Postoperative Myasthenic Crisis Research Articles

Approach to mediastinal masses: a comparison of open surgery and uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery techniques

Aims: This study aimed to compare perioperative and postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (U-VATS) and open surgery for mediastinal mass resection. Methods: A total of 62 patients who underwent mediastinal mass resection in the Thoracic Surgery Clinic were included. The patients were separated into the open surgery group (n=30) and the U-VATS group (n=32). The groups were compared in terms of perioperative and postoperative outcomes including operative time, blood loss, chest tube removal time, drainage volume, pain, and hospital stay. Results: The distributions of age and gender were similar between the groups. Median operation time (120 vs. 180 minutes, P < 0.001), median intraoperative blood loss (50 vs. 100 mL, P < 0.001), median time of chest drain removal (4 vs. 6 days, P < 0.001) and median postoperative drainage volumes were lower in the U-VATS group than the open surgery group. The U-VATS group exhibited a lower VAS score, return time to daily activity (1 vs. 4 days, P < 0.001) and length of hospital stay (4 vs. 6 days, P < 0.001). A postoperative myasthenic crisis was not observed in all cases. One thymoma patient in the open surgery group had a recurrence, but not in the U-VATS group. Conclusion: The U-VATS approach had better intraoperative safety and lower postoperative outcomes than open surgery. U-VATS, which has the potential to enhance postoperative recovery and quality of life, may be a safe and effective treatment option for patients with mediastinal mass resection.

High indirect bilirubin levels as an independent predictor of postoperative myasthenic crisis: a single-center, retrospective study.

Thymectomy is an efficient and standard treatment strategy for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) is the major complication related to thymectomy and has a strongly life-threatening effect. As a biomarker, whether the bilirubin level is a risk factor for MG progression remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the preoperative bilirubin level and postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC). We analyzed 375 patients with MG who underwent thymectomy at Tangdu Hospital between January 2012 and September 2021. The primary outcome measurement was POMC. The association between POMC and bilirubin level was analyzed by restricted cubic spline (RCS). Indirect bilirubin (IBIL) was divided into two subgroups based on the normal upper limit of IBIL, 14 μmol/L. Compared with non-POMC group, IBIL levels were significantly higher in patients with POMC. Elevated IBIL levels were closely associated with an increased risk of POMC (p for trend = 0.002). There was a dose-response curve relationship between IBIL levels and POMC incidence (p for non-linearity = 0.93). However, DBIL levels showed a U-shaped association with POMC incidence. High IBIL level (≥14 μmol/L) was an independent predictive factor for POMC [odds ratio = 3.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56-7.8, p = 0.002]. The addition of high IBIL levels improved the prediction model performance (net reclassification index = 0.186, 95% CI: 0.039-0.334; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.0345, 95% CI: 0.005-0.065). High preoperative IBIL levels, especially those exceeding the normal upper limit, could independently predict the incidence of POMC.

Myasthenic crisis in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

Thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis (TMG) had more severe symptoms and worse prognoses in comparison to non-thymoma-associated MG. Thymoma recurrence was frequently associated with transient worsening of MG and even acute respiratory failure, namely myasthenic crisis (MC). However, little is known about the clinical features and outcomes of MC in thymoma-associated MG patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study in MG patients recruited from 9 independent tertiary neuromuscular centers in China from Jan 2015, through Oct 2022. Overall, 156 MC from 149 MG patients with positive anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies were finally analyzed. Next, these patients were divided into two subgroups: the TMG group (n = 60 MCs, 58 patients) and the non-thymoma-associated MG group (n = 96 MCs, 91 patients). Compared with non-thymoma-associated MG, TMG patients had a significantly shorter disease duration from symptom onset to the crisis (17.95±40.9 vs 51.31±60.61 months, P<0.0001), a larger proportion of MGFA IVa as the initial onset clinical classification (6.67% vs 0, P = 0.0205), and a longer hospital stay (39.24±22.09 [6–111] vs. 33.2 ± 23.42 days [7–120]; P = 0.0317) during the crisis. Within the TMG group, the hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with unresected thymoma compared to that in postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) (47.68±24.9 [6–111] vs. 34.21±18.87 days [12–82]; P = 0.0257). Early identification of the MG categories may provide some hints in tailoring therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis.

