Posterior Vulva Research Articles

Case report: Perineal swelling: A rare case of scar endometriosis.

We report a rare case of episiotomy site scar endometriosis manifested as painful perineal swelling near the anus for 2 years affecting daily routine activity, especially during menses. A 33-year-old female, para 2 with both vaginal deliveries with last child birth 8 years back. A 2.5 × 3 cm firm, tender nodule was present on the posterior vulva at the right mediolateral episiotomy site. Trans-perineal and trans-anal ultrasound scan was done, anal sphincter involvement was ruled out and the nodule was excised with free margins. histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of scar endometriosis. The key takeaway from this case is endometriosis can present after 8 years of vaginal delivery. The timely diagnosis and treatment is necessary as delay may cause anal sphincter involvement or malignant transformation.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Travassosinema viatorum n. sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Travassosinematidae) from the invasive millipede Chamberlinius hualienensis Wang, 1956 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) in Okinawa, Japan.

Travassosinema viatorum n. sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Travassosinematidae) is described from the invasive millipede Chamberlinius hualienensis Wang, 1956 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) in Okinawa, Japan. Females of T. viatorum n. sp. resemble T. claudiae Morffe & Hasegawa, 2017; T. thyropygi Hunt, 1996 and T. travassosi Rao, 1958 by lacking both lateral alae and a contraction posterior to the vulva. The body length of T. viatorum n. sp. is shorter than the aforementioned species. It differs from T. claudiae and T. thyropygi by its comparatively longer oesophagus, more posterior vulva, lack of cuticular ribs in the alae of the umbraculum and in the position of the nerve ring and excretory pore. Travassosinema viatorum n. sp. can be differentiated from T. travassosi by the extension of the cephalic umbraculum and the smaller eggs. The phylogeny of T. viatorum n. sp. is inferred by the D2-D3 domains of the 28S rDNA. The new species is located in a monophyletic clade with other sequences of Travassosinema from millipedes. The comparison of the phylogenies of Travassosinema and their hosts points to host switching rather than coevolution as a mechanism to explain the host-nematode relationships. This constitutes the second species of the genus Travassosinema described from the Japanese archipelago and the first oxyuridomorph nematodes found in C. hualienensis.

Microlaimus capitatus sp. n. and Dichromadora simplex Timm, 1961 (Nematoda, Chromadorea) from the coast of Vietnam.

Two nematode species isolated from sediments of the littoral zone of the South China Sea on the coast of Vietnam are described and illustrated. Microlaimus capitatus sp. n. is closely related to M. affinis Gerlach, 1958 and M. amphidius Kamran et al., 2009, but differs by having a thin, poorly developed pharyngostom, more posterior vulva and presence of terminal setae on the tail. The female of Dichromadora simplex Timm, 1961 is described and illustrated for the first time.

New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species.

During a survey conducted during 2013-2017, five known and two new species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 were collected from the southern provinces of Iran. N. brzeskii n. sp. is characterised by a body length of 774-922 µm, lateral fields with four incisures, delicate, short stylet (7-8 µm) with small rounded knobs, pyriform, offset or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position (V = 83.4-84.4), short PUS (5-10 µm), spicules 20.5-23 µm long, and thick tail with rounded to dull terminus. N. siddiqi n. sp. is characterised by a body length of 573-645 µm, six to nine incisures in lateral fields, delicate, short stylet (6.5-7.5 µm) with rounded knobs, pyriform or slightly elongate and offset basal pharyngeal bulb, V = 79.3-81.0, PUS = 26.5-40 µm, short spicules = 14.5-16.5 µm, and tail with rounded terminus. Morphometric data of the studied species are presented and intraspecific variation of their morphometrics and morphological characters is discussed. The list of world Nothotylenchus species is updated, and a dichotomous identification key and an updated tabular compendium for 41 valid species are provided.

