Tukey's Post-hoc Test Research Articles

Effect of Extrauterine Growth Restriction and Subsequent Catch-Up Growth on Cardiac Parameters: A Study on Wistar Rat Pups.

Objective: To study the long-term effect of postnatal growth restriction followed by catch-up growth on microscopic cardiac parameters in newborn Wistar rats. Methodology: This lab-based study was conducted at the Anatomy Department, CIMS Multan, on 120 neonate Wistar rats utilizing a rodent litter size manipulation model which mimicked human extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) and catch-up growth. Initially, 30 pups were fed normally (Group N), while 90 were undernourished (Group R) to simulate EUGR. From days 11 to 21, the undernourished rats were separated into two subgroups: normal growth (RN, n = 30) and catch-up growth (RC, n = 60). The RC subgroup was further subdivided into accelerated (RCA) and slow (RCS) catch-up growth based on growth velocity. On day 60, microscopic cardiac parameters were assessed after euthanasia by ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey test. Results: Malnourished rats with catch-up growth (RCS and RCA) had significantly increased left ventricle wall area, decreased left ventricle lumen area and a higher mean cardiomyocyte diameter than that of the normally fed (N) and malnourished than normally fed (RN) rats. Also, RCA pups had significantly thicker left ventricular walls and less lumen area than RCS pups. No difference in the collagen content of myocardium was detected among the subgroups. Conclusion: Accelerated and slow catch-up growth in rat pups decreases the left ventricular lumen area and increases the left ventricular wall + interventricular septum area significantly. Also, it increases the cardiomyocyte diameter in cardiac tissue.

Effect of cigarette smoking on the optical properties of contemporary dental ceramics: an in-vitro analysis.

Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use worldwide. With the frequent introduction of new dental materials, the effect of smoking on their optical properties such as long term color stability, should to be thoroughly investigated. This in-vitro study aims to investigate the effect of smoking on the optical properties of contemporary dental ceramics used currently for restoration of teeth. Five different materials in two shades (B1 and C1) were used with 15 samples from each pressable lithium disilicate (Emax), layered lithium disilicate (Lmax), porcelain fused to metal (PFM), monolithic zirconia (MZr) and layered zirconia (LZr) were used (n=75). The samples were exposed to conventional cigarette smoke and color stability was assessed at four different time intervals i.e., baseline, 1 week, 1 month and 6 months. CIELAB color space (CIE L*a*b*) values were used to evaluate the color difference (ΔE). A one-way analysis of variance (Anova) was used for statistical analysis of ΔE. Significant P-value was kept as <0.05, followed by Tukey post-hoc test. All test materials demonstrated significant color differences (ΔE) after exposure to cigarette smoke (p<0.05). For shade B1, the highest change in shade ΔE 17.02 was exhibited by Lmax, whereas the least change in shade was exhibited by Emax followed by PFM at values of ΔE 10.11 and 11.2 respectively. For shade C1, the highest change (11.47) in shade at 6 months was demonstrated by MZr, whereas lowest values of ΔE were exhibited by Emax (7.52). Traditional smoking causes significant change in shade of dental ceramics which can affect the esthetics of the patients. All material samples tested showed the values of ΔE > 3.3 which is higher than the acceptable range. Lowest color change was observed in Emax and PFM.

How Educational Institutions use Social Media Platforms to Engage Students, Promote Online Communities and Build a Sense of Belonging

This study seeks to explore the role of social media in enhancing the involvement of students, feelings of belonging, and collaborative behavior in the academic environment while trying to understand how these platforms may impact the safety of the university as well as obstacles to crime. The study, focusing upon the case of universities in Punjab, Pakistan, that include University of Punjab, University of Education, and so forth, analyzes how the social media levels, whether Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter, assist in creating online communities in mutual interaction as relations become institutionalized and thus minimize the risks for security. Social media turns out to be an important platform, both in terms of communication and coordination while also putting it to good use for spreading awareness regarding crime prevention and reporting of incidents. Thus, the study is conducted by using a quantitative research design with a sample of 274 students selected through snowball sampling, who completed structured surveys. Data were analyzed through multiple linear regressions, ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey's HSD tests using SPSS software to explore the impact of social media use on student outcomes and their perceptions of safety. The results indicated that Facebook significantly influenced student involvement with the university, whereas a sense of belonging was created with a relatively less powerful influence of Instagram and Twitter. The study reports on how Facebook and Twitter are also seen to positively disseminate information regarding campus security concerns, where students can provide safety tips and issue various complaints about suspicious activities. Therefore, the findings of this research suggest that social media, such as Facebook, can be used by institutions of learning to facilitate peer-to-peer and peer-to-student collaboration and enhance the feeling of belonging and attachment to an institution while at the same time providing a safer camp environment. Recommendations In conclusion, universities are advised to take decisive actions on formulating strategies towards effective use of social media that might improve the overall student experience, engagement, and crime prevention.

