Post-independence Period Research Articles

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN WEST AFRICA REGION

The West African manufacturing grew immediately after post-independence period, which was largely shaped by state-led and protectionist policies. The structural adjustment reforms of the state-owned enterprises and trade liberalization, along with foreign aid, restarted West African manufacturing in the 1990s. However, the increased competition from foreign products and pressures on its currencies, such as devaluations, made these gains to be short-lived. The study examined the macroeconomic variables and industrial output in West African region using cross session approach between 2008 and 2020. Contribution of industrial output to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), External Debt, Lending Rate and Inflationary Rate were used as variables. It was found that industrial output contribution to GDP estimate shows that there exist an inverse relationship between Industrial output and Lending Rate, Inflationary rate, while Industrial output and External Debt are positively related. It is recommended that a conducive macroeconomic policy should be operated to curb inflationary rate within the country so that raw materials for production would be cheap which will result to a continuous generation of output.

Role of District Central Cooperative Banks in Financial Inclusion: A Study on Two Selected Districts of West Bengal

Financial inclusion provides the legitimate provisions of basic banking services with adequate financial securities to the unbanked population at a reasonable cost. Since the early decade of the 20th century, the cooperative system has been engaged to percolate financial inclusion in various strata of our society. Several initiatives regarding financial inclusion have been implemented in the post-independence period; however, the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) 2014 has been considered as one of the most fruitful and effective initiatives by the Government of India for opening no-frill bank accounts with zero balance facilities for financially excluded people in our country, and the cooperative banks have been playing a vital role in the process of implementing the said Yojana. The present study, based on Hooghly District Central Cooperative Bank (HDCCB) and Burdwan Central Cooperative Bank (BCCB) of West Bengal, has comprehended to investigate the role of the DCCBs in the process of financial inclusion with respect to a number of financial operations and annual changes of savings accounts over the second decade of the 21st century. The study has identified statistically significant segments of the financial operations. Those segments are consequences of several fluctuations in financial operations due to the changes in banking policy, implementation of PMJDY, demonetisation, loss of agriculture production, adverse effects of COVID-19 and also the national economic downturn. Finally, it has been observed that the implementation of PMJDY significantly gave rise to the business of the HDCCB and also acted as a threshold point of financial inclusion than its counterpart in the Burdwan district of West Bengal.

Media Coverage of Suicidal Behaviour in the Context of Slovenian independence

Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia and became independent in 1991 after a ten-day war. Slovenia had the highest suicide rate of all the member states of Yugoslavia. All young men in Yugoslavian states served the military out of their home state and some soldiers returned in a coffin because of suicide. This, among other factors, was the trigger for the discussion about independence, in which Slovenian newspapers played a part. Suicide rates tend to be lower in wartime, but soldiers also face an array of risk factors for suicidality. The aim of the study was to understand which stories about suicide were published in the Slovenian newspapers Delo and Večer. We analyzed the period before, during and after independence. We found three predominant themes: stories about Slovenian soldiers, political agenda and informative articles. Political agenda was in the foreground before independence, namely the desire for independence and later the consequences of independence. Stories about Slovenian soldiers were most common in the period of independence, with tales of actual suicides with the use of firearms as a method of suicide. In the post-independence period, we have mainly identified articles that give an insight into society's attitude towards suicide. This study sheds light on how suicide in the military was portrayed in the Slovenian media before, during and after independence.

The conditional effects of party system change on economic growth in Africa

AbstractAfrican party systems vary considerably in their patterns of stability and change over time. This article examines how economic growth has been shaped by such party system fluidity—in particular, the frequency, scope and variety of change—while taking account of the constitutional regime (i.e., level of democracy) within which these party system dynamics occur. To do so, we use Arellano-Bond generalized method of moments models to test the impact of party system fluidity and the level of democracy on economic growth in Africa during the post-independence period (1970–2018). We find, consistent with previous research, that democracy has an uncertain effect on growth. However, party system fluidity is reliably and positively correlated with growth. Its effects are particularly strong whenever an unstable party system coexists with an autocratic regime, which suggests that this specific political context—which has often been associated with democratization—is especially conducive to economic growth.

