Postmedial Line Research Articles

Tagoropsis sabulosa zanzibarica ssp. nov. from Zanzibar Island (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

In this study, we describe Tagoropsis sabulosa zanzibarica Spitsyn & Bolotov ssp. nov. from Zanzibar (Unguja) Island. The new subspecies differs from the nominate one by having a yellow wing coloration and a contrast postmedial line on the forewing. The male of the new subspecies does not have marginal spots on the hindwing.

Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus

Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that similar wing and body patterns in the hawkmoth genus Hyles Hübner, [1819] do not necessarily reflect a close phylogenetic relationship. To improve our understanding of morphological evolution in these organisms, 75 characters derived from the external adult morphology are explicitly coded and analysed in a maximum parsimony cladistic framework. The results corroborate the hypothesis that wing and body patterns have indeed reappeared in different parts of the phylogeny but the underlying genetic mechanism remains to be determined. By reconstructing the suite of ancestral states of the morphological characters using Bayesian inference, we derived an approximation of the appearance of the proto-Hyles species. The overall habitus of this moth does not display a combination of characters found in any extant Hyles species. Rather, the forewings are most like those of members of the Hyles euphorbiae-complex but with better developed antemedial and postmedial lines, the hindwings are typical Hyles, and the abdominal pattern most closely resembles that of Hyles euphorbiarum (Guérin-Méneville & Percheron, 1835), but with one fewer pairs of black subdorsal patches. Within the context of the subtribe Choerocampina and Sphingidae more generally, the proto-Hyles reconstruction does not resemble any other species apart from Rhodafra opheltes (Cramer, 1780), but this appears to be another instance of convergent pattern expression.

First record of the genus Tetracona Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) from China, with description of a new species.

The genus Tetracona has two species with an Australian distribution. The present study aims to record the genus from China for the first time and to add a third species, T. multispina Jie & Li, sp. nov. to the genus. The new species can be distinguished from the congeners by the antemedial line connecting the postmedial line near the dorsum in the hindwing, and the phallus with a cluster of spine-like cornuti in the male genitalia. Images of the habitus, tympanal organs and male genitalia are provided for the new species.

Phylogenetic relationships and biological features reveal that male Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Northeast China can be categorized into postmedial line-based clades.

Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), often called the Asian corn borer, is a complicated pest because of its complex biological features, such as its adult dynamics, host choice, and life span. This complexity has been causing difficulties in both pest forecasting and control for more than 60 years. One likely explanation for this complexity is that O. furnacalis has several varieties that vary based on some specific features. During 2015-2017, postmedial line-based varieties of male O. furnacalis were identified as distinct clades (I, II, and III), which were then compared based on COI gene sequences, male sacculus construction, life span, male dynamics, and host preference. The results showed that: (1) clades II and III were more closely related to each other than Clade I, because they both completed two generations per year, more were captured in 2016 or fewer were captured in 2015, and they were more closely related according to phylogenetic inference; (2) all three clades shared some features, such as life spans under various rearing conditions, similar dynamic trends, and three teeth on the male sacculus; and (3) all three clades were significantly different from O. nubilalis based on genetic sequences, postmedial line pattern of the forewing, and sacculus construction. Overall, if O. furnacalis is categorized into clades, the species' features are likely to be a combination or mixture of the features of each individual clade. Our findings help explain the biological complexity of O. furnacalis. Future investigations on each individual clade are essential for improving forecasting and control of this pest.

A remarkable vicariant of <em>Gespanna confirmata</em> (= <em>pectoralis</em>) from Sulawesi (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)

Gespanna amelieae sp. n. from Sulawesi is described. This species is the second member of a hitherto monotypic genus and the first extra-Sundanan one. Despite the close resemblance to G. confirmata (= pectoralis), it can readily be separated from its congener by the different trend of the postmedial line of forewing.

On the taxonomy of the genus Pseudacronicta Kononenko, 2001 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Acronictinae): the identity of Acronicta omihsiensis Draeseke, 1928.