175 Reinventing the Selfie: Telemedicine in a Tertiary Referral Sexual Medicine Practice

Urologists are increasingly using videoconferencing/electronic messaging to improve patient access. The value of telemedicine to patients is often proportionate to the logistical burden of seeking care, often underutilized by individuals requiring tertiary referral subspecialists. The sensitive nature of sexual dysfunction may deter urologists from offering telemedicine encounters to patients with erectile dysfunction, orgasmic disorders, pelvic pain. We performed a retrospective analysis of photo-augmented tele-consultation at a tertiary referral sexual medicine practice to characterize scope and feasibility. 428 tele-consultation encounters in a one-month period were reviewed to reveal more than 5000 encounters occurred per year. Submissions with graphic files (.jpg, .png, .tif, .pdf) were included in the study, as graphic data transmission is a distinct departure from capabilities of traditional phone consultation. 31(7.2%) of encounters included graphic files and were included in the study. 12 (39%) encounters were from male patients, 19 (61%) were from female patients. Two (6%) encounters were new patients, the remaining had previously established care. Patients were from 7 states within the USA, as well as two European countries (Germany, Italy). Diagnoses included: Peyronie's disease, erectile dysfunction, post-finasteride syndrome, neuroproliferative vestibulodynia, persistent genital arousal disorder. Reasons for tele-consultation were questions about: physical diagnosis (23%), prescribed devices, interventions, or medications (23%), or results (54%). 9 (29%) encounters included selfies of their external genitalia: penis, clitoris, perineum, perineum with posterior vulva, mons pubis and anterior vulva, vestibule. Patients included photos of intracavernosal injection devices as well as coolers and lock-boxes for medication storage. Remaining graphic files consisted of operative reports, spinal MRI, penile Doppler images, hormone profile reports.

Metaxonchium toroense n. sp. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Belondiridae) from Costa Rica, with the first molecular study of a representative of the genus.

The new species Metaxonchium toroense n. sp. from natural habitats of Costa Rica is described, including light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular (D2-D3 28S rDNA) analyses. The new species is characterized by its general size, the dimensions and appearance of its lip region, the length of the odontostyle and its fusiform aspect, the length of the neck and its pharyngeal expansion, the reduction of the anterior genital branch to a very short uterine sac without any rudiment of ovary or oviduct, tripartite and non-echinophor posterior uterus, the somewhat posterior vulva position, the length and shape of the caudal region, and the absence of males. Molecular analyses, the first to be performed on a Metaxonchium species, show a close relationship of the new species with representatives of the genera Axonchoides and Syncheilaxonchium.

Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. from cereals in Western Australia.

Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. is described from Western Australia. It is characterized by 2 external incisures in the head cuticle, 4 lateral incisures at mid body, stylet length 17 µm to 19 µm, V greater than 75%, PUS less than 2 body diameters long and crenate tail terminus. Molecular data confirm the separation of the new species from morphologically similar and sympatric congeners. The host range also differs from P. teres as well as the sympatric P. neglectus, P. thornei and P. penetrans. Reproduction rates on oat and lupin differed between the new species and P. neglectus. The species was originally described as P. teres, but the species concept of P. teres now encompasses a considerable range of different attributes spread over two described subspecies and three variant populations. The new species differs from all these subspecies and populations in at least two characters. It differs from all populations of P. teres teres most notably in having four rather than 6 lateral lines and a more posterior vulva. It differs from P. teres vandebergae in having a longer stylet and longer overlap of the intestine by the oesophageal glands. Characters which can be used under low magnification to separate the new species from the closest sympatric congeners (P. thornei and P. crenatus) are discussed.

New Zealand species of the genus Tripyla Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda: Triplonchida: Tripylidae). II: Two new, a known species and key to species.

This paper describes three species of the genus Tripyla from New Zealand and provides a key to species based on the morphology of females. Tripyla daviesae sp. nov. is characterized by its short body length (L = 1143-1363 μm), relatively anterior vulva (V = 50-51%), and the length of the gubernaculum (13-17 μm). Tripyla tirau sp. nov. is characterized by its relatively posterior vulva (V = 55.5-59.5%), relatively short body length (930-1214 μm) and relatively short tail (c = 7.9-9.8). Tripyla affinis de Man, 1880 was recorded from New Zealand but without a detailed description which is provided here. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships among the species were analyzed using data from the near full length small subunit (SSU) of the ribosomal rRNA genes, and confirmed that T daviesae sp. nov. and T tirau sp. nov. are distinct from all other species for which sequences are available.

