6), p = 0.021) showed to be POUE predictors. POUE did not show to be a risk factor for postoperative stricture (HR: 1.57, 95% CI (0.8-3), p = 0.173). However, reoperation group showed to be a risk factor (HR: 6.6, 95% CI 1.4-31, p = 0.019). Prevalence of POUE was 12.2%. Stricture length and penile urethral strictures were POUE predictors. POUE occurrence with successful conservative management did not appear to have impact on urethroplasty outcomes as it did not predict re-stricture. POUE was reoperation cause in 1.1% of total cases.

The fate of implant after endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in vesicoureteral reflux: time to partial reabsorption and stabilization

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) potentially leads to renal damage, scarring, and eventually end-stage renal disease. Endoscopic treatment is well tolerated in children, it has reduced costs, and it effectively prevents urinary tract infections (UTIs), while avoiding long term antibiotics use. With the aim to investigate the time needed to reach the stabilization of the dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) implants and to identify cut-off heights to ensure the success of the procedure, the authors analyzed ultrasonographic (US) intra-operative appearance of the mounds following endoscopic treatment for VUR and repeated the measurements during serial postoperative evaluations. The final clinical goal would be to obtain an alternative parameter that might reduce the need for postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). The authors selected all children treated for moderate-high grade VUR with renal scarring or repeated UTI under antibiotic prophylaxis and followed with regular time points for at least 1 year (time points 1, 3, 6, and 9 months). Endoscopic injection performed with double-HIT/STING technique was combined with US to determine the intra-operative mound height and to calculate reabsorption rate. Mound height was measured as the maximal vertical diameter of the mound visualized at the ureteral orifice. Based on postoperative VCUG findings, patients were divided in group A (success of the endoscopic treatment) and group B (persistence of reflux). Thirty patients aged 1-7 years, counting for 47 ureters, completed the protocol and were included in the analysis. Mounds height had a significant difference between A and B at all time points (P<0.005). However, height did not differ between 6 and 9 months in both groups. Percentage of reduction in A was significant from 1 to 6 months (P<0.005) but not onward, while in B, it was never significant. Ultimately, both groups had a comparable trend of reabsorption, with a complete stabilization achieved in 6 months and an overall reduction of approximately 22%. Following the endoscopic injection of Dx/HA, US mounds height was found to strongly correlate with VCUG, both intra-operatively and for months following the procedure. Compared with the available literature, the authors firstreport a fixed reabsorption rate, consistent with the results in animal modelsand a timeframe to achieve stabilization. The possibility to measure those parameters with US renders this approach useful in the clinical setting, and it justifies the reduced use of VCUG in the follow-up of endoscopic injection for VUR.

‘Mini’ extravesical reimplant with ‘mini’ tapering for infants younger than 6 months

Some infants with obstructed megaureters or ectopic ureters requiring surgery undergo a cutaneous ureterostomy followed by definitive repair after 12 months of age. Since 2013, a 'mini' extravesical reimplant with or without 'mini' tapering (MER) was performed instead of cutaneous ureterostomy in such infants. To describe the technique and outcomes for MER. This is a retrospective review of infants younger than 6 months who underwent MER. MER consists of a 2- to 3-cm extravesical tunnel, regardless of the ureter diameter. 'Mini' tapering consisted of an adventitial sparing technique involving only the distal 2-3cm of the ureter. Details of the technique are included in the video. The main outcomes were postoperative symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI's) and reoperations. Voiding function was assessed at the last contact with the family. Nine consecutive infants underwent MER from July 2013 to March 2018. Four patients had ectopic ureters and five had primary obstructed megaureters. The median ureteral diameter was 1.5cm. Indications for surgery were as per the British Association of Pediatric Urologists guidelines on megaureters. All patients had 3-month postoperative renal ultrasound, and seven of the nine patients had postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). One patient with a normal postoperative VCUG and MAG 3, as well as resolved hydroureteronephrosis had a few postoperative febrile UTIs but no more for >1yearat the last follow-up. At a median time from surgery of 44 months, there have been no reoperations (except cystoscopy with stent removal). With regard to voiding function, six patients were successfully potty trained, one has bowel and bladder incontinence at the age of 4 years - with stable renal ulstraound -, and two are younger than 2 years. MER has been the only surgery needed for the cohort of nine infants younger than 6 months with distal ureteral obstruction at a median time from surgery of 44 months. Voiding function does not appear to be affected by the operation. For babies younger than 6 months of age in need of surgery for obstructed distal ureter, MER appears to be a feasible and effective option, associated with reduced morbidity and reoperation rate compared to the alternatives.