L’accrochage de Aïn Draham

Abstract This article is the result of a set of investigations performed in Tunis over a period of two years. The scope of this article is to better investigate a series of events that happened in Aïn Draham on May 31st 1957, by proposing the accurate description that is largely missing in the existing literature. The aim is to devote a broader space to those events by placing them in the context of the post-independence period, as well as in Habib Bourguiba’s (al-Ḥabīb Būrqība) actions, by trying to demonstrate the existence of a link between Aïn Draham clashes and overstudied events such as Sakiet Sidi Youssef and the Bizerte war. The ultimate goal is to challenge current literature’s approach, which moves directly from the independence (1956) to the Bizerte evacuation (1961), having as the only intermediate event the bombardment of Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1958. Aïn Draham battle occurred during a crucial and delicate period of Tunisian history, as a result of internal and external tensions, in an area under extreme pressure (the Algerian–Tunisian border) and on the edge of an international crisis. The main idea behind the article is to re-evaluate resistance pathways and understand the value of understudied histories, as well as their contribution to and influence over well-known events of Tunisian contemporary history.

Politik Hukum Batas Minimum Usia Perkawinan Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 22/PUU-XV/2017

Abstract Regulations regarding the minimum age for marriage in Indonesia have basically gone through a long history and dynamics starting from the pre-Dutch Colonial government until the New Order era when Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage was born and was most recently revised into Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments. Based on Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This research discusses two problem formulations, First, how is the minimum age limit for marriage regulated before the Constitutional Court Decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017?, Second, what are the legal politics of the minimum age limit for marriage after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017 ? To be able to discuss this problem, a normative juridical research method with a historical and statutory approach is used, where the data source used is a secondary data source. From the research and discussions that have been carried out, the following results were obtained: First, the history of setting the minimum age limit for marriage in Indonesia has started since pre-Dutch Colonial times where at that time the applicable marriage law was the respective religious law which was then enforced during the Dutch occupation. Classification is based on ethnicity and each group has its own rules. In the old order era, Law Number 22 of 1946 concerning Marriage Registration, Divorce and Reconciliation (hereinafter referred to as NTR) was born, in the new order era Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage was born, which was followed by its first revision in the reform era to become Law. Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. Second, the will (political will) of the state authorities is a determining factor in where the law will be directed, including in the issue of determining the minimum age limit for marriage. This can be seen from the development of marriage law in Indonesia starting from the Dutch colonial period, the post-independence period, and the New Order period where marriage law experienced a very strong influence from the interests of the authorities.

UNIVERSALISM TO CONTEXTUALISM: METAMORPHOSIS OF POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

India has an exceptionally rich architectural history. It has undergone various phases of architectural development with majority of them dictated by political influences rather than societal needs. It was only in the middle of 20th century, more precisely after independence that the architecture of India started its journey in the search of its own identity. That too led to the implantation of foreign ideas of Universalism in the shape of Modern Architecture under the political patronage of the then Prime minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. It was an attempt to do away with historicism and revivalism in favour of rationalism with the idea of progress to project India as a progressive nation in front of the world. But, in search for this identity, the context and cultural continuity was lost to a greater extent. This paper delves into the architectural journey of Indian architecture in the Post-independence period

HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

National security represents a fundamental pillar of the rule of law, which has gone through a long path throughout history and has undergone a series of geopolitical and economic changes. After gaining independence in 1991, the Republic of Moldova gradually developed its institutions in the field of national security to ensure the protection of its interests and state sovereignty. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, during the post-independence transition period, the Republic of Moldova faced significant challenges related to its national security system, including political instability, external pressures, ethnic and territorial conflicts. In this context, the creation and consolidation of institutions in the field of security has been and continues to be an important step for the Republic of Moldova in maintaining state sovereignty and democracy. Throughout its history, the Republic of Moldova has joined international organizations, which is an integral part of efforts to strengthen national security and promote the democratic values of the rule of law.