Descriptions of one new and two known species of Panagrolaimoidea (Nematoda) from India

Two known species of the genus Propanagrolaimus Andrássy, 2005 and a new species of genus Plectonchus Fuchs, 1930 are described and illustrated. Propanagrolaimus filiformis de Man, 1880 is described with some additional features, namely presence of hypodermal glands; smaller intra-uterine eggs, relatively anterior vulva, rectum with expanded lumen and smaller tail. Propanagrolaimus hygrophilus (Bassen, 1940) is also described with minor variations. Plectonchus longevulvus sp. nov. is the first report of the genus from India collected from two different localities and characterized by thick cuticle; presence of crystalloids in pseudocoelom; indistinct lateral field; weakly sclerotized funnel-shaped stoma; posterior vulva; presence of ovoid glandular cells associated with dorsal and ventral uterine walls; spicules having prominent capitula and beak-like distal ends; lancet-shaped, proximally-hooked gubernaculum and seven pairs of caudal papillae in 1+1/1+P+1+2+1 configuration.

Two new species of Paurodontella Husain & Khan, 1968 (Nematoda: Sphaerulariidae) associated with wheat and a diagnostic compendium to the genus

Abstract An identification key to ten valid species of Paurodontella is given. A compendium of the most important diagnostic characters with illustrations of each species is included as a practical alternative and supplement to the key. The diagnosis of Paurodontella is emended and a list of all valid species of the genus is given. Two new species (Paurodontella myceliophaga n. sp. and P. balochistanica n. sp.) collected around the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan, Pakistan, are described and illustrated. Paurodontella myceliophaga n. sp. is characterised by having a short post-uterine sac, lateral field with four incisures, excretory pore at the base of the pharynx and fusiform median bulb, whereas P. balochistanica n. sp. has a longer and very slender body with posterior vulva, lateral field with four incisures and short mucronate tail. Because these species are limited in distribution, their importance is not known.

Camallanus tuckeri n. sp. (Nematoda, Camallanidae) from Freshwater Turtles (Pleurodira: Chelidae), in the Kimberley, Western Australia

Camallanus tuckeri n. sp. is described from specimens found in the intestine of the side-necked turtles Emydura australis and Chelodina burrungandjii collected from several localities in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The new species differs from Camallanus chelonius, a parasite of African turtles, in the shape of the buccal capsule ridges, the number of precloacal papillae in males (7 pairs in the new species vs. 6 pairs in C. chelonius) and spicule shape. Camallanus tuckeri n. sp. differs from Camallanus waelhreow in the shape of buccal capsule ridges and the inflation of vulva lips in females. The new species differs from Camallanus nithoggi by possessing a smaller number of incomplete buccal capsule ridges (up to 2 in C. tuckeri n. sp. vs. 4 or 5 in C. nithoggi), larger spicules, and the inflation of a posterior vulva lip that is lacking in C. nithoggi. Camallanus tuckeri n. sp. is the first nematode reported from Em. australis and the first endoparasite reported from Ch. burrungandjii.

Neodolichodorus australisn.sp. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) on carrot in Australia

Neodolichodorus australis n.sp. is described from Australia. It was associated with damage to a carrot crop at Narrandera, NSW. This is the first time the genus has been recorded on carrot or damaging an economic crop. At least three other species are known from Australia, mostly from native vegetation, and another from sand dune vegetation in New Zealand. Neodolichodorus australis n.sp. is characterised by seven transverse striae on the head, stylet 120–128 μm long, external transverse striae crossing the inner lateral field completely, posterior vulva (V=55–59%), one refractive element near the vagina, phasmid anterior to anus and short tail in adult females, (c>60, c′<1 ), spicules 43–48 μ long, protrusible gubernaculum 18–20 μm long with accessory piece, and spines around the posterior edge of the medial bursal lobe. An identification key to all species currently in the genus is included.