Robotic-assisted Proximal Perineal Urethroplasty: Improving Visualization and Ergonomics

ObjectiveTo describe the use of the robotic platform for proximal suture placement during perineal urethroplasty in the posterior and proximal anterior urethra. Repair of posterior urethral and proximal bulbar strictures requires deep perineal dissection, making visualization and accurate placement of sutures challenging. The robotic platform has demonstrated benefits in these characteristics in deep pelvic surgery. MethodsWe report a retrospective review of 10 patients who underwent robotic-assisted urethroplasty at a single institution by a single surgeon in a 1 year period. All patients underwent a standard perineal dissection with robotic-assisted placement of proximal sutures. Postoperative outcomes include urethroplasty leak rate as determined by voiding cystourethrograms, urethroplasty success rate, and perioperative complications. ResultsThe mean age of this cohort was 43 years old (14-68). Average stricture length was 2.2 cm (1.5-3.0 cm) and most frequently in the bulbar urethra (5/10). Seven patients underwent nontransecting urethroplasties while 3 underwent transecting anastomotic repair. At postoperative voiding cystourethrograms, no patient had urinary extravasation. Average set-up time for the robotic portion of the surgery was 15 minutes with 30-45 minutes needed for suture placement. ConclusionRobotic-assisted urethroplasty provides excellent visualization and ergonomics for posterior and proximal bulbar urethral reconstruction. This is particularly helpful in patients with narrow pelvic anatomy and long distances from the perineal skin to the proximal urethral edge. Operative and postoperative outcomes are comparable to the standard approach with improved surgeon comfort and visualization. Additional follow-up is required to assess long-term outcomes in comparison to a standard approach.

Avoiding routine postoperative voiding cystourethrogram: Predicting radiologic success for endoscopically treated vesicoureteral reflux.

Variability in the success rates for the endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has prompted a debate regarding the use of routine postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). This study examines the predictive performance of intraoperative mound morphology (IMM) and the presence of a postoperative ultrasound mound (PUM) on radiologic success, as well as investigates the role of using these two predictive factors as a composite tool to predict VUR resolution after endoscopic treatment. This retrospective study included children with primary VUR who underwent endoscopic correction with a double hydrodistension-implantation technique (HIT) and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer. IMM was assessed intraoperatively. The presence of a PUM and VUR resolution were assessed by postoperative ultrasound (US) and VCUG, respectively. Radiologic success was defined as VUR resolution. A total of 70 children (97 ureters) were included in the study. The overall radiologic success rate was 83.5%. There was no statistically significant association between radiologic success and IMM (85.2% with excellent and 87.5% with "other" morphology; p=0.81). The sensitivity and specificity of PUM for radiologic success in this study was 98% and 71%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of the combined prediction model were 81.9% and 85.7%, respectively. We objectively demonstrated that IMM was a poor predictor of radiologic success and should be used with caution. In addition, the performance of a combined prediction model was inferior to the presence of a PUM alone. As such, selective use of postoperative VCUG may be guided solely by the presence of a PUM.

Unilateral open extravesical ureteral reimplanation with contralateral dextronomer/hyaluronic acid injection performed as an outpatient therapy