Comparison between Sugammadex and Neostigmine after Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery-Thymectomy in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Single-Center Retrospective Exploratory Analysis.

This single-center retrospective exploratory analysis evaluated the effects of sugammadex compared with neostigmine on postoperative recovery in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)-thymectomy. This retrospective study included 180 patients with MG, aged >18 years, who received sugammadex (sugammadex group, n = 83) or neostigmine-glycopyrrolate (neostigmine group, n = 88) after VATS-thymectomy between November 2007 and December 2020. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) adjustment was performed to balance the baseline characteristics between the two groups. The primary outcome was the length of postoperative hospital stay, and the secondary outcomes were the incidence of postoperative mortality and complications, as well as the postoperative extubation and reintubation rates, in the operating room after VATS-thymectomy; the outcomes were compared between the two groups. After IPTW adjustment, the sugammadex group showed a significantly shorter median postoperative hospital stay than the neostigmine group (4 (2, 4) vs. 5 (3, 6) days, respectively; p = 0.003). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidences of postoperative complications (including postoperative myasthenic crisis, nerve palsy, atelectasis, and pleural effusion). Patients with MG following VATS-thymectomy who received sugammadex showed a significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay than those who received neostigmine.

THYMECTOMY IN SEVERE (MGFA CLASS IV-V) GENERALIZED MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: IS THE GAME REALLY WORTH THE CANDLE?

Total thymectomy in addition to medical treatment is an accepted standard therapy for myasthenia gravis. Patients with severe generalized myasthenia gravis present life-threatening events, poor prognosis and higher risk of postoperative myasthenic crisis. Aim of our study is to investigate neurological and surgical results in patients with MGFA class IV and V MG following thymectomy. Data on 76 myasthenia gravis patients with preoperative MGFA class IV and V who underwent thymectomy were retrospectively collected. Primary end-points included short-term surgical outcomes and long-term neurological results including the achievement of complete stable remission and any improvement as defined by MGFA postintervention status criteria. There were 27(35.5%) males and 49(64.5%) females; 53(69.7%) were classified as MGFA class IV and 23(30.3%) as class V. Thymectomy was performed through sternotomy in 25(32.9%) patients, by VATS in 5(6.6%) and RATS in 46(60.5%). Median operative time was 120(IQR 95; 148) min. In-hospital mortality was observed in 1(1.3%) patient, postoperative complications in 14 (18.4%). Median postoperative hospital stay was 4(IQR 3; 6) days. Pathological examination revealed 31(40.8%) thymic hyperplasia/other benign and 45(59.2%) thymomas. Cumulative complete stable remission and improvement probabilities were 20.6% and 83.7% at 5-year, and 66.9% and 97.6% at 10-year, respectively. A significant improvement rate was found in patients with age at time of thymectomy of ≤ 50 years(p = 0.0236), MGFA class V(p = 0.0154), and AchR-antibodies positivity(p = 0.0152). Thymectomy in patients with severe myasthenia gravis yields good perioperative outcomes and satisfactory long-term neurological improvement, especially for patients younger than 50 years, with MGFA class V and anti-AChR+ myasthenia gravis.

Nomogram for predicting the risk of postoperative myasthenic crisis in patients with thymectomy.