New genera and species of nematode parasites (Drilonematoidea: Ungellidae) from coelomic cavity of Neotropic acanthodrilids deposited in the Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland

Two new genera and two new species of nematodes (Ungellidae, Drilonematoidea) parasitic in Neotropic acanthodrilids from the collection of the Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland, are described. Yagansiella longicollis gen. n., sp. n. and Ungella chileana sp. n. are parasitic in Yagansia spatulifera, whereas Ungella micronychium sp. n. in Y. diversicolor and Patagoniella capitoporus gen. n., sp. n. in Y. papillosa. Yagansiella longicollis gen. n., sp. n. resembles Ungella in general morphology but differs by anterior position of ovary top cell and posterior vulva position, characteristic body and caudal fimbriate organs shape. U. chileana sp. n. is distinguished by large circular fimbriate organs in tail, female body shape and arrangement of female genital tube and spicule shape. Ungella micronychium sp. n. differs by minute cephalic hooks and shape of fimbriate organs and spicules and gubemaculum. Patagoniella capitoporus gen. n., sp. n. is distinguished by anteriormost position of excretory pore, anterior vulva position and shape of fimbriate organs and spicules and gubemaculum.

The African Carnoyidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 4. Abirovulva insolita gen. n., sp. n., parasite of Coromus thomsoni (Polydesmida: Oxydesmidae) from Ivory Coast

AbstractAbirovulva gen. n. is proposed for nematode denizens of the gut of various African polydesmid diplopods (Coromus thomsoni , Oxydesmus mimodesmus parabellus , O. sicarius , O. platycercus concolor , Plagiodesmus brunneus , P. variabilis and Prepodesmus ornatus). The new genus is usually accompanied by species of Afrocarnoya (also apparently restricted to polydesmid diplopods) and Rhigonema and is likely to be distributed throughout the Central to West African region. Abirovulva gen. n. is unique amongst African Carnoyidae because of a combination of characters, including the very posteriorly located vulva, the unusual form of the female genital system, presence of a ventral sucker in the male, the shape of the spicules and gubernaculum and the distribution of the male copulatory papillae. Abirovulva insolita gen. n., sp. n. is proposed as the type species and is characterised by: the strongly inflated intestine just posterior to the basal bulb in both sexes, the extremely posterior vulva, both female genital tracts running anteriorly in parallel, presence of a much expanded vagina uterina acting as an egg receptacle, long and robust female tail spike; presence of a ventral sucker in the male, form of the male spicules and gubernaculum, disposition of the 15 copulatory papillae, cuticular callosities on the cloacal lips, well developed, smooth, cephalic cap in the male and the truncate male cephalic extremity. No other genus of African Carnoyidae is known to have such a posterior vulva, ventral sucker in the male or spicules and gubernaculum of such unusual form. Relationships to other genera in the Ransomnematoidea and factors that may influence niche partitioning within the host gut are discussed.

Bizarre Ichthyocephalidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida) from Vietnam with description of Ichthyocephaloides comatu sp. n., Xystrognathus priscus gen. n., sp. n. and X. phrissus gen. n., sp. n.