Impact of eyesight, BMI, and the use of screen-based devices on mental well-being.

To observe any association between mental health and potential contributors, i.e., BMI, eyesight, and number of screen-based devices in young adults. The study proceeded after obtaining the necessary ethical approval (Ref. # 689/ERC/CMH/LMC) from the institutional ERC at CMH LMC & IOD. It was a cross-sectional study, conducted with undergraduate students aged 16-25 years from June to September 2022 at Department of Physiology at CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry. Those who had any history of using CNS stimulants or depressants were excluded from the study. The data was collected via a pre-designed, validated questionnaire. Sample t-test, single tail one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis, ensuring a 95% confidence interval. A non-significant percentage increase in mental well-being (MWB) score of 7.09% was found in males (p=0.142). No significant difference was observed in MBW scores and BMI (p=0.129), however, underweights showed the minimum scores (38.8±7.1). In all eyesight groups, no significant difference was noticed in MBW scores (p=0.316), though those who collectively present with hyperopia and myopia expressed minimum scores (35.4±9.8). The use of different screen-based devices showed a significant association with mental health (p=0.041), while the lowest MBW scores were found in those who were using only smartphones (38.9±8.0). There was no discernible difference in MWB for daily screen time. Students who used only smartphones had significantly lower MWB scores than those who used smartphones and laptops. The study found low MWB scores among underweight individuals and those who were with both eye-sight issues i.e. myopia as well as hyperopia.

Hand Burn Injuries and Occupational Impairment: A Study on the Impact of Burn Injuries on Return-to-Work Outcomes from the Burn Model System research program.

Return to work (RTW) after burn injury is dependent on many variables, including type and location of burn injury, access to care, and pre-injury mental and physical health. Noting that prior studies were limited by small sample sizes, we aimed to use a large database to explore the associations between hand burn severity, functional hand outcomes, and RTW post-injury. Data from a multicenter longitudinal study were analyzed. Adults with burn injuries were classified into 6 groups ranking in severity of hand injury: (0) no hand burns, (1) single hand burn no grafting, (2) bilateral hand burn no grafting, (3) single hand burn requiring grafting, (4) bilateral hand burn requiring unilateral graft, (5) bilateral hand burn requiring bilateral grafts. Grafting was used as a proxy for burn severity. Self-reported employment status, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Upper Extremity (UE) scores and reported request for work accommodations were collected at discharge, 6-, 12-, and 24-months post-injury. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey Test were completed to examine differences in outcomes by hand injury severity. A total of 4,621 participants met inclusion criteria. Group 5, those with most severe burns, had significantly longer RTW times than Groups 0-3 (p< 0.005). Group 5's (bilateral burn/unilateral graft) average RTW was greater, however not significantly, compared to group 4. At 6 months, the mean PROMIS UE scores for grafted groups (Group 3, 40.6; Group 5, 35.4) were significantly worse than non-grafted groups (Group 1, 46.8; Group 2, 45.0; (p< 0.0001). At 12 and 24 months, mean PROMIS UE scores were worse for grafted groups, though differences were no longer significant compared to non-grafted groups. At every time point, the majority of respondents did not request accommodations for their injuries from their employers, regardless of severity. Burn severity plays a significant role in both RTW and hand function for participants with hand burns. Additionally, the lack of correlation between burn severity and request for work accommodations hints at the baseline vulnerability of these populations. These findings suggest a need for systematic improvements in the way these patients are cared for and re-integrated into the workforce.