Historically, patients with unilateral high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and contralateral low-grade or resolved VUR have been treated with bilateral intravesical ureteral reimplantation, which requires postoperative admission. If the high-grade VUR side is treated alone, then the contralateral side is at risk of developing recurrent or worsening VUR. Bilateral subureteric injection of dextronomer/hyaluronic acid (DHA) is another option that can be performed as an outpatient therapy, but a single injection is less effective for high-grade VUR. The safety and efficacy of an outpatient combination of open extravesical ureteral reimplantation (EVUR) and contralateral DHA injection were investigated. A retrospective review of children who had concomitant EVUR and subureteric injection of DHA between January 2005 and December 2015 was performed. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis other than VUR, repeat procedures, and patients with no follow-up. Patient characteristics, postsurgical complications, and follow-up imaging were evaluated. Febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) was defined as ≥50,000Colony Forming Units (CFU) of an organism from clean-catch or catheterized urine and temperature ≥101.5F. Clinical success is defined as no fUTI for 1 year after the initial operation. Univariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for treatment failure. A total of 117 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age at surgery was 6.0 years, and 85% were female. The mean pre-operative grade of VUR was 3.3 on the EVUR side and 0.6 on the contralateral side (42% resolved before treatment). Median follow-up was 12.2 months (interquartile range, 3.1-25.4). Sixteen patients (14%) had documented fUTI within 1 year, with a clinical success rate of 86%. Of these, five had a postoperative imaging showing resolution of VUR, increasing overall success to 91%. Postoperative fUTI was more common in patients with pre-operative bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD) (P=0.003), but this was not associated with a higher reoperation rate (P=0.168). There were 11 total complications, with three grade 3 complications. This study is the first to report safety and outcomes of EVUR and contralateral DHA injection for patients with high-grade VUR with contralateral low-grade or resolved VUR. It was shown that it is an effective and safe treatment that can be performed as an outpatient therapy. Limitations to this study include the retrospective designand the clinical definition of success that is used in a cohort of patients from across the mountain west region without routine postoperative voiding cystourethrogram. Extravesical ureteral reimplantation and contralateral DHA injection can safely be performed as an outpatient therapy and are effective in the treatment of higher grade VUR with contralateral low-grade or resolved VUR. Treatment failure is more likely in patients with BBD.

Comparing treatment modalities for transplant kidney vesicoureteral reflux in the pediatric population

Non-refluxing ureteral reimplantation is favored in pediatric renal transplantation to prevent complications, such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the transplant ureter. VUR resulting in febrile urinary tract infections remains a problem in this population, leading to repeated hospitalizations and increased morbidity. Revision of the vesicoureteral anastomosis can be a surgical challenge due to scar tissue and tenuous vascularity of the transplant ureter. Therefore, alternative options such as endoscopic injection of Deflux at the neo-orifice and surveillance with prophylactic antibiotics have emerged as potential treatment modalities for transplant ureter VUR. The authors reviewed their experience of the management of VUR in the transplant ureter, comparing outcomes of various modalities. With Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective chart review of all renal transplant patients from January 2002 to January 2017 was conducted. All patients with VUR on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) after surgery were identified. Indications for end-stage renal disease, urologic comorbidities, pretransplant VCUG, and operative details were recorded. After transplantation, febrile urinary tract infections, ultrasound findings, and any further interventions-surveillance, subureteral endoscopic injection of Deflux, or ureteral reimplantation-were documented along with their outcomes. Overall, VUR was identified in 35/285 (12.3%) transplant patients aftera non-refluxing ureteroneocystostomy. VUR was managed with surveillance in 17/35 (49%), intravesical Deflux injection in 11/35 (31%), and immediate redo ureteral reimplantation in 7/35 (20%). Ten out of 11 patients undergoing Deflux injection had a postoperative VCUG. All patients developed VUR recurrence; the majority showed immediate failure and only 1/10 showed late recurrence. Of the immediate failures, 3/9 patients were maintained on prophylactic antibiotics, and 6/9 patients underwent ureteral reimplantation. In these six patients undergoing reimplantation after failed Deflux, 3/6 (50%) patients required additional surgeries: One patient developed recurrence of reflux and two patients developed ureterovesical junction obstruction. In contrast, no complications were seen in patients undergoing primary ureteral reimplantation. The study is limited by low numbers and a retrospective design. However, the results of this study differ significantly from the published Deflux series showing a success rate of more than 50% in the treatment of transplant kidney VUR. In fact, post-Deflux redo ureteral reimplantation was associated with an increased risk of postoperative complication. The use of Deflux in the post-transplant setting has poor results. In the study series, 11/11 patients demonstrated clinical and radiographic failure. Therefore, as an institution the authors do not recommend Deflux as first-line treatment of VUR in the transplant patient.