AbstractA bizarre new genus and three new species of parasitic Ichthyocephalidae are described and illustrated from the gut of Vietnamese diplopods. Ichthyocephaloides comatus sp. n., an atypical member of a predominantly Australasian genus, is characterised by the very posterior vulva (V = 92), single genital tract lacking a vaginal diverticulum, dorsal microtrichs long and curled but ventral microtrichs short and bristle-like, basal bulb barely wider than isthmus, short, conoid tail in both sexes, complement of 20 copulatory papillae, five pairs being precloacal and five pairs postcloacal, and spicule form and relative size. The extremely posterior vulva, lack of vaginal diverticulum, short, conoid tail in both sexes and presence of only 20 copulatory papillae immediately distinguish this species from I. dasyacanthus Hunt &amp; Sutherland, 1984, I. xesmostoma Hunt, 1994, I. eurystoma Hunt, 1999 and I. longisaccus Hunt, 1999, all of which have a more anterior vulva, genital tract with a well developed vaginal diverticulum, a longer, subulate tail in both sexes and more numerous copulatory papillae. Xystrognathus gen. n., a highly unusual genus of ichthyocephalid, has an apparently primitive suite of characters and probably represents the oldest lineage of the family yet discovered. It is characterised within the Ichthyocephalidae by having 23 copulatory papillae, three of the postcloacal pairs being subdorsal or sublateral in position plus a single midventral papilla (well developed in the type, less so in the other species) on the anterior cloacal lip, a very posteriorly located vulva, digonant female genital system lacking a vaginal diverticulum, isomorphic and more or less isometric spicules and isthmus ca the same length or shorter than the height of the basal bulb. Xystrognathus gen. n. is the only genus known within the Ichthyocephalidae where the copulatory papillae are arranged in a pattern typical of the Afro-Asian Rhigonematoidea. It may represent the ancestral lineage of the family. Xystroganthus priscus gen. n., sp. n. and X. phrissus gen. n., sp. n. are described and differentiated from each other on the basis of female tail length and shape, development of the midventral papilla and form of the anterior vulval lip (deeply bilobed in the latter species).

Metacrobeles amblyurus n. sp. (Nematoda: Cephaloboidea) from Death Valley, California

AbstractMetacrobeles amblyurus n. sp. (Cephalobina, Cephaloboidea) is described from sand dunes of Death Valley, California, USA. It shares with other Metacrobeles species a far posterior vulva as well as five lateral lines but is distinguished from previously known species in having a blunt (vs more tapering) conical tail. Probolae of M. amblyurus n. sp. are low conical-rounded, adjacent lips are fused into three pairs, and guard processes are lacking. The very narrow vulva in M. amblyurus n. sp. appears to be plugged in adult females, and juveniles apparently hatch exclusively within the body of the dead mother. Type localities of the two previously known species of Metacrobeles are in western Africa and this is the first confirmed report of Metacrobeles from another continent.

A new genus of Carnoyidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida) with descriptions of Cattiena trachelomegali gen. n., sp. n. and C. trigoniuli gen. n., sp. n., parasites of Spirobolida (Diplopoda) from Vietnam

AbstractCattiena gen. n., a new genus from the Carnoyidae, is described from the posterior gut of two genera of spirobolid diplopods from Vietnam. The new genus is characterised by: presence of eight somatic spine rows in the cervical region of both male and female, the four sublateral spine rows being better developed; presence of six cuticularised plates around the female oral opening; extremely posterior vulva; two anteriorly directed ovaries; isomorphic and isometric spicules; boat-shaped gubernaculum of similar form to the spicules; gubernaculum with a dorsal hole; well developed, smooth cephalic cap in the male and 15 copulatory papillae with three pairs located lateral, sublateral or subdorsal. The new genus has morphological affinities with Raonema Kloss, 1965, a poorly known genus from India, but is easily differentiated by the extremely posterior vulva and the presence of spine rows in the male. Two new species are described in the genus: the type, C. trachelomegali gen. n., sp. n. from Trachelomegalus sp. and C. trigoniuli gen. n., sp. n. from Trigoniulus sp. The two species differ primarily in the position of the vulva (consistently more anterior in the latter species), degree of development of the vulval flap, body length, tail length and in the relative development of the somatic spine rows.