The genus Pseudacronicta was erected, in the noctuid subfamily Acronictinae by Kononenko (2001) as a monotypical genus. Pseudacronicta curiosa Kononenko, 2001 (Figs 2, 3), the type species of this genus, externally resembles Acronicta pulverosa Hampson, 1909 (Fig. 7) and A. pruinosa Guenée, 1852 (Fig. 8) (subgenus Plataplecta Butler, 1878). However, its wing pattern and structure of genitalia differ (Kononenko 2001). On the basis of habitus, P. curiosa appears more similar to Acronicta jozana Matsumura, 1926 (Fig. 6) (subgenus Hyboma Hübner, [1820] sensu Kononenko 2010) than the above mentioned species, but differs from them in the reduced basal dash, linear tornal streak located between the medial and postmedial lines, occasionally continuing between the antemedial and medial lines as a broken, sometimes reduced black line and the occasionally fused basal dash and tornal streak.

A new species of Pangrapta Hübner, 1818 from China (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Pangraptinae).

Pangrapta is a large and morphologically rather diverse genus, which is widely distributed in the New and the Old Worlds. This genus usually has a dark brown ground color on wing and wing margin is often slightly angled; a majority of species have the triangle patch on the forewing costa between subterminal and postmedial lines; uncus is generally slender and tapering apex; valva tends to be long and narrow; harpe is often spine-shaped; vesica typically has one or more cornuti on the diverticula. As currently, Pangrapta is consisted of about 100 species in the world (Hu & Wang, 2013), which is called for a general revision.

Three New Records of Arctiine Moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae; Arctiinae) from Korea

Here, we report three new arctiine moths for the first time in Korea, Siccia shikatai Kishida, Nudaria ranruna Matsumura, and Pelosia angusta (Staudinger). Siccia shikatai is distinguished by grayish forewings with a thick and blackish antemedial line, a thin, dark brown and dentate postmedial line and a black <-shaped discal spot and grayish hindwing with a dark brown discal dot. Nudaria ranruna is distinguished by the whitish fore- and hindwings and a large, blackish discal dot and thick medial lines on the forewing. Pelosia angusta is distinguished by dark grayish fore- and hindwings and a thick, dark brown, curved medial line on the forewing.

New Records of Five Ennomine Moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae; Ennominae) from Korea

The subfamily Ennominae is one of the most species-rich taxa of Geometridae that include more than 9,700 species worldwide and over 280 species in South Korea. Herein, we present the first report of five species of Ennominae. Abraxas flavisinuata can be characterized by the white wings, a thick black postmedial line that is medially and dorsally broken with an orange band, large rounded black discal dots on the forewing, and a black dotted postmedial line on the hindwing. Lomographa claripennis can be characterized by the whitish wings, the black undulating postmedial line as well as the minute blackish discal dot on the forewing, and the black undulating postmedial line with a minute black discal dot on the hindwing. Arichanna tetrica can be characterized by the grayish forewings, thick black transverse ante- and postmedial lines, a large blackish discal dot, whitish apical streak on the forewing, and scattered black dots on the whitish hindwing. Apocleora rimosa can be characterized by the brown ground color of the fore- and hindwings, the black slanted ante- and postmedial lines of the forewing, and two black medial lines on the hindwing. Ourapteryx japonica can be characterized by the white wings, the dark brown transverse ante- and postmedial lines with a long discal dot on the forewing, and the dark brownish transverse antemedial line as well as a termen that has a sharp white tail with one large dark reddish dot and one small black dot on the hindwing.

Taxonomic Review on the Genus Sciota (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae) in Northeast China

Three species of the genus Sciota Hulst, 1888 are recognized from Northeast China: Sciota cynicella (Christoph, 1881), Sciota fumella (Eversmann, 1844), and Sciota adelphella (Fischer von R<TEX>$\ddot{o} $</TEX>slerstamm, 1836), of which Sciota cynicella (Christoph, 1881) is reported for the first time from China. This species can be distinguished from congeners by the gray color of basal area, the straight antemedial line and the distinct postmedial line on the forewing; by the stout aedeagus in male genitalia. In this study, a key to Northeastern Chinese species of genus Sciota is presented, and the illustrations of adults and genitalia are also provided.