Hindi Popular Cinema – Reading of the Representative Register of India’s Pre-liberalization Social History and Its Prevalent Discourse Since Post-independence Period

Hindi Popular Cinema – Reading of the Representative Register of India’s Pre-liberalization Social History and Its Prevalent Discourse Since Post-independence Period

Participation and Perception of Project Affected People in SIA Process under RFCTLARR Act 2013

Undoubtedly, growing urbanisation, increasing of infrastructure requirement and rapid economic development has imposed high pressure on land in India. Private land is regularly acquired for both State-sponsored development and private projects, which is increasingly become contentious. Compulsory acquisition of land till the end of December 2013 is primarily governed by the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, which is century-old legislation enacted in the very different social, economic and political milieu. Post-independence period Indian Government has not fundamentally changed the acquisition policy to reflect the values and needs of our times, which has resulted in legal, social, cultural, economic and political fallouts. Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is needed for public purpose and economic development, but it is deficient in many respects. In this background the colonial Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was repealed and replaced by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act.2013. It is now settled that whatever State or Government acquires land from its citizens for public purpose, it has power to do so. The jurisprudence that has developed around colonial Land Acquisition Ac, 1894 over the years on this subject has made the citizen, a subject. The colonial mind-set is that all pervasive under the Act was reflected in practice and even the judiciary in some cases has inadvertently furthered this notion. Thus, it becomes imperative to scrutinize the law and test it, against the contemporary democratic values. However, the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 made an attempt to balance within the larger political context of land acquisition in India. Through the land acquisition how people be affected to be estimated by SIA study suggested in The RFCTLARR Act 2013. But the entire SIA process can be succeed when all the stakeholders in general and the project affected people or families in particular to be participated fully during the implementation of the project. The current paper have studied the participation and perception of project affected families in different projects implemented by Government of Odisha.

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION AND SCIENCE SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN AND INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF CHINA AND JAPAN

The article aims to study the relationship of Kazakhstan with China and Japan on the basis of a description of the structure and features of the educational and scientific sphere of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, the following tasks are set: The article describes the Republic of Kazakhstan's achievements based on the reforms carried out in education and science in the post-independence period; as well as the specific features and structural conditions of domestic education and science; The latest developments in the field of education and science in Kazakhstan are also included. The article discusses legal and institutional prerequisites, contracts signed at the government level, and multilateral agreements that formed the basis for close relations between Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China. These include economic, cultural educational, and scientific cooperation. These contents are a kind of novelty of the article. The following conclusions can be considered as the main results of the article. First, China's influence on Kazakhstan's education and science system is growing. This can be characterized by the fact that there is an increase in Chinese language learners in Kazakhstan, an increase in Chinese language teaching centers, an annual increase in the number of students visiting China, and the sale of Chinese-language literature in bookstores and libraries in Kazakhstan. Secondly, relations between Japan and Kazakhstan in education and science are only developing, but the development shows excellent prospects. This is because Japan is essential to Kazakhstan's foreign policy and economic cooperation. Therefore, it is concluded that relations between Kazakhstan and Japan in the field of education and culture at the current level have a solid basis.

The Impact of Informal Cross-Border Trade on Kenya-Uganda Foreign Relations

This paper generally discusses the intricate dynamics of Informal Cross-Border Trade (ICBT) and its profound impact on Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. It is observed in this study that, Kenya and Uganda share a similar history, geography and a distinct cultural background, key to their social and economic relations. It is further noted that Kenya plays a significant role in Uganda's history and vice versa, sometimes influencing each other. Both countries are significant trading partners, but mostly informally, which has expanded in the post-independence period. This is attributed to their shared history, culture, and geography. Since the pre-colonial period, communities in the geographical area that came to be defined as the border between the two countries engaged in informal trade. The paper holds that, Informal Cross Border Trade along the Kenya-Uganda border has shaped the foreign relations between the two countries. The study applied territoriality theory to interpret the impact of ICBT on Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. The theory holds that, each sovereign state has authority to manage resources within its borders. The study used both primary and secondary sources. This study demonstrates that ICBT, positively influences Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. It also expands knowledge on the impact of ICBT on foreign relations.