This study aimed to develop and validate internally a clinical predictive model, for predicting myasthenic crisis within 30 days after thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Eligible patients were enrolled between January 2015 and May 2019. The primary outcome measure was postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC). A predictive model was constructed using logistic regression and presented in a nomogram. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to examine the performance. The study population was divided into high- and low-risk groups according to Youden index. Calibration curves with 1000 replications bootstrap resampling were plotted to visualize the calibration of the nomogram. Decision curve analyses (DCA) with 1000 replications bootstrap resampling were performed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the model. A total of 445 patients were enrolled. Five variables were screened including thymus imaging, onset age, MGFA classification, preoperative treatment regimen, and surgical approach. The model exhibited moderate discriminative ability with AUC value 0.771. The threshold probability was 0.113, which was used to differentiate between high- and low-risk groups. The sensitivity and specificity were 72.1% and 77.1%, respectively. The high-risk group had an 8.70-fold higher risk of POMC. The calibration plot showed that when the probability was between 0 and 0.5, the deviation calibration curve of the model was consistent with the ideal curve. This nomogram could assist in identifying patients at higher risk of POMC and determining the optimal surgical time for these patients.

Predictive factors for postoperative myasthenic crisis in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Thymectomy plays an important role in the comprehensive treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG). The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors for postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) in these patients and then establish a predicting model based on preoperatively available indicators. The clinical records of 177 consecutive patients with MG who received extended thymectomy between January 2018 and September 2022 in our department were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they developed POMC and needed ventilation support for more than 24 hours. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify the independent risk factors of POMC. Then a nomogram was constructed to intuitively show the results. Finally, the calibration curve and bootstrap resampling were used to evaluate its performance. POMC occurred in 42 (23.7%) patients. By multivariate analysis, body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.029), Osserman classification (p = 0.015), percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC, pred%) (p = 0.044), percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1, pred%) (p = 0.043) and albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) (p = 0.009) were identified as independent risk factors and entered into the nomogram. The calibration curve showed good concordance between the predicted and actual probability of prolonged ventilation. Our model is a valuable tool for predicting POMC in MG patients. For those high-risk patients, appropriate preoperative treatment is necessary to improve the symptoms and greater attention to postoperative complications is needed.

Surgical safety analysis and clinical experience sharing of myasthenia gravis patients aged 65 and over.

To evaluate the surgical safety in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients aged 65 and over. A total of 564 patients with MG who underwent surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Beijing Hospital from November 2011 to March 2022 were included in the study and divided into two groups taking the age of 65 as the boundary. Perioperative data of patients were recorded and statistically analyzed. Compared with young patients, FEV1, FEV1% and MVV in lung function of elderly MG patients were worse (p< 0.001, p< 0.001, p= 0.002). Postoperative drainage time was longer (p< 0.001), combined with more drainage volume (p= 0.002). The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of elderly MG patients was higher (p< 0.001). Complications were more likely to occur (p= 0.008) after surgery and Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) of postoperative complications was also higher (p= 0.003). Meanwhile, postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) was more likely to occur (p= 0.038). Logistic regression showed that lower DLCO% (p= 0.049) was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. Surgical indications should be considered in each elderly MG patient on an individual basis. Moreover, most elderly MG patients safely survive the perioperative period and benefit from surgery through individualized consideration.

Analysis of influencing factors of postoperative myasthenic crisis in 564 patients with myasthenia gravis in a single center.

To study the influencing factors of myasthenic crisis in patients with myasthenia gravis during perioperative period. A total of 564 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients who underwent standard expanded resection of thymoma/thymoma in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Beijing Hospital from January 2011 to March 2022 were retrospectively included in the study. Clinical indicators such as gender, age, thymoma, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and some others were recorded. Osserman-stages IIB + III + IV (odds ratio [OR] 16.091, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.170-50.076, p value < 0.001), the dosage of pyridostigmine bromide more than 240 mg (OR 6.462, 95% CI 3.110-13.427, p value < 0.001), ASA score 2 and 3 (OR 3.203, 95% CI 1.461-7.020, p value=0.004), low diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO%) (OR 0.981, 95% CI 0.963-1.000 p value=0.049), and blood loss greater than 1000 ml (OR 16.590, 95% CI 1.911-144.011, p value=0.011) were independent risk factors for myasthenic crisis. Patients with poor Osserman stages, higher preoperative dosage of pyridostigmine bromide, higher ASA score, poor pulmonary function (low DLCO%), and more intraoperative bleeding should be highly vigilant for the occurrence of postoperative myasthenic crisis.