Evaluation of flexural strength of additively manufactured resin materials compared to auto-polymerized provisional resin with and without hydrothermal aging

PurposeAdditive manufacturing (AM) technologies are used to fabricate 3D-printed provisional dental restorations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins and compare their mechanical performance with those of conventional resins indicated for provisional restorations. Materials and methodsThis study included six different 3D-printed resin materials, namely (Nextdent (ND); Temp PRINT (TP); Optiprint temp (OT); 3Delta Etemp (DE); Saremco print | CROWNTEC (SA); MED690 (ST)), and one conventional (Protemp (PT)) (Control) provisional resin material. Specimens (N = 168) were prepared (25x2x2 mm3) following ISO 10477:2018 guidelines for temporary materials using a printer (Asiga MAX 3D). Post-processing was accomplished following each manufacturer's recommendation. While half of the specimens were tested after 24 H without aging, the other half was subjected to thermomechanical aging in a custom-made chewing simulator (1.200.000 cycles, 5 °C and 55 °C). Flexural strength of the specimens was determined using a Universal Testing Machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Weibull modulus for each group was calculated based on parametric distribution analysis of censored data for maximum fracture load. ResultsNo significant difference was observed in mean flexural strength (MPa) when non-aged and aged conditions were compared in the OT and PT groups (p>0.05). Groups ND, SA, TP, DE, and ST presented significant differences ranging between 12.67 and 57.39 MPa (p<0.05). All groups presented lower shape and scale values in aged groups compared to their non-aged counterparts. While OT and PT maintained their flexural strength after aging, ND exhibited the highest decrease (30%), followed by DE (23.8%), SA (16.2%), TP (12%), and ST (8.6%) in descending order. Weibull modulus decreased as a function of aging except in group ST. ConclusionSignificant effect of themomechanical aging especially on ND and DE materials should be considered with caution when such materials are indicated as interim or long-term interim provisional restorations. SA and TP exceeded the expectations from a provisional material compared to that of the conventional control material PT.

Glycine Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide Induced Neurotoxicity via Inhibition of TLR-4 Signaling Pathway in Developing Mice Brain

Background: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin of the gram-negative bacteria, playing a crucial role in systematic toxicity and cause neurotoxicity in immature brains. Glycine is non-essential amino acid, acting as a neurotransmitter, antioxidant and immune function regulator.Objective: To investigate the potential use of glycine inhibition of TLR-4 receptor to reduce LPS induced neurodegeneration in the developing brain of post-natal day 7 (PND-7) mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 PND-7 mice were included in this experimental study from Feb. 2023 to May 2023 at NMMRC, Peshawar. PND-7 mice were randomly distributed into four groups, a control group, a LPS group, LPS+Gly group and Gly group. LPS (250ìg /kg) was administered to LPS group. Glycine (1g/kg) was injected after LPS administration to LPS+Gly group and Gly group mice. After 4hr of the drug treatment, all the PND-7 mice were sacrificed for Western blot analysis. ImageJ software was used for the densitometry of the blots. One way ANOVA and post-hoc tukey tests through Prism graph-5 were applied for statistical analysis. P-value=0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant differences were observed in the assessed markers in of PND 7 mice brains. Post hoc tukey test revealed significant changes (p&lt;0.01) in the TLR-4 along with BAX, Casp-3, PARP-1and Bcl-2 levels in LPS group. However, significant decrease was observed in TLR-4 levels along with successful amelioration of BAX, Bcl-2, Casp-3 and PARP-1 level in LPS + Gly group as compared to LPS group. Conclusion: Glycine administration significantly improved LPS induced neurodegeneration in brain of the PND-7 mice. Keywords: Apoptosis, Caspase-3, Glycine, Lipopolysaccharide, Neurodegeneration, PARP-1, TLR-4 signaling pathway.

Plasma p-tau212 as a biomarker of sporadic and Down Syndrome Alzheimer's disease.

All individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) will develop full-blown Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) pathology by age 40, decades before the occurrence of sporadic late-onset AD. Understanding this strong biological relation between age and AD pathology risk in DS is important to accelerate diagnostics, disease monitoring, and treatment. Several genes encoded in chromosome 21 including dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) have been proven to contribute to the pathology. A recently validated plasma immunoassay to measure tau phosphorylation at threonine-212 (p-tau212) has very high diagnostic accuracy in detecting AD. P-tau212 is also very sensitive to DYRK1A phosphorylation and is increased in DSAD brain lysates. Here, we assessed the potential of this biomarker in DSAD and sporadic AD. Using Simoa technology, we tested p-tau212 and p-tau181 (n=245 for plasma, n=114 matching cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples). We used AUC-ROC to examine diagnostic performance and the DeLong test to compare the AUC-ROC differences between methods. Spearman correlation is used to examine correlations. Fold changes relative to median levels were calculated for their respective asymptomatic groups. ANCOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test was used to calculate differences across groups. LOESS was used to determine the temporality of plasma biomarker changes. We have confirmed that p-tau212 has extremely high accuracy in detecting AD-related changes in euploid controls. For the DS population, we observed a strong correlation between plasma and CSF p-tau212 (r=0.867; p<0.001). In prodromal DS (pDS) and dementia DS (dDS), we observed significantly elevated levels of p-tau212 in reference to asymptomatic DS (aDS). The diagnostic accuracy to differentiate between aDS and dDS was AUC=0.91 and AUC = 0.86 in discriminating between DS amyloid positive and amyloid negative participants. Plasma p-tau212 started increasing approximately when people became amyloid PET-positive. We have confirmed that the levels of plasma p-tau212 are increased in the DS population and sporadic AD cases including prodromal and MCI states. Plasma p-tau212 might have utility for theragnostic, monitoring therapy efficacy, and as a target engagement biomarker in clinical trials both in sporadic and DSAD.

Anti-cariogenic effect of experimental resin cement containing ursolic acid using dental microcosm biofilm

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the anticariogenic effects of resin cement containing varying ursolic acid (UA) concentrations and to determine the optimal UA concentrations in the microcosm biofilm model. Materials and methodsExperimental resin cements with UA concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt% were prepared. Class I cavities were prepared on 50 extracted human molars and restored with composite inlays and experimental resin cements. Tooth samples were subjected to artificial caries induction for 10 days in a microcosm biofilm model using human saliva as an inoculum, and then mineral changes were evaluated using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (ΔF and ΔQ) and micro-computed tomography (CT). The bacterial composition of the human saliva was analyzed by 16 s RNA microbiome profiling. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey and Duncan post-hoc tests was employed for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). ResultsAs the UA concentration increased, resin cement decreased ΔF and ΔQ before and after caries induction but showed a significant difference only in ΔQ at UA concentration ≥ 1.0 % (p < 0.05). The gray value analysis result of micro CT also showed a significant difference at UA concentration ≥ 1.0 % (p < 0.05). In the human saliva analysis, bacterial composition remained within normal oral microbiota ranges. ConclusionResin cements containing at least 1.0 % of UA exhibited an anticariogenic effect on dental microcosm biofilms. Clinical relevanceTo reduce the failure of restorations, it is essential to prevent the occurrence of secondary caries. The application of UA in resin cement can be utilized to prevent the formation of secondary caries due to the anticariogenic effect of UA.

Effects of incorporating biochar on soil quality and barley yield in microplastics-contaminated soils