Traditional land, postcolonial development, and indigenous ecocriticism in Esther Syiem’s poems

ABSTRACT Traditional land is the source of subsistence and location of culture for the Khasi indigenous community of Meghalaya, India. During the post-Independence period, this community has been losing traditional land to development activities that are primarily infrastructural, such as road construction. The inconsiderate imposition of development without consultation with the community has resulted in the dispossession of traditional land and resources and the deprivation of traditional means of sustenance. Esther Syiem, a prominent Khasi poet, is concerned about the development initiatives that have put her culture in crisis. She questions such a development ideology that shows no concern for her community and exploits the physical environment of the Khasi Hills. This article analyses Syiem’s poems through the critical lens of indigenous ecocriticism. In doing so, it applies the key analytics of development aggression, unimagined community, and diffuse wars to unravel her representations of the indiscriminate imposition of infrastructural development on Khasis.

MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN THE LIGHT OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: AN INSIGHT IN THE PRESENT INDIAN CONTEXT

Basic principle in journalism is to focus for development for public good and to uplift the society and transform the societal healthy practices. Media in its various capacity tries to inform, educate, and entertain the mass people for the benefit of human society and that should be the motto of media cutting across country line and geographical boundary. In Indian context how media focuses in its principle in the present set up that is interesting to be seen in the light of the critical perspective of freedom of expression as envisages in our constitution. In India journalistic freedom remained a million dollar question not only in pre-independence India but remained a valid question in post independence period and in the modern scenario too. In the present context if we speculate we observe that media organization and their key functionaries are vertically divided into pro and anti against any elected government and this phenomenon is not even permanent in them. They themselves frequently changes their colour for the reasons not best known by themselves alone but mass people are more knowledgeable these days and understand the very fact for this kind of shift. Off course for some time their survival question remains a valid point too in this competitive market scenario. In such a juncture this paper would like to discuss all those critical issues in this complex and media saturated condition more specifically in the light of journalistic freedom and their challenges in the current Indian situation.

Historical View of University Libraries in Azerbaijan: ADA University Library Case Study

The article presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution and advancements witnessed by ADA University Library throughout the period from 2010 to 2020. It delves into the dynamic evolution of Azerbaijan’s higher education system, shaped by historical transitions and a drive for global integration. Key moments include the establishment of educational foundations such as the Gazakh Teachers’ Seminary and Baku State University, with the Soviet era solidifying the importance of education. In the post-independence period, higher education underwent substantial reforms, aligning with international standards. The library at ADA University, a prime example of this transformation, transitioned from a modest collection to a state-of-the-art institution with a global footprint. It has contributed to preserving Azerbaijan’s cultural heritage and fostering international collaborations, exemplifying ADA University’s commitment to excellence and innovation.

The Regional Political Parties and the Leaders of Odisha: A brief History of Odisha during 1961-1980

Odisha has been in part a tradition-bound, underdeveloped, backward, and feudal state struggling in the path towards modernity. Hence, the emergence, development, and working of party system and party leadership in Odisha present an interesting study. Odisha, offers a unique opportunity to examine the capacity of political development to effect socio-economic change. Looking at the political instability which was persistent in the state for almost two decades between 1961-1980. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the repeated failures of Odisha's administration and legislative, which led to the imposition of president rule between the years 1961 and 1980. Thus, the study examines party politics in Odisha in all of its varied facets. The present chapter will first provide a historical background of the state of Odisha in order to properly understand the politics of Odisha in the post-independence period to the eighties of the last century. Secondly, the details of party politics and political leadership in Odisha in between the years 1960 and 1980 will be debated upon. This will allow for a proper understanding of the politics of Odisha in the post-independence period to the eighties of the twentieth century.

Domination, Collaboration and Conflict in Cabo Delgado's History of Extractivism

A long history of extractive industries and activities have shaped the societies of northern Mozambique, and the Cabo Delgado province in particular. For centuries, the growing international demand on local resources had a great impact on the northern micro-societies. The demand for cheap labour and natural resources, ranging from ivory and cotton, to timber, rubies, land, gas and more, involved thousands of local actors in its extraction, reproducing systems of local power. The persistence of poverty, inequality and conflicts, as well as simmering and sometimes grand-scale violence, fits into a long-term trend of extractivism. Through a historical approach and field observations, we focus on the political economy of extracting natural resources. We point out the persisting basic patterns of extractivism that accompanied Mozambique's integration into global markets, and continued or even deepened, in the post-independence period. These activities are oriented towards foreign markets. They are instigated by foreign investment, but invariably carried out in collaboration with a chain of national gatekeepers. In a clientelist system, local elites resort to their proximity to the state to reproduce their power, often at the expense of state expropriation. Weak state institutions have the functional effect of reproducing the elites, also serving the interests of extractivist capital. It is, however, a system with many and profound contradictions, producing conflict and violence, which also recurrently put those interests at risk.