The evolution of cell lineage in nematodes

The invariant development of free-living nematodes combined with the extensive knowledge of Caenorhabditis elegans developmental biology provides an experimental system for an analysis of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. We have collected a number of new nematode species from soil samples. Most are easily cultured and their development can be analyzed at the level of individual cells using techniques standard to Caenorhabditis. So far, we have focused on differences in the development of the vulva among species of the families Rhabditidae and Panagrolaimidae. Preceding vulval development, twelve Pn cells migrate into the ventral cord and divide to produce posterior daughters [Pn.p cells] whose fates vary in a position specific manner [from P1.p anterior to P12.p posterior]. In C. elegans hermaphrodites, P(3-8).p are tripotent and form an equivalence group. These cells can express either of two vulval fates (1 degree or 2 degrees) in response to a signal from the anchor cell of the somatic gonad, or a nonvulval fate (3 degrees), resulting in a 3 degrees-3 degrees-2 degrees-1 degree-2 degrees-3 degrees pattern of cell fates. Evolutionary differences in vulval development include the number of cells in the vulval equivalence group, the number of 1 degree cells, the number of progeny generated by each vulval precursor cell, and the position of VPCs before morphogenesis. Examples of three Rhabditidae genera have a posterior vulva in the position of P9-P11 ectoblasts. In Cruznema tripartitum, P(5-7).p form the vulva as in Caenorhabditis, but they migrate posteriorly before dividing. Induction occurs after the gonad grows posteriorly to the position of P(5-7).p cells. In two other species, Mesorhabditis sp. PS 1179 and Teratorhabditis palmarum, we have found changes in induction and competence with respect to their presumably more C. elegans-like ancestor. In Mesorhabditis, P(5-7).p form the vulva after migrating to a posterior position. However, the gonad is not required to specify the pattern of cell fates 3 degrees-2 degrees-1 degree-2 degrees-3 degrees. Moreover, the Pn.p cells are not equivalent in their potentials to form the vulva. A regulatory constraint in this family thus forces the same set of precursors to generate the vulva, rather than more appropriately positioned Pn.p cells.

Taxonomy of Tripylidae (Nematoda: Enoplia)

Morphology of Tripylidae is discussed and the family rediagnosed. The genera Tripyla Bastian, 1865 (= Promononchus Micoletzky, 1923, Paratripyla Brzeski, 1963, syn. n.), Tripylella gen. n. and Tripylina Brzeski, 1964 are included in this family. Abunema Khera, 1971 and Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 are removed from Tripylidae. Tripyla contains 16 species, including three new ones. T. aquatica sp. n. has a thin body about 2 mm long, outer labial sensillae bent anteriad 5-6 μm long, small stomatal chamber, elongated tail (c' = 6.1-8.6). T. elegantula sp. n. is about 2 mm long, thin, has very small inner labial papillae, outer labial sensillae 3-5 μm long, dorsal tooth and stomatal chamber large, long tail (c' = 8-10). T. terricola sp. n. is about 1 mm long, has rather stout body with short curved tail, anterior sensory organs very small. T. infia nom. n. is proposed for T. filipjevi Altherr in Altherr & Delamare Deboutteville, 1972, nec Promononchus filipjevi Micoletzky, 1923 (= T. glomerans Bastian, 1865). T. minuta (Brzeski, 1963) comb. n. is proposed for the type species of the genus Paratripyla Brzeski, 1964. Tripylella gen. n. is a monotypic genus proposed to accomodate T. intermedia (Butschli, 1873) comb. n. This genus is differentiated by having two stomatal chambers, outer labial and cephalic sensillae in one whorl, large cardiac glands composed of six fused cells, wide horn shaped spicules and row of supplementary papillae reaching pharyngeal region. Tripylina contains six species. T. longa sp. n. is 1.5-1.7 mm long, subventral teeth anterior to large dorsal tooth, two cervical ventromedian setae and posterior vulva (V = 76-80). Male of T. longa has narrow sickle shaped spicules and five supplementary papillae confined to cloacal region. Keys for species identification of Tripyla and Tripylina are provided.

Description of Paratimminema Brevibulbum N. Gen., N. Sp. and Roqueus Indicus N. Sp. (Dorylaimida: Thornenematidae) From Andamans, India

Paratimminema brevibulbum n. gen., n. sp. and Roqueus indicus n. sp. are described and illustrated. Paratimminema n. gen. is characterised by the presence of labial and post-labial sclerotization, a short expanded part of the oesophagus and a double gonad. It differs from Sclerolabia Carbonell & Coomans, 1986 in the presence of double gonad and from Willinema Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1967 in the presence of labial and post-labial sclerotization. Roqueus indicus n. sp. differs from R. gracilis Thorne, 1964, the only known species in this genus, by having a shorter body, shorter odontophore, lesser 'b' value, more posterior vulva and a shorter tail.