Two New Records of Ennominae Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Korea

Two ennomine species, Amblychia angeronaria Guenee and Peratostega deletaria (Moore), are reported for the first time from Korea. Amblychia angeronaria was collected from Isl. Gageo-do, in the south west of Korea. The species is distinguished by the large wingspan, the ochreous forewing with a row of large white dots on the postmedian and a grayish apical dot, and the grayish or dark ochreous hindwing with undulating postmedial line and dark grayish subterminal line. Peratostega deleraia was collected from Isl. Jeju-do, and can be distinguished by the dark brown forewing with a blackish dentate postmedian and a light brown apical dot, and the dark brown hindwing with the light brown subtermen and angulate termen. Diagnosis and description of the species are given along with figures of the male and female genitalia.

A New Record of Perixera punctata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Korea

A sterrhine species, Perixera punctata (Warren) is reported for the first time from Korea. One male and one female were collected from Jeju Island, South Korea. Perixera punctata can be distinguished by the long bipectinate male antennae, the blackish discal dot and a large dark grayish dot on the subcosta of the forewings and a large dark brownish discal dot and blackish undulating postmedial line on the hindwings. In the male genitalia, a long slender valva with two arm-shaped costal processes is a distinguishing character. In the female genitalia, long and medially twisted ductus bursae with a colliculum, and large, ovate corpus bursae with minute dots are distinguishing characters. Diagnosis and description of the species are given with figures of the male and female genitalia.

A New Record of Roeselia triangulalis (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) from Korea

A nolid species, Roeselia triangulalis (Leech) is reported for the first time from Korea. Two males were collected from Jeju Island, South Korea. Roeselia triangulalis can be distinguished by the bipectinate male antennae, broad frons, long labial palpi, costally dark brownish spot and the rounded dark brownish postmedial line of forewing. In the male genitalia, the long saccus, the slender valve with distally expanded and spine-like harpe and long spinular cornutus of vesica are distinguishing characters. In the female genitalia, the simple sterigma, the long ductus bursae and the large ovate corpus bursae with a lip-shaped signum are distinguishing characters. Diagnosis and description of the species are given with the figures of the male genitalia.

A smart mannequin system for the pressure performance evaluation of compression garments

A smart mannequin with the dimension of a standard female body was developed for measuring garment pressure. The mannequin has a rigid internal layer and is covered with a soft surface; it has eight built-in pressure sensors distributed on its surface. The sensors sense pressure imposed by wearing a garment and fed data into an acquisition device simultaneously. The mannequin can extend transversely at the antemedial and postmedial line to the maximum level of 5 cm, which may imitate the dimensions of different human body. Seven compression garments made from elastic fabrics knitted with controlled Spandex feeding rate were tested. Results showed that the pressure distributions exhibited obvious differences among the measuring points. They were also different at each particular measuring point when the mannequin dimensions were varied, and the controlled Spandex feeding rate caused pressure variations among the specimens. This smart mannequin system provides a novel tool for evaluating the pressure performance of compression garments, and gives reliable data for functional product development.

Bergiantina, a new genus of agaristid moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bergiantina, a new Agaristinae genus, is described. The genus contains 8 species. Three were previously assigned to Aucula Walker: Metagarista hilzingeri Berg, Euthisanotia magnifica Schaus, and Aucula schausi Jörgensen. Two were previously assigned to Erocha Walker: Heterocampa dolens Druce and Erocha trita Druce. Three new species are described: Bergiantina intermedia, B. parva, and B. familiae. Bergiantina can be distinguished from other Agaristinae by its distinctive forewing pattern with white patches or stripes associated with the postmedial line. Other diagnostic characters include: male genitalia with moderately asymmetric valves, aedoeagus with an apical sclerotized horn-like dorsal projection, and female genitalia with a thin, membranous ductus bursae 3x as long as anterior apophysis. Adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated, and a key to species provided. One new synonymy is established and two lectotypes are designated.