Vesicoscopic cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation: High success rate for elimination of primary reflux

Open ureteral reimplantation (UR) is the gold standard for the surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). There have been increasing reports on robot-assisted UR, but this approach remains controversial due to reports suggesting increased complications and reduced success compared with open repair. This study presented extensive experience with vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation (VR) for primary reflux. In this procedure, cross-trigonal reimplantation was performed in a manner analogous to open repair under carbon dioxide 'pneumovesicum'. To review outcomes of vesicoscopic cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation and compare them with other minimally invasive approaches for the correction of reflux. All patients who underwent VR at the current institution were retrospectively reviewed. The following were recorded for each patient: age, sex, grade of reflux, operative time, outcome, and complications. The series consisted of 182 consecutive patients who underwent VR. There were 165 girls and 17 boys. Mean age was 7.03 years (range 16 months-38.2 years). Fifteen had failed prior injection therapy. Of the 182 patients, 135 underwent bilateral repairs and 47 unilateral. Mean operative time for bilateral repairs was 197 (112-284) minutes and 169 (99-288) for unilateral. Major complications included two ureteral obstructions: one resolved with stent placement and the other underwent re-operative reimplantation. Postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) was obtained in 100 patients and was normal in 93 (93%). Four of these failures occurred in the first 30 patients. Of the last 49 patients tested, 48 were normal, suggesting a 98% effective success rate after the learning curve. Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is an approach that completely recreates all aspects of open cross-trigonal repair. Complications were uncommon and success rates were very high in the current study. Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is a minimally invasive procedure for the definitive repair of primary reflux. After the learning curve at the current institution, success rates were found to be equivalent to open repair and were higher than published reports of robot-assisted procedures.

The effect of prior endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux on open ureteral reimplantation: Surgical outcomes and costs

Endoscopic injection of a bulking agent is a common first-line approach to the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). While early outcomes are comparable to open ureteroneocystotomy, 5-25% of children will eventually develop recurrent reflux necessitating repeat injections or open ureteral reimplantation. To determine whether prior endoscopic injection of a bulking agent impacts outcomes of subsequent open ureteral reimplantation. Using a retrospective cohort design, radiographic and clinical outcomes of open ureteral reimplantation were compared between patients with and without prior endoscopic correction of reflux. Surgical and hospitalization data were also compared between groups and a cost comparison was performed to assess differences in healthcare costs between the two cohorts. Units of analysis included total ureters or total patients. For certain variables, subanalysis of unilateral versus bilateral reimplantation was included. A total of 258 patients underwent open reimplantation for VUR between 2007 and 2016 by five pediatric urologists. Final analysis (see Summary Table) included 192 patients with pre-operative and postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) and follow-up data at a median 4.95 months. Among 317 reimplanted refluxing ureters, radiographic resolution was reached in 26/27 (96.3%) patients with and 279/290 (96.2%) without prior endoscopic treatment (P=0.981). Clinical success was achieved in 17/17 (100%) patients with and 174/175 (99.4%) without prior endoscopic treatment (P=0.755). There were no statistically significant differences between duration of surgery or length of hospital stay. There were no statistically significant differences between total charges, total costs, and operating room (OR) costs between groups. This study indicated that prior endoscopic injection of a bulking agent did not impact the outcomes or costs of subsequent open ureteroneocystotomy. While prior studies have demonstrated tissue changes associated with injection of a bulking agent, these did not seem to significantly impact the difficulty of later open surgery or the success rates compared to patients who proceeded directly to open correction of reflux. Open ureteral reimplantation for recurrent VUR after failed endoscopic injection of a bulking agent was safe and effective, with comparable outcomes and costs to open surgery in patients without prior endoscopic correction.