Textual Trajectories : Analysing Linguistic Evolution in Indian English Novels

This study explores the evolution of linguistic and narrative styles in Indian English novels, reflecting the socio-cultural transformations of postcolonial India. Employing thematic analysis through Leximancer and linguistic pattern analysis via NVivo, the research analyzed novels from the 1950s to the present. The findings reveal a significant shift from the formal, British-influenced English of the early post-independence period to a more colloquial and Indianized form in contemporary times. This linguistic evolution includes the incorporation of local dialects, Indian idioms, and a narrative style resonant with India's oral storytelling traditions. The study also identifies a thematic progression from colonial struggles to issues of globalization, urbanization, and modern societal conflicts. Narratively, there has been a transition from linear, conventional storytelling to complex, non-linear narratives with multiple perspectives, mirroring the complexities of modern Indian life. These shifts in Indian English novels are not only stylistic but also reflect deeper socio-cultural and political dynamics. This research contributes to the broader understanding of postcolonial literature and its role in cultural and societal representation.

Impact of NEP-2020 on School, Higher & Teacher Education level: A holistic approach

The National Education Policy (NEP-2020) is the first education policy of the 21st century in India. The first education policy for education has established in 1968 & with the second one the National Education Policy was held in 1986. And third one the National Education Policy has been established in 2020. It is only the third education policy of India at post-independence period. The aim of NEP-2020 is universalization of education from pre-school to secondary level with 100% GER in school by 2030. Another its aim is holistic development of learners, reduction in curricular content and promote the essential learning etc. Besides, structure of school curriculum, higher education & teacher education has been changed. This paper has been discussed of all educational level in India. I think that NEP-2020 will great impact on education system & also will be developed human resource in our India. That’s why I hope that through reform of NEP-2020 quality of students & teacher will be developed in school level, higher education level & teacher education level and also beneficial impact overall educational stages in India.

Education in Sri Lanka: A Historical, Administrative, and Contemporary Overview with Emphasis on Secondary Schooling

Aims: This research aims to comprehensively explore the historical evolution, administrative intricacies, and current state of secondary education in Sri Lanka, with a particular focus on the post-independence era. It seeks to provide valuable insights into the challenges, initiatives, and policy measures that have shaped the educational landscape in the country.
 Study Design: The study adopts a historical research design, meticulously tracing the trajectory of education in Sri Lanka from ancient times through the colonial periods to the contemporary era. It places a particular emphasis on the post-independence period, scrutinizing administrative reforms, decentralization efforts, and the structure of secondary schooling.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research is conducted in Sri Lanka, encompassing various regions and educational institutions across the country.
 Methodology: Grey literature, including historical documents, archival records, and unpublished reports, serves as a pivotal source for this study. Government reports, policy documents, and contemporary educational sources are analyzed to provide a nuanced understanding of the challenges and initiatives in Sri Lanka's education system. Internal memos, working papers, and non-peer-reviewed literature are utilized to dissect administrative structures, policy measures, and curriculum development.
 Results: The research reveals the intricate historical journey of education in Sri Lanka, highlighting the impact of colonial rulers on the traditional education system. Post-independence challenges and initiatives, such as decentralization efforts and administrative reforms, are scrutinized. The contemporary education system, including diverse school categories and the flow of education from preschool to tertiary levels, is comprehensively analyzed. Key policies, such as free education, medium of instruction, and compulsory education, are detailed to showcase the government's commitment to inclusive and accessible education.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides a holistic understanding of the multifaceted dimensions of education in Sri Lanka. By examining historical roots, administrative intricacies, and the current state of the secondary education sector, the research sheds light on the enduring pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment in Sri Lanka's educational journey. The findings offer valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and those interested in the dynamic evolution of education in the country.