Application of biological dural graft made by meninges from porkers

Background Presently, over 40 kinds of dural grafts have been successively used in clinic. Among them, lyophilized human dura mater with good histocompatibility and less complications is applied most widely. But there are a few reports on cases of infected spongiform encephalopathy following application of lyodura. More ideal repair materials deserve to be further investigated. Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety of biological dural graft made by meninges from porkers to repair meningeal injury. Design A self-control observation. Setting Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA. Materials Sixteen New Zealand Rabbits, of either gender, weighing from 2 to 3 kg, of clean grade II, with the age of 0.5–1 year, were involved in this experiment. The involved rabbits were provided by the Animal Experimental Center of the First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. Biological surgical patch (dural graft) was developed by Guangdong Guanhao Biotechnological Co., Ltd. It was processed by using meninges from porkers by tissue engineering technology. Methods This experiment was carried out in the Experimental Center of the 157 Hospital of Chinese PLA between December 2003 and June 2004. ▪ The experimental rabbits were anesthetized. Dura mater was exposed from two sides of postmedial line of coronal suture. A rectangular dura mater about 8 mm×8 mm in size was cut off. Then a biological surgical patch (dural graft) was sheared into insert with 8 mm diameter and sutured. The left dura mater was untouched and used as control. Scalp was sutured, and postoperative wound healing and recovery were observed. ▪ The anesthetized rabbits were sacrificed at postoperative 3, 14, 30 and 90 days, 4 rabbits once. The whole head was cut off, and its scalp was removed. Afterwards, the head was fixed by formalin. Tissues in operative site were obtained, performed routine paraffin embedding, sliced and conducted HE staining, finally, the sections were observed. White blood cells in venous blood were counted before operation and execution, separately. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. Main outcome measures ▪ Wound healing and recovery following implantation of dural graft. ▪ The amount of white blood cells in venous blood from rabbits at each time point before operation and before execution. ▪ Histological examination results of operative site. Results Sixteen experimental rabbits were involved in the final analysis. ▪ The experimental rabbits of each group had no local infection, effusion and abnormal appearance. They had good wound healing and were normal to access to food. ▪ There were no significant differences in amount of white blood cells in venous blood from experimental rabbits between at each time point after modeling and before operation ( P > 0.05). ▪ Pathological observation of operative site: At postoperative 3 days, local acute inflammation repair reaction appeared; At postoperative 2 weeks, chronic inflammatory reaction appeared, endodermis in artificial dural graft formed, and artificial dural graft and host dura mater healed; In postoperative 1 month, wound began to chronically recover; In postoperative 3 months, host blood capillary began to form in artificial dural graft based on chronic repair. In all the control sides, fibroplasia was found, and a few neutrophils were found at postoperative 2 weeks. Conclusion Biological surgical patch has high stability and good histocompatibility. It can provide dural epithelial epithelium, effectively prevent against the conglutination of scalp tissue and brain tissue, and avoid the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.

A NEW SPECIES OF EUPITHECIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) FROM ALASKA

DESCRIPTION. Adult. Male antennae simple, with short, fine cilia evenly and thickly distributed over the entire ventral areas. Palpi medium length. Forewing with ground colour light cream-grey. Antemedial and basal lines faint, grey-brown. Distinct wavy light line, divided by a fine postmedial line, formed between inner margin of subterminal area and outer margin of medial area. Terminal and subterminal areas combined into a grey-brown band with rust-brown spots between veins at the outer margin. Discal dot prominent. Hind wing pattern similar to that of forewing but more blurred. Wing expanse, with forewings fully extended, 20–22 mm.