Perioperative Management of Patients With Myasthenia Gravis Undergoing Robotic-Assisted Thymectomy—A Retrospective Analysis and Clinical Evaluation

Postoperative myasthenic crisis with respiratory failure is a potentially lethal complication, warranting careful perioperative planning and extended postoperative surveillance of patients. Data on the incidence of postoperative respiratory failure and optimal management of patients after robotic-assisted thymectomy are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of respiratory complications and the need for intensive care unit (ICU) capacities after robotic-assisted thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Retrospective cohort study. Single University hospital in Vienna, Austria, from January 2014 to December 2019. The authors included adult patients who underwent robotic-assisted thymectomy due to myasthenia gravis. Of 72 patients, 4 patients (5.6%) developed postoperative respiratory failure, needing noninvasive ventilation/intubation. Respiratory failure occurred within the first hours after extubation when patients still were under surveillance in the recovery room or in the ICU. One patient (1.4%) suffered from worsened myasthenic symptoms several days after surgery, and was treated with plasmapheresis. Sixty-five patients (90.3%) were extubated in the operating room, 35 of these (48.6%) were transferred to the ICU, and 30 patients (41.7%) primarily were transferred to the recovery room. Fourteen patients (19.4%) were transferred to the surgical ward after extended observation in the recovery room. Furthermore, after implementation of a standardized perioperative algorithm in 2020, a reduction of ICU admissions was achieved. After careful patient selection, planning, and postoperative patient evaluation, robotic-assisted thymectomy can be performed safely without postoperative surveillance in an ICU.

Outcomes after Thymectomy in Patients with Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis.

Objectives This article describes the clinical outcomes after thymectomy in patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis (T-MG) managed in the department of thoracic surgery of Hassan II University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records of 16 patients with T-MG between January 2009 and January 2017. Results There were 11 women and 5 men with a median age of 40 years at the thymectomy time and a median time of onset of symptoms to thymectomy of 12 months. At the preoperative evaluation (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America [MGFA] clinical classification), 7 patients were class II, 7 class III, and 2 class IV. Nine patients were in Masaoka stage I, and the remaining 7 patients stage II. We recorded one case of postoperative myasthenic crisis. At 3 years of follow-up after thymectomy, 6 patients had complete stable remission and the other 10 patients improved. Of these patients with clinical improvement, 6 patients were in MGFA class I and the remaining 4 patients class II. Conclusion The present study shows the beneficial effect of thymectomy in patients with T-MG. Postoperative clinical outcomes seem to be better when the preoperative severity of myasthenic symptoms is mild (MGFA class II).

Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis: A Narrative Review.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare condition caused by autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors on postsynaptic membrane that leads to weakness of skeletal muscles. About 7 of 10 patients with MG have thymic hyperplasia and about 1 of 10 patients have thymoma. Thymectomy has increasingly been used as a treatment modality for MG. Several observational studies have shown that thymectomy results in improvement in MG and a randomized trial has established that thymectomy leads to a better outcome in non-thymomatous generalized MG. However, thymectomy is yet controversial in some disease subtypes and there are potential concerns regarding the selection of the ideal surgical approach to achieve complete removal of the thymic tissue to achieve stable remission rates. This review highlights the role of thymectomy in non-thymomatous and thymomatous MG, the effectiveness of various thymectomy methods, postoperative myasthenic crisis, and remission after thymectomy.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Myasthenic Crisis After Thymectomy in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis

BackgroundThe objective of this study is to characterize postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC), after extended thymectomy and discuss the treatment options for this condition. MethodsClinical data from patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) who underwent extended thymectomy at Xuanwu Hospital of the Capital Medical University from 2016 to 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups—POMC and non-POMC. Variables that could potentially predict POMC were analyzed. In the POMC group, the aforementioned variables were compared between patients with and without pneumonia. ResultsNinety-seven patients were enrolled. Thirty-eight (39.2%) patients developed POMC. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), length of intensive care unit stay, and duration of hospital stay were significantly longer in the POMC group (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that disease severity, symptom duration longer than 12 mo, and transsternal thymectomy were independent risk factors for POMC. Postoperative pneumonia significantly prolonged the MV period (P = 0.012) and weaning from MV after intravenous immunoglobin (IVIg) treatment (P = 0.005) in POMC patients. Twenty-four (24.7%) POMC patients who received IVIg were successfully weaned from MV and were discharged. ConclusionsDisease severity, symptom duration longer than 12 mo, and transsternal thymectomy were independent risk factors for POMC. Postoperative pneumonia worsens the prognosis of POMC.

Surgical effect and prognostic factors of myasthenia gravis with thymomas.

BackgroundTo evaluate the surgical effect and prognostic factors of extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with thymomas.MethodsPatients with MG with thymomas who underwent extended thymectomy at Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Hospital between January 2010 and December 2018 were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were followed up by telephone or outpatient record review . Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0.ResultsA total of 194 patients were included in this study. According to the Osserman classification, there were 56 type I, 52 type IIa, 67 type IIb, 14 type III, and five type IV. Video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) thymectomies were performed in 137 patients, and transthymectomies in 57 patients. The average operation time was 136.6 ± 46.5 minutes, average blood loss was 129.3 ± 287.4 mL, and average postoperative stay was 8.3 ± 7.4 days. A total of 170 patients (87.6%) were successfully followed up. The median follow‐up period was 45 months, and the five‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 81.9%. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that age, Masaoka stage, and recurrence were prognostic factors of OS. Tumor recurrence tended to occur in patients with Masaoka stage III + IV, and age was a protective factor. A total of 20 patients experienced postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC). Univariate analysis indicated that presence of bulbar symptoms, surgical procedure, and blood loss were risk factors for POMC, but multivariate analysis only indicated the presence of bulbar symptoms as an independent risk factor. A total of 162 patients were evaluated for post intervention MG status. A total of 55 patients achieved complete stable remission; the overall effective rate was 84.5%. Older patients and those with B‐type thymomas had a lower probability of achieving complete stable remission. Efficacy was similar in patients who underwent VATS or the transsternal procedure.ConclusionsAge, Masaoka stage, and recurrence were prognostic factors of OS. Presence of bulbar symptoms was an independent risk factor for POMC. Age and World Health Organization classification influence the postoperative effect of MG.Key points Significant findings of the study Age, Masaoka stage, and recurrence were prognostic factors of OS for MG with thymomas. The presence of bulbar symptoms was an independent risk factor for POMC. Age and World Health Organization classification may influence the postoperative effect of MG. What this study adds Our study had a relatively large sample size of MG patients with thymomas only. We emphasize the analysis of the postoperative effect of MG and overall survival for these patients, which is a complement to previous studies.

SUCCESSFUL THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE IN POST-OPERATIVE MYASTHENIC CRISIS IN ELDERLY WOMAN

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes weakness of skeletal muscles responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body such as arms and legs. Surgical removal of thymoma may be associated with post-operative myasthenic crisis (POMC). Here, we report the case of a 70-year-old woman treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, after a span of 11 years, presented with clinical features suggestive of MG. Investigations revealed type AB thymoma. The patient developed POMC, 3 days after the surgical excision procedure. The patient was subsequently treated with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), anticholinesterases, and steroids. The TPE in this elderly woman was not associated with any complications and was discharged in complete stable remission. Earlier studies show that many cases have immediate benefits from plasma exchange in MG, particularly MG crisis. TPE is a disease-modifying therapy for MG crisis.