Prospective multicenter study on robot-assisted laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation (RALUR-EV): Outcomes and complications

Robot-assisted laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation (RALUR-EV) is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery. We have previously reported retrospective outcomes from our study group, and herein provide an updated prospective analysis with a focus on success rate, surgical technique, and complications among surgeons who have overcome the initial learning curve. To assess the safety and efficacy of RALUR-EV in children, among experienced surgeons. We reviewed our prospective database of children undergoing RALUR-EV by pediatric urologists at eight academic centers from 2015 to 2017. Radiographic success was defined as absence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on postoperative voiding cystourethrogram. Complications were graded using the Clavien scale. Univariate regression analysis was performed to assess for association among various patient and technical factors and radiographic failure. In total, 143 patients were treated with RALUR-EV for primary VUR (87 unilateral, 56 bilateral; 199 ureters). The majority of ureters (73.4%) had grade III or higher VUR preoperatively. Radiographic resolution was present in 93.8% of ureters, as shown in the summary table. Ureteral complications occurred in five ureters (2.5%) with mean follow-up of 7.4 months (SD 4.0). Transient urinary retention occurred in four patients following bilateral procedure (7.1%) and in no patients after unilateral. On univariate analysis, there were no patient or technical factors associated with increased odds of radiographic failure. We report a radiographic success rate of 93.8% overall, and 94.1% among children with grades III-V VUR. In contemporary series, alternate management options such as endoscopic injection and open UR have reported radiographic success rates of 90% and 93.5% respectively. We were unable to identify specific patient or technical factors that influenced outcomes, although immeasurable factors such as tissue handling and intraoperative decision-making could not be assessed. Ureteral complications requiring operative intervention were rare and occurred with the same incidence reported in a large open series. Limitations include lack of long-term follow-up and absence of radiographic follow-up on a subset of patients. Radiographic resolution of VUR following RALUR is on par with contemporary open series, and the incidence of ureteral complications is low. RALUR should be considered as one of several viable options for management of VUR in children.

Scissor Ureterocele Unroofing Endoscopic Technique: A Novel Technique for Minimally Invasive Ureterocele Treatment

Abstract Introduction: Many different endoscopic techniques for ureterocele puncture have been described, including use of laser or Bugbee electrode with one large incision or many small holes. Puncture risks potential perforation through the bladder and intraperitoneal complications. Here we describe the novel Scissor Ureterocele unRoofing Endoscopic (SUuRE) technique and present our experience. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of eight patients, seven females and one male, treated with the SUuRE technique from June 2014 to August 2016. Data collected included gender, patient's age at time of surgery, manner of presentation to urology, birth history, antibiotic use, perioperative urinary tract infections (UTIs), findings from postnatal and postoperative ultrasonographs, findings from the initial and postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), additional urologic imaging, operative technique, and additional urologic surgeries. Under general anesthesia, the patients were placed...

Intraoperative ultrasound-assisted approach for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children

PurposeDespite minimal invasiveness and high success rate, guidelines still prescribe voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) after endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children.The aim of this paper was to analyze whether intraoperative ultrasound (IO-US) could improve surgical accuracy and perioperative counseling, thus potentially decreasing the need for postoperative VCUG. MethodsWe selected children treated for moderate to high grade VUR, renal scarring or repeated infections under antibiotic prophylaxis from January to December 2015. Endoscopic injection was combined with IO-US to detect optimal needle placement and to guide mound formation. IO-US findings were compared to surgeon opinion and postoperative VCUG, performed 3months after surgery. All patients were followed-up for 1year. ResultsA significant relationship was found between IO-US mound height (p=0.003) or localization (p<0.0005) and VCUG. Success of endoscopic treatment vs persistence of reflux groups had a mean mound height of 10.62±1.36mm and 8.39±1.08mm respectively (p<0.0005).Height maintained a significant correlation with success in simple and multivariable regression analysis. ROC curve determined ≥9.8mm as predictor of reflux resolution (95% CI 0.825 to 0.998; p<0.0001). ConclusionsIO-US facilitates pediatric urologists to find an optimal location, to reach a volcano mound morphology and height, thus increasing intraoperative accuracy. IO-US also helps evaluating high-risk recurrence and guiding prognostic counseling. Type of studyTreatment study. Level of evidenceII.