Description of a New Pachyzancla Species Reared on Sweet Potato in Southern United States (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)

Male. Alar expanse 23-25 mm. Antenna simple, pubescent. Frons round. Vestiture of head, thorax, patagia, and abdomen straw yellow. Labial palpus with ventral and lateral surface of first, and basal half of second segment white; remainder of second, all of third, and dorsal surface of first segment dark fuscous with a tinge of red. Upper surface of wings straw yellow, with brownish suffusion along costa of forewing and area adjacent to outer margin of fore and hind wings. Forewing with two conspicuous brownish fuscous spots; one on discocellular vein, the other in the cell; that on discocellular about two times as large as the one in cell; non-worn specimens with an additional small fuscous patch on hind margin near base; two transverse lines, well-defined, sinuate; the antemedial line smooth, postmedial distinctly denticulate. Hind wing with postmedial line appearing as a continuation of postmedial of forewing, strongly bent outward between veins 2 and 6; fuscous patch on discocellular vein conspicuous. When discernible, subterminal line of fore and hind wing denticulate; often obscured by brownish suffusion. Hind tibia normal, with two pairs of spurs; outer spurs one-half as long as inner. Third abdominal segment without a pair of subdorsal patches of fuscous scales. Genitalia (Fig. 4, 4a) resembles that of bipunctalis but the harpe more elongate and basal third of costa more strongly arched; uncus longer, slenderer, more attenuate distally; aedeagus wider, longer and cornutus stronger. Female. Alar expanse 21-27 mm. Antenna simple, slenderer than in male. Coloration and maculation similar to male. Genitalia (Fig. 3) of ipomocalis somewhat similar to that of bipunctalis but with ductus bursae much shorter and bursa copulatrix with well-defined longitudinal furrows from signum to junction with ductus bursae (in bipunctalis, the length of the ductus bursae is about equal that of the bursa copulatrix, and the bursa copulatrix is without longitudinal furrows). Type. Male, in U. S. National Museum. USNM Type No. 66606. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Sept. 29-15. Food plant. Sweetpotato. Paratypes, 24 (date citations as on labels). Alabama: Curley, VII-111905, 1 S. District of Columbia: no date, 1 Y. Florida: Altamont, IX-16, 1 Y; Bradenton, X-26-55, 1 S; Daytona, no date, 1 9; Highlands Co. (Archbold Biological Station), 12-17-59, 1 9; Homestead, X-22-1959, 1 9; Ft. Lauderdale, Mar. 6, 1923, 1 S; Monroe Co., July 22-31, 1 S; Pensacola,

A New Species of Linosta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Head white; eye fuscons; labial palpus black, white at base beneath; antenna light wood brown, strongly bipectinate; body above white; abdomen with prominent black segmental bands above; bodv beneath white; legs white, with inner surface af front legs and distal parts of middle and hind tarsal segments infuscated. Fore wing above shining white, with narrow black contrasting markings; antemedial line nearly complete, the anterior element usualIy elongate and joining the remainder of the line, the rest of the line sigmoidal, acutely inflected on anal fold and near 3rd A; discocellular mark large and annular, complete or nearly so; postmedial line complete and of uniform width, excurved behind costa, then oblique to posterior margin; a narrow but distinct fuscous terminal line; fringe white. Hind wing above white; a postmedial row of more or less distinct black dots on veins in anterior part of wing; terminal line and fringe as on fore wing. Wings beneath white, markings of upper surface seen faintly by translucency; postmedial dots of hind wing well marked near costa; terminal line and fringe as above. Expanse 3 1-37 mm.

New Species of Polygrammodes and a Related New Genus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Body above pale yellow, abdomen with faint brown mid-dorsal and dorso-lateral spots; a vinous stripe in front of wing-base; body beneath and legs whitish buff. Wings above yellow, paler distally on fore wing and costally on hind wing. Fore wing with faint indications of an arcuate, blackish-fuscous, broken antemedial band; orbicular represented bv a black dot in cell; reniform obsolete; postmedial line strongly zig-zagged, inierrupted at veins, preceded by black dashes in cells M2, to Cu2; a subterminal row of brownish-fuscous spots between veins; fringe yellow; hind wing with interrupted, zig-zagged postmedial line, preceded by black dashes, as on fore wing; subterminal spots stronger than on fore wing; fringe yellow. Wings beneath whitish buff; costa of fore wing weakly infuscated; a fuscous dot-like orbicular and lunate reniform; no other markings. Expanse 67 mm.