Effect of Sugammadex on Postoperative Myasthenic Crisis in Myasthenia Gravis Patients: Propensity Score Analysis of a Japanese Nationwide Database.

In myasthenia gravis (MG) patients, postoperative myasthenic crisis, and residual neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) can cause respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation. However, it remains unclear whether the use of sugammadex for NMBA reversal reduces postoperative myasthenic crisis in MG patients undergoing surgery. We analyzed the association between use of sugammadex and postoperative myasthenic crisis in patients with MG using a national inpatient database. Adult patients with MG who received thymectomy under general anesthesia were identified in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database from July 1, 2010 to March 31, 2016. Patients who received sugammadex (sugammadex group) were compared with those who did not receive sugammadex (control group). The primary outcome was postoperative myasthenic crisis, and the secondary outcomes were postoperative pneumonia, tracheostomy, 28-day mortality, total hospitalization costs, and length of stay after surgery. Propensity scores were estimated by logistic regression based on the following variables: age; sex; body mass index (BMI); smoking index; history of cancer; Charlson comorbidity index (CCI); type of thymectomy; time from hospital admission to surgery; use of plasma exchange, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, anticholinesterase, and oral benzodiazepine before surgery; type of hospital; and treatment year. The outcomes were compared using stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analyses to obtain good between-group balance. Of 795 patients identified, 506 patients received sugammadex and 289 patients did not. After stabilized IPTW, the sugammadex group was associated with a decrease in postoperative myasthenic crisis (22/507 [4.3%] vs 25/288 [8.7%]; odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.91), but not associated with a decrease in postoperative pneumonia (5/507 [1.0%] vs 7/288 [2.4%]; OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.17-1.14) or tracheostomy (7/507 [1.4%] vs 10/288 [3.5%]; OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.12-1.22) compared with the control group. The sugammadex group had significantly lower median (interquartile range) total hospitalization costs ($13,186 [$11,250-$16,988] vs $14,119 [$11,713-$20,207]; P < .001) and median length of stay after surgery (10 [8-15] vs 11 [8-18] days; P < .001), compared with the control group. In this retrospective observational study, sugammadex was associated with reductions in postoperative myasthenic crisis and total hospitalization costs in adult patients with MG who received thymectomy. Given the present findings, sugammadex should be routinely administered for MG patients undergoing thymectomy.

Preoperative risks of post-operative myasthenic crisis (POMC): A meta-analysis

IntroductionMyasthenic crisis (MC) is a life-threatening condition in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), for which thymectomy is known to be a predisposing factor. There are many preoperative factors that have been suggested to increase the occurrence of post-operative myasthenic crisis (POMC), but none have been unanimously concluded as definite risk factors. MethodsWe performed meta-analyses to assess preoperative risk factors for the occurrence of POMC in eligible case-control studies. ResultsA total of 10 articles were systematically reviewed and meta-analyses identified preoperative bulbar symptoms, a history of MC, and disease severity (p < .0001), as well as decreased vital capacity (p = .002), as risk factors for POMC. Among the identified risks, the presence of preoperative bulbar symptoms showed the least heterogeneity and was suggested to be the most reliable preoperative risks of POMC. ConclusionPresence of preoperative bulbar symptoms is an easily discernable risk factor for the occurrence of POMC. A history of preoperative MC will further increase the risk of POMC. Patients with these risks require extra caution and should be closely monitored for POMC upon thymectomy.

Respiratory Arrest after Postoperative Extubation in a Myasthenic Patient who Received Sugammadex to Reverse Neuromuscular Blockade

Postoperative myasthenic crisis is common after thymectomy; the incidence ranges from 12 to 34%. Several factors are known to predict myasthenic crisis and increased risk necessitating postoperative mechanical ventilation, but incomplete postoperative reversal cannot be prevented perfectly. Sugammadex is a medicine that reverses neuromuscular blockade, and can be used to facilitate the return of spontaneous respiration in myasthenic patients. It was recently reported that myasthenic patients rapidly recovered neuromuscular function when sugammadex was used. An 81-year-old, 49 kg woman diagnosed with myasthenia gravis one month previously was admitted for intravenous immunoglobulin G treatment and thymectomy. After thymectomy the patient suffered a myasthenic crisis and respiratory arrest, despite administration of sugammadex to reverse the neuromuscular blockade.This case suggests that more careful and strict evaluation and management should be conducted perioperatively in myasthenic patients, and that the recovery time (time to obtain a train-of-four [TOF] value &gt; 0.9) and spontaneous breathing trial results should be obtained to accurately predict the success of spontaneous breathing.

Current anesthesiological approach to mediastinal surgery

Mediastinal anesthesia for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures can present more risks during the induction phase due to potential respiratory or cardiovascular collapse for direct compression by the mediastinal mass. The anesthesiologist must assess some preoperative features of patients (including patients symptoms) before initiating the procedure and categorized them into risk groups. Awake induction under local anesthesia and spontaneous breathing can be mandatory in high risk patients. Management of the airway in these patients can be a real challenge, thus different airway intubation strategies must be kept in mind before initiating the induction of anesthesia including selective endobronchial tubes under fiberoptic guidance, rigid bronchoscope jet ventilation and tracheal stenting. Cardiopulmonary by-pass might be needed if predicted great vessels invasion or if cardiovascular or respiratory collapse appears. Although non-intubated procedures are becoming more frequent for pulmonary surgical procedures, there is still a lack of evidence of its advantages and disadvantages in mediastinal surgery, so special care must be taken before embarking in this novel approach. Most severe complications after miastenia gravis surgery appear in terms of postoperative myasthenic crisis, that should first be predicted by the anesthesiologist during preoperative assessment. Short and middle action neuromuscular blocking agents can be safely used in reduced dosis, and sugammadex seems to reverse effectively and safely their action in a very short time.

Value of Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Thymoma with Myasthenia Gravis after Extended Thymectomy.

Background:The co-existence of myasthenia gravis (MG) and thymoma makes the surgical treatment more complicated and adjuvant radiation more controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate adjuvant radiotherapy for thymoma with MG after extended thymectomy.Methods:A total of 181 patients with both MG and thymoma were recruited between 2003 and 2014 at Tongren Hospital, China. Among all the patients, 157 patients received radiation therapy after surgery (Group A); whereas the other 24 patients did not receive radiation therapy (Group B). According to the time that patients started mediastinal radiation therapy, we subdivided the 157 patients in Group A into subgroups (1-month subgroup, n = 98; 2-month subgroup, n = 7; and 3-month subgroup, n = 52). We then compared the effect of the mediastinal radiation therapy across these different groups using the survival rate, the rate of postoperative myasthenic crisis, and the complete stable remission (CSR) rate as the primary endpoints.Results:There was a significant difference in the occurrence of postoperative myasthenic crisis between 1-month subgroup and Group B (χ2 = 4.631, P = 0.031). The rates of reaching CSR were 32.6% in 1-month subgroup, 25% in 3-month subgroup, and 22.7% in Group B, respectively. The overall survival rates of 1-month subgroup, 3-month subgroup, and Group B were 88.8%, 83.3%, and 77.3%, respectively. Analysis on the Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that within 8 years after surgery, there was no significant difference in aspects of overall survival and disease-free survival between 1-month subgroup and Group B, and between 3-month subgroup and Group B; over 8 years after surgery, the disease-free survival rates in 1-month subgroup, 3-month subgroup and Group B were 79.4%, 70.6%, and 55.3%, respectively.Conclusions:Adjuvant radiation within 1 month after extended thymectomy may be helpful in controlling postoperative MG, such as decreasing the possibility of postoperative myasthenic crisis, and raising cumulative probabilities of reaching CSR.