MP61-20 ACUTE URETERAL JET ANGLED MEASURED BY PREOPERATIVE ULTRASOUND CORRELATES WITH RESOLUTION OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX TREATED WITH ENDOSCOPIC INJECTION OF SUBURETERIC BULKING AGENTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyPediatrics: Urinary Tract Infection and Vesicoureteral Reflux1 Apr 2017MP61-20 ACUTE URETERAL JET ANGLED MEASURED BY PREOPERATIVE ULTRASOUND CORRELATES WITH RESOLUTION OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX TREATED WITH ENDOSCOPIC INJECTION OF SUBURETERIC BULKING AGENTS Kevin Ginsburg, Jesse Jacobs, Kahlil Saad, Theodore Barber, Brian Roelof, Kirstan Meldrum, and George Steinhardt Kevin GinsburgKevin Ginsburg More articles by this author , Jesse JacobsJesse Jacobs More articles by this author , Kahlil SaadKahlil Saad More articles by this author , Theodore BarberTheodore Barber More articles by this author , Brian RoelofBrian Roelof More articles by this author , Kirstan MeldrumKirstan Meldrum More articles by this author , and George SteinhardtGeorge Steinhardt More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1878AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Endoscopic injection of subureteric bulking agents (SBAs) provides a minimally invasive surgical option for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. We evaluated the correlation between ureteral jet angle (UJA) demonstrated by preoperative ultrasound and the successful treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with SBAs. METHODS This is a retrospective study of pediatric patients treated with SBAs for vesicoureteral reflux. Inclusion criteria were preoperative and postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) and preoperative ultrasound that demonstrated ureteral jets. Resolution of reflux was defined as complete absence of reflux on postoperative VCUG. Patients with missing radiographic studies, repeat SBAs, or patients with duplicated collecting systems were excluded. Preoperative UJAs were measured by ultrasound in the transverse plane as the angle between the ureteral jet and the trigonal ridge. Mean UJAs were compared using the t-test. The electronic medical record was reviewed for pertinent clinical and radiographic parameters. RESULTS We identified 68 refluxing renal units in 48 patients. Median age was 6 years old (range 2-11). Majority of patients were female (89.5%). 70.7% of patients were dysfunctional voiders. 47 renal units had low-grade reflux (grade 1 and 2) while 21 had high-grade reflux (grades 3, 4, and 5). The mean preoperative UJA in patients with resolution of reflux after SBA was 60.4° (std. 24.7) compared to a preoperative UJA of 85.4° (std. 45.6) with persistent reflux postoperative, p=0.0097 (Figure 1). When stratified by grade of reflux, resolution of low-grade reflux demonstrated an acute preoperative ureteral jet angle (64.4° +/-27.7) compared to patients with persistent reflux (98.15° +/- 45.33), p=0.0039. This effect was not seen in children with high-grade reflux (21 renal units). Dysfunctional voiders displayed the same trend in mean preoperative UJA. Mean preoperative UJA with resolution of reflux was 61.9° (SD+/- 26.1) and 100.6° with persistent reflux (SD +/- 50.3) in this subpopulation, p=0.0004. No significant difference was seen in nondysfunctional voiding children (20 renal units). No association was seen with UJA and the development of febrile UTI postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS In our study sample, an acute preoperative UJA measured by renal US was associated with resolution of reflux with SBAs. Further investigation into the prognostic utility of UJA is warranted. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e806 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Kevin Ginsburg More articles by this author Jesse Jacobs More articles by this author Kahlil Saad More articles by this author Theodore Barber More articles by this author Brian Roelof More articles by this author Kirstan Meldrum More articles by this author George Steinhardt More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

MP79-07 INDICATIONS FOR NOVEL INTERPOSITION MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP FOR THE REPAIR OF RECTO-URINARY FISTULA