Biochar has been recognized for its potential to improve the fertility soils by reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers, mitigating carbon emissions, and fostering soil microbial growth. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of biochar addition on the physicochemical properties of arid and semi-arid soils containing microplastics, while also assessing its effect on Barley (Hordeum vulgare) yield under drought stress. The experiment was conducted in a glass greenhouse. Plastic pots containing 3 kg of soil were each planted with 6 barley grains. Biochar was applied at three doses (B0 = 0 g biochar/kg soil, B1 = 6 g biochar/kg soil, B2 = 10 g biochar/kg soil), while microplastics were added at three levels (M0 = Control without microplastics, M1 = 0.5 g/kg soil, and M2 = 1 g/kg soil) on the same sowing date. Water stress was induced when the plants reached the four-leaf stage. ANOVAs and Tukey post-hoc tests were employed for multiple mean comparisons of soil and plant parameters. Drought stress and microplastics negatively influenced soil parameters namely soil moisture, organic carbon, and nitrates, while also affecting electrical conductivity and pH. Biochar exhibited minimal effect on soil properties but significantly altered pH, nitrates, and total CaCO3. Plant chlorophyll levels decreased under stress, particularly with microplastic dose M1. However, biochar and microplastics enhanced chlorophyll a content, except for dose B1 of biochar, which leads to a decrease in chlorophyll b (0.91 ± 0.138 μg/g FM). Microplastics, at dose M2, improved chlorophyll b content (1.11 ± 0.090 μg/g FM). Aboveground biomass, leaf area, and yield were generally unaffected by tested stresses. Nonetheless, barley grain yield decreased in biochar and microplastic dose M1 (0.47 ± 0.108 g/plant), while it improved with microplastic dose M2 (0.65 ± 0.168 g/plant). Leaf relative water content increased under water stress and microplastics but not with biochar alone. Interaction between microplastics and biochar enhanced plant water content. Drought stress and microplastics diminished soil parameters, whereas biochar lowered nitrates and pH without significantly affecting soil organic carbon. Plant productivity parameters generally exhibited no significant change under water stress, microplastics, or biochar, except for yield and chlorophyll pigments.

Antimicrobial role of Lavandula angustifolia towards Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and anti-adherence effect on denture base resin

The objective of the study was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of Lavandula angustifolia (True Lavender extract) towards Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus pathogens. Varying proportions of the extract was incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin and the anti-adherent effect was investigated. An in-vitro study was performed after pure extract was obtained from Lavandula angustifolia (LA) flowers using a solvent based hot extraction process. Chromatographic analysis and computational molecular docking were done to analyze its phytoconstituents with potential target-ligand bond. Tests of antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal and fungicidal dosages and in-vitro cytotoxicity were performed. Different proportions of LA extract (0, .5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) were added to PMMA resin to assess anti-adherence property. Obtained data were statistically analyzed with One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. The reports revealed significant antimicrobial susceptibility against the test pathogens compared to control drugs (P>0.05). A minimum concentration of .02mg of lavender extract inhibited microbial growth with low cytotoxicity (P<0.05). The highest anti-adherent activity was observed in the .5% LA-incorporated PMMA resin group (P=0.0001). Incorporating lavender extract into denture base resin demonstrated promising antimicrobial properties. This investigation encourages further research to understand its effects on mechanical and physical properties of reinforced dental resins.

Vitamin D content of products recently launched on to the marketplace – findings from the MINTEL Global New Products Database

Vitamin D deficiency is a cause for concern among the UK population, with many failing to achieve the recommended daily amount of 10µg/day(1). Sunlight exposure is not sufficient in the UK to maintain year-round vitamin D status so therefore the population rely heavily on dietary sources, including fortified foods(2). In the absence of standardised and/or mandatory vitamin D fortification policies in many countries(3), such products often contain variable amounts of vitamin D(4), however this has not been investigated to-date on a global scale. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the vitamin D content of newly launched products worldwide over a 5-year period.Data were extracted from Mintel’s Global New Product Database across all regions. Search criteria were filtered by nutrient and/or ingredient, to only include products launched from December 2018 to December 2023, and containing &gt;0.1µg vitamin D per 100g/ml. Of the total 2,963 products identified, 608 were excluded owing to missing data, resulting in 2,355 products included in the final dataset for analysis. Vitamin D content was quantified as µg per100g/ml (µg = IU/40, when required). Data were compared by food category (n = 12) and between branded vs private label (own-brand) products, using ANOVA (with Tukey post-hoc tests) and independent samples t-tests, respectively.The overall mean ± SD vitamin D content of newly launched products was 12.5 ± 71.2 µg per 100g/ml (range: 0.01-2380 µg per100g/ml). By category, the mean ± SD vitamin D content of products (µg per100g/ml) were as follows: baby food (7.1 ± 20.3), bakery (210.4 ± 683.3), breakfast cereals (9.4 ± 21.2), chocolate confectionary (134.4 ± 135.1), dairy (6.0 ± 23.7), desserts and ice cream (1.8 ± 2.1), rice and noodles (4.4 ± 0.1), processed meat and fish (20.9 ± 39.0), sauces and seasonings (39.3 ± 123.5), snacks (6.7 ± 9.3), sugar confectionary (101.4 ± 90.9) and sweet spreads (56.7 ± 95.5). Products in the bakery, chocolate confectionary and sugar and gum confectionary categories had a significantly higher vitamin D content per 100g/ml, compared to all other categories. In the total dataset, branded products (n = 2832; 96%) had a significantly higher vitamin D content than private label products (n = 131; 4%) (12.7 ± 72.5 vs. 6.1 ± 11.3 µg per 100g/ml, respectively; P&lt;0.001).This preliminary analysis has demonstrated a wide range in the vitamin D content of newly launched products worldwide, which varies significantly between food categories and is higher in branded compared to private label products. Future research using this dataset will explore changes over time, as well as regional differences in the vitamin D content of new products, both between and within the different categories. Such evidence may help to inform future new product development opportunities and vitamin D fortification policies.

Investigation of fracture resistance with different diameters of polyetherketoneketone posts and cores material: A pilot study

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the resistance to fracture of Polyetherketoneketones PEKK, used as post and core by fabrication in different diameters in the canal, and comparing the test results for each group. Methods: Thirty extracted mandibular premolars were selected, endodontically treated and prepared to receive the post and cores milled from polyetherketoneketone disk. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6) respectively: group 1 received pekk post with diameter = 0.70 mm, group 2 received pekk post with diameter = 0.90 mm, group 3 received pekk post with diameter = 1.10 mm, group 4 received pekk post with diameter = 1.50 mm, and group 5 received pekk post with diameter = 1.70 mm. All the posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin cement. Fracture resistance was tested using a universal testing machine, failure patterns were then observed visually and radiographically. For the fracture resistance test, the Universal Testing machine employed the load cell of 10KN and the speed of the cross head of 1mm/min. Data was analyzed using Oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post-hoc test in order to determine significant differences among groups and the materiality threshold was set at α = 0.05. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that the observed differences among the five groups were not significant. None of the PEKK posts caused any fracture in the root, and this observation was visually and radiographically confirmed across all groups. Conclusions: The dentist will be able to turn the diameter of the PEKK post and core as thin as 0.70mm till 1.70mm depending on the clinical requirement with no risk of root fracture, as specified by the guidelines of this research.

High-intensity ethanol binge drinking accentuates bone damage in induced apical periodontitis in rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of excessive and episodic consumption of ethanol (EtOH, a high-intensity drinking manner) on induced apical periodontitis in rats. Thirty-two animals were divided into the following four groups: control, EtOH, apical periodontitis, and EtOH + apical periodontitis. Ethanol exposure (3 g/kg 20 % w/v EtOH) was performed by orogastric gavage for 3 consecutive days, followed by 4 days of withdrawal for 4 weeks. Lesions were induced by exposing the dental pulp of the lower first molar and by the absence of any treatment/curative for 28 days. Finally, the animals were euthanized, and mandibles were collected. The mandible was divided medially, with one hemimandible being used for micro-computed tomography analysis of the volume of the periapical lesion and bone quality parameters, such as bone volume and trabecular bone assessments; the other hemimandible was used for histological analysis, with a descriptive histopathological analysis of the tissue and the pattern of bone loss presented, as well as an assessment of the collagen content present. The data were subjected to statistical analysis (one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test). Our results showed that the EtOH + apical periodontitis group had a larger volume of periapical lesions than animals that were not exposed to ethanol. Additionally, bone quality parameters showed a reduction in bone volume and thickening of the trabeculae, associated with increased tissue destruction and reduced collagen content in the remnant region of the alveolar bone. These results suggest that exposure to EtOH in a pattern of excessive alcohol consumption is an aggravating factor in apical periodontitis and, consequently, in its progression, the quality and quantity of the alveolar bone remaining in the region of the periapical lesion are the modulating aspects.

A comparative evaluation of the effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with Everstick-reinforced composite resin: An in vitro study

Aim: To evaluate the effect of applying a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor on the fracture resistance of root-filled teeth restored with Everstick fiber-reinforced composite resin. Subjects and Methods: After the selection of 60 freshly extracted human mandibular first molar, root canal access and standard uniformly sized mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities were made and the teeth were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 20 each): Group I, the MOD cavity was first lined with flowable composite resin and then restored with composite resin. In Group II, Everstick fiber was placed into the bed of flowable composite in buccal–pulpal–lingual direction before the composite restoration was placed. In Group III, after etching of the cavity, a 2% chlorhexidine MMP inhibitor was applied. Then, the MOD cavity was restored same as group II. A universal testing machine was employed to compressively load the teeth at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min till fracture. The maximum fracture loads were recorded in Newtons (N) and data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests. Results: Group III exhibited significantly higher fracture resistance compared to all other groups (P &lt; 0.001), whereas Group I demonstrated the lowest fracture resistance. Conclusion: The utilization of Everstick glass fiber, combined with MMP inhibitor treatment, yielded the greatest fracture resistance. Hence, this method may be prioritized over conventional restoration techniques for strengthening root canal-treated teeth with structurally compromised crowns.

Equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: the role of high left-heart pressures secondary to exercise-induced hypervolemia, and high inspiratory pressures.

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is common in racehorses. Stress failure of the blood-gas barrier causes EIPH when the transmural pulmonary capillary (Pcap)-alveolar pressure difference (Ptm) exceeds the barrier's stress failure threshold. Why Pcap increases is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that alterations in blood volume (BV) could affect left ventricular (LV) and pulmonary arterial wedge (PAW) pressures and Pcap, and correspondingly affect EIPH severity. Six thoroughbreds with EIPH exercised at the same treadmill speed (≈11.9 m/s [11.1, 12.2]; median [IQR]) before (≈119% V̇o2max; B), 2 h after 14 L depletion of blood (≈132% V̇o2max; D), and 2 h after reinfusing the blood (≈111% V̇o2max; R). LV, pulmonary arterial (PAP), PAW, and intrapleural (Ppl) pressures were measured throughout exercise. Pcap = (PAP + PAW)/2 and Ptm = (Pcap - Ppl). EIPH severity was assessed 60 min postexercise by tracheoendoscopy (EIPHgrade) and bronchoalveolar lavage erythrocyte number (BALRBC). A mixed-effect model and Tukey post hoc test analyzed the effects of BV changes on LV, PAW, Pcap, Ppl, Ptm, and EIPH. P ≤ 0.05 was significant. Peak intrapleural inspiratory pressure (PplI) was high (-41 mmHg), unaffected by changes in BV (P = 0.44), and did not contribute to fluctuations in Ptm and EIPH severity, whereas changes in BV did (EIPHgrade: P = 0.01, BALRBC: P = 0.003). EIPH prevalence was 100% with B and R but 50% with D. MaxPtm was not different between B (146 mmHg [140, 151]) and R (151 mmHg [137, 160]) but was lower for D (128 mmHg [127, 130]; B: P = 0.005, R: P = 0.02). Vascular pressures and Ppl fluctuated constantly during exercise and independently influenced Ptm. Left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressure was correlated with Ptm (rrm = 0.90, P = 0.03) and EIPH rrm = 0.82, P = 0.004). Exercise BV was strongly correlated with EIPH severity in racehorses (rrm = 0.86, P = 0.009).NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypervolemia induced by the infusion of erythrocyte-rich blood stored in the spleen is normal in high-speed thoroughbred exercise and increases capillary-alveolar transmural pressure (Ptm), leading to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). In this study, decreasing blood volume reduced Ptm and EIPH. Large negative inspiratory pressures also contribute to high Ptm and the occurrence of EIPH. Ptm is dynamic and oscillates constantly during exercise. A significant relationship existed between circulating blood volume and EIPH severity in racehorses.

The Productivity of Lumbricus rubellus Earthworms in Cow Manure Media with the Addition of Cricket Manure

Earthworms are one of the animals used as indicators to assess soil quality and fertility. In earthworm cultivation, several factors affect the life of earthworms, including temperature, pH, moisture, nutrient content, and media texture. This study aims to evaluate the productivity of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) in a mixed medium of cow manure and cricket manure. The method used in this study is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications, along with a Tukey posthoc test. The results showed that the addition of cricket manure to cow manure as a cultivation medium could increase earthworm productivity. The use of 90% cow manure with the addition of 10% cricket manure resulted in an average weight increase of 17 g, an average of 94 cocoons, and an average media reduction of 260.50 g. The addition of more than 10% cricket manure to cow manure could reduce earthworm productivity.

In vitro antibacterial activity of Morinda citrifolia extracts against eight pathogenic bacteria species.

Medical professionals continue to face a severe issue with the evolution of resistance to conventional antibiotics. The search for new novel compounds from plants has been proven to be the alternative solution. Morinda citrifolia is used traditionally for the treatment of infectious diseases. The present study investigates the antibacterial properties of M. citrifolia root, leaf, and fruit (fresh, dried, and fermented) extracts on three-gram-positive and five-gram-negative bacteria. The plant parts were processed and extracted in distilled water and ethanol (60%, 80%, and absolute (100%)). The antibacterial activities of the extracts were assessed in vitro using the agar well diffusion method, with Ciprofloxacin serving as the positive control. All the tests were conducted three times to obtain the average value of inhibition zones. Overall, root extracts showed the most significant antibacterial activity, followed by dried fruit, fermented fruit extract, fresh fruit, and the least leaf extract. Using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences in antibacterial activity among the extracts and solvent concentrations. The 100% ethanol extracts had significantly higher zones of inhibition compared to the other solvents. The most inhibitory activity was against Campylobacter spp. (21.33±1.80) for the 80% ethanol root extract. All the extracts of M. citrifolia were found to exhibit moderate antibacterial activity against all the bacteria pathogens. However, Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter spp., and Bacillus cereus were most sensitive to all the plant extracts while Shigella spp. and Klebsiella spp. showed resistance to most extracts. This observed difference is significant for each strain extract depending on the bacteria strain and the type of solvent extract (p < 0.001). The findings indicate a promising antimicrobial potential of M. citrifolia extracts.

Indicators of sarcopenia and purpose in life levels in older adults: the influence of sociodemographic factors

This study aimed to compare the indicators of sarcopenia and the level of purpose in life among older adults, considering sociodemographic factors. It is a quantitative, analytical, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted with 128 older adults (≥60 years old) of both sexes residing in Brazil's Midwest and South regions. The study employed a unique methodology, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Purpose in Life Scale, and the SARC-f, which were administered to the participants. Data collection took place online from January 2024 to April 2024. The study's data analysis included the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, measures of skewness and kurtosis, bootstrapping procedures, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc test, with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. The older adults showed a low risk of sarcopenia (1.23±1.97) and a moderate level of purpose in life (3.77± 0.63). Younger older adults (p = 0.005), those with completed higher education (p = 0.018), and those with higher income (p = 0.007) had a lower risk of sarcopenia. Younger older adults (p = 0.035) and those with higher incomes (p = 0.007) also had higher levels of purpose in life. Purpose in life showed a significant negative weak correlation with age (r = -0.24) and sarcopenia risk (r = -0.33) (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, younger older adults and those with higher monthly incomes demonstrated a lower risk of sarcopenia and a higher level of purpose in life.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties, Shade, and Water Sorption/Solubility of Commercial Composite Resins

Objectives: Assessment of mechanical properties of composite resins is important since they can affect the clinical performance and longevity of restorations. This study aimed to assess and compare different properties of dental composite resins available in the market. Materials and Methods: In this comparative study, samples of four different dental composite resins (Edge COM, Saremco, FGM, and Kulzer) were tested according to ISO 4049:2019 guidelines. Flexural strength (by using a universal testing machine), depth of cure (using the ISO 4049 scrape technique), radiopacity (with aluminum step wedge), water sorption/solubility (by using immersion and drying cycles), and shade (by using Vita Easy Shade) of the samples were assessed. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (alpha=0.05). Results: No significant difference was found in flexural strength among the four groups (P&gt;0.05). The depth of cure of FGM was significantly higher than that of other groups (P&lt;0.05). Solubility and water sorption were the highest in Kulzer, and the lowest in Edge COM (P&lt;0.05). All tested composites met the necessary radiopacity standards for precise radiographic diagnosis; radiopacity was higher in Saremco and FGM groups. None of the composite resins matched the reference A2 shade. Conclusion: Although no significant difference was found in flexural strength of the tested composites, they had differences in other properties. Edge COM exhibited high flexural strength, while Saremco had optimal radiopacity.