You have accessJournal of UrologyTrauma/Reconstruction/Diversion: External Genitalia Reconstruction and Urotrauma (including transgender surgery) I1 Apr 2017MP79-07 INDICATIONS FOR NOVEL INTERPOSITION MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP FOR THE REPAIR OF RECTO-URINARY FISTULA Alyssa Greiman, Lawrence Dagrosa, Nima Baradaran, Eric Rovner, and Harry Clarke Alyssa GreimanAlyssa Greiman More articles by this author , Lawrence DagrosaLawrence Dagrosa More articles by this author , Nima BaradaranNima Baradaran More articles by this author , Eric RovnerEric Rovner More articles by this author , and Harry ClarkeHarry Clarke More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.2491AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Recto-urinary fistula (RUF) is a rare complication following pelvic surgery, radiation or trauma. We report our experience using a perineal approach with a cremasteric myocutaneous interposition flap (CIF) for the treatment of symptomatic RUF and sought to compare their outcomes with patients undergoing repair with other interpositions. METHODS We identified all patients undergoing RUF repair at a single institution from January 2001 to June 2014. Demographics, fistula etiology, surgical approach and outcomes were reviewed. Successful RUF repair was defined based on a post-operative voiding cystourethrogram without evidence of contrast extravasation. RESULTS 26 patients underwent RUF repair by a single surgeon at our institution. All patients underwent colonic diversion prior to repair. Initial repair was performed at the median age of 63 (21-83) years using a cremasteric interposition flap (CIF) in 12 patients, gracilis interposition flap (GIF) in 13 and a rectus myocutaneos flap (RMF) in one. Median follow-up was 8.8 (1-44) months. Fistulas were categorized as complex where radiation therapy, salvage cryoablation or APR was performed (69.2%), and simple when they occurred in the setting of radical prostatectomy, hemorrhoidectomy or trauma (30.8%). Pre-repair hyperbaric oxygen was performed in 57.7% of patients and was not associated with improved success in initial closure for either complex or simple fistulas (p=0.16, 0.69). In the CIF group, 9 (75%) patients failed the initial repair with 2 subsequently undergoing successful second CIF, 4 with successful subsequent GIF and 2 lost to follow-up. One patient failed a repeat CIF. The majority of patients (88%) who failed initial repair with CIF had radiation-induced fistulas, whereas only 33% of patients with a successful initial repair had prior radiation exposure (p=0.12). In the GIF group, 11(84.6%) had successful repair with initial surgery. Initial repair of simple fistulas was more successful than complex fistulas (p=0.04). The use of GIF or rectus myocutaneous flap resulted in improved success in complex fistula repair as compared to CIF (p=0.004). There was no difference seen in success of simple fistula repair when comparing GIF and CIF (p=0.17). CONCLUSIONS Perineal repair of RUF using CIF is a novel approach with potentially less morbidity than larger muscle interposition flaps. However, the CIF is less effective in complex fistulas and thus should only be considered in patients with simple fistulas. For complex fistulas, a more vascularized flap such as GIF or rectus myocutaneous flap is effective. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e1075 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Alyssa Greiman More articles by this author Lawrence Dagrosa More articles by this author Nima Baradaran More articles by this author Eric Rovner More articles by this author Harry Clarke More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

A novel laparoscopic technique for anorectal malformation with low recto-bulbar fistulae.

The repair of anorectal malformation (ARM) with low recto-bulbar fistula (bowel-to-skin distance: 1-1.5cm) is contraindicated for laparoscopy due to the difficulty in exposing the fistulae. Posterior or anterior sagittal anorectoplasty is thus conventionally carried out for low recto-bulbar fistula repair. However, these procedures carry the potential risk of wound infection/dehiscence and incontinence. We have developed a single-incision laparoscopic-assisted perineal anorectoplasty (SILPARP) technique. The current study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this novel procedure. Fifteen infants with ARMs and low recto-bulbar fistulae who underwent a SILPARP between November 2013 and March 2016 were reviewed. The mean distance between the rectal pouch and the perineal skin was 1.15cm. The mean age at the time of surgery was 3.92 months. The average operative time was 1.60h. All patients resumed feeding on postoperative day 1. The median follow-up duration was 7 months. No injury to blood vessels, the urethra or vas deferens was encountered in our series. No mortality, morbidity of wound infection, rectal retraction, anal stenosis, or rectal prolapse was encountered. The postoperative voiding cystourethrogram verified that there was no urethral diverticulum or recurrent fistula. Postoperative pelvic magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the distal rectum was located in the center of the pelvic muscle complex. SILPARP is a feasible alternative treatment for ARM infants with low recto-bulbar